economics
saadolah darabi; Hossein Mahmoudian
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration ...
Read More
The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration of job seekers aged 20 to 45 referring to employment centers across the country. This study has been carried out with the help of the statistical technique of survival background analysis, through the refinement and analysis of about two million data records (collected by job seekers across the country and under the supervision of the Ministry of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare). The findings of this study indicate that compared to men, women have longer periods of unemployment and less chance to get a job. In explaining this finding, it can be said; Probably, one of the reasons could be that there are more jobs for men that do not suit the conditions of women. And in other words, women are facing limited job variety. Marriage and having children and raising children by women can also be one of the reasons for increasing the length of their unemployment period compared to men, which can be justified according to gender theories. Because gender theories, especially in Iranian culture, consider the main duties of women to be mainly education and upbringing of children, while in this culture, providing the income needed by the family has been the responsibility of men, and therefore it is expected to impose such a duty on men. to reduce the period of unemployment for this group.
Women and men looking for work in the age groups of 20 to 24 years have a lower average length of unemployment and more chances to get a job and get out of unemployment compared to other age groups. This finding can be explained with the help of job search theory. Because people aged 25 to 45, probably due to the improvement of their education level and skills, have more expectations for receiving high-paying jobs, and this causes them not to accept any job with any level of pay and therefore give up. They search for more jobs, which ultimately increases the length of the unemployment period among these people. Married, divorced and widowed job seekers (except for divorced and widowed men) have a lower risk of unemployment than single people. It seems that married, divorced and widowed people (especially among women) are under more pressure than single people to get a job in order to earn money and meet the needs of the family due to family responsibility and the burden of taking care of the family. They usually accept any job with any salary level. On the other hand, single people, due to having enough opportunity and without financial pressures, decide to accept or not accept the proposed job, and this may lead to an increase in the length of their unemployment period compared to married people. It is consistent with job search theory.
In both groups of men and women, uneducated job seekers have the highest unemployment risk and people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest unemployment risk category. The chances of leaving unemployment are higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels. This finding can be explained based on the skill theory (education and training). According to this theory, training and skill training programs increase the chances of a job seeker to find a job. Participating in training programs can provide a positive sign to employers and also reduce uncertainty about the employability of job applicants. According to other findings of this study, people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest risk of unemployment. have. On the other hand, the chance of leaving unemployment is higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels, so it seems that Iran's labor market has not yet reached a stage of complexity and maturity. which wants people with education levels higher than diploma on a wide level. And almost the skill requirement of the labor market has remained at the same diploma and sub-diploma levels for most jobs, due to the lack of innovation and the very slow growth of skill-oriented jobs.
Therefore, it is suggested to pay serious attention to the changes in the age and gender structure of the population in the policy making and management process of the country's labor market. Women are half of the country's population,
t
Demographics
Hossein Mahmoudian; Serajeddin Mahmoudiani
Abstract
A majority of women in family migration flow are considered as tied migrants and their role in migration decision-making has generally been neglected. The current study aims to explain the role of women in decision-making for family migration to Tehran province. The target population includes women who ...
Read More
A majority of women in family migration flow are considered as tied migrants and their role in migration decision-making has generally been neglected. The current study aims to explain the role of women in decision-making for family migration to Tehran province. The target population includes women who have migrated to Tehran province during 2007-2017. Conducting a sample survey, a total of 500 migrant women were interviewed in the cities of Tehran and Mallard. The findings indicate that women’s participation in the decision-making process has significant positive relationships with their dissatisfaction with the origin place, and power in the family. The participation in female-oriented migrations is stronger compared to those in child-oriented and husband-oriented migrations. Women with pre-migration familiarity and contacts with the destination have shown to be more active in migration decision-making process than their other counterparts. Migrant women have utilized family migration as a strategy to eliminate the social constraints in the origin, to improve the family economic situation, and to enhance their children’s future security. In view of further improvement of women’s status in the country, women’s role in migration is expected to increase.
hossein mahmoudiyan; marjan rashvand
Abstract
In recent years despite the rise in the number of women who have graduated from universities women’s participation in the labor market has not been increased proportionally. The present study tries to examine the employment status of women graduates of higher education as well as of social and demographic ...
Read More
In recent years despite the rise in the number of women who have graduated from universities women’s participation in the labor market has not been increased proportionally. The present study tries to examine the employment status of women graduates of higher education as well as of social and demographic factors affecting it. In this study, secondary analysis of data from 2% sample of Census 1385 is used. The statistical population was female higher education graduates of over 20 residing in Tehran. The findings show that women have mostly graduated in social sciences, business and law. Over 90 percent of employed women are salaried by public or private section and less than 8 percent of them own managerial positions. They are mostly active in educational, health care, and assistance areas. The results of double variable analysis show that except recent immigration variable there is significant relationship among independent variables (age, education, marital status, having children, number of children, field of study, and permanent migration) and the rate of employed women who are higher education graduates. The results of multi-variable studies show that female university graduates of 35 to 49 have more opportunity to hold a job. Also women who have not migrated to Tehran in the last 10 years (1375-1385) have had more luck to have a job. In therms of fields of study, humanities females graduated in educational fields compared to humanities and arts have a greater rate of employment.
Hossein Mahmoudian; Hajiieh Bibi Razeghi-Nasrabad; Mohammad Reza Karegar shooraki
Volume 7, Issue 4 , January 2010
Abstract
One of the key issues of migration concerns women’s migration. This article, examines the conditions of skilled immigrant women in ehran. Qualitative method is used to collect the necessary data for this tudy. The research also conducts in-depth interview with 25 immigrate women residing in Tehran. ...
Read More
One of the key issues of migration concerns women’s migration. This article, examines the conditions of skilled immigrant women in ehran. Qualitative method is used to collect the necessary data for this tudy. The research also conducts in-depth interview with 25 immigrate women residing in Tehran. The results of the research show that migration decisions depend on multiple factors including lack of employment, educational and entertainment opportunities, search for a better life, or to escape poverty, social or family pressures. According to the study migration has heterogeneous impacts. This phenomenon creates both opportunities and threats for personal security. The study reveals that the motives for women’s immigration include access to further knowledge and information, more varied choices, higher economic status, chance of empowerment as well as gender discrimination, vulnerability, conflicts, exploitation, and indeed involvement in the paradox of privation and prosperousness. However large majority of immigrant women and girls do not want to return home because they fear to lose their newly-won autonomy.
Volume 3, Issue 2 , September 2005
Abstract
Women constitute half of the population and their position is important in development process of the countries. Thus, improving women's status is a necessary condition for a sustainable development in every country. To reach this goal many efforts have been made to empower women throughout the world.
In ...
Read More
Women constitute half of the population and their position is important in development process of the countries. Thus, improving women's status is a necessary condition for a sustainable development in every country. To reach this goal many efforts have been made to empower women throughout the world.
In Iran, during the last three decades, the status of women has considerably improved due to socio-economic development. Some improvements have taken place in favour of women at national and international levels which resulted in narrowing down the gap between men and women. Using the data from the country censuses (mainly from 1966 onwards) and other sources (mainly a survey on socio- economic characteristics of households in 2001), this paper aims to examine the improvements in women's lives compared to those for men. Findings show that improvements in women's status in terms of education, decision making in the family and health have been outstanding. But their situation in terms of social, cultural and economic
participation has not been improved remarkably. A steady improvement of women's status in public and private sphere is noticeable.
Some factors such as government policies towards development and population, changing Islamic laws, and willingness of women to enhance their situation are the main ones strengthening women's situation in the society.
