Fatemeh Jafari Naeimi; Ali Ruhani; Maliheh Alimondegari
Abstract
From spirituality to rationality:, exploring the paths of adaptation and survival of marginalized immigrant women in Yazd cityThe mobility and movement of the population shows the dynamics and effort of people who consider the field of effort limited for themselves in a geographical place. Therefore, ...
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From spirituality to rationality:, exploring the paths of adaptation and survival of marginalized immigrant women in Yazd cityThe mobility and movement of the population shows the dynamics and effort of people who consider the field of effort limited for themselves in a geographical place. Therefore, they migrate as a rational natural process (Akbari et al., 2020). Coleman states that one of the most important features of the third demographic transition is the increase in immigration (Coleman, 2006). Also, Castells and Miller, consider the feminization of immigration as one of the characteristics of the era of immigration (Mushfiq & Khazaei, 2015). Research shows changes in the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of women's migration. As in the quantitative dimension, women make up almost half of the immigrants, and in the qualitative dimension, they are no longer just dependent immigrants, but play a very decisive and active role in the migration flows (Radowicz, 2021: 39). In 2020, the ratio of immigrant women to the world's female population was 3.5% and the ratio of immigrant men to the world's male population was 3.7% (United Nation, 2022). Surveys in Iran also indicate an increase in the presence of women in migration flows, including a higher percentage of intra-provincial migrations of women than men. According to the net migration in the periods of 2006-2011 and 2011-2016, Yazd province is one of the first four provinces of the country that accept immigrants and is a desirable and suitable immigration destination for both sexes (Mahmoudian & Mahmoudiani, 2018:60). This research tries to answer these basic questions: How do marginal and low-income immigrant women survive in Yazd city? Are their actions based on rationality or spiritual ? What is the trajectory of their life from the origin to the destination and how are their activities formed? In the current research, qualitative methodology and grounded theory approach with the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin (2008) have been used. The participants in this research were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling. The inclusion criteria of the participants were as follows: they must be female and have immigration experience (independent/subordinate). In the selection of samples, an effort has been made to include diversity such as women's age, marital status, literacy level, job field and the type and reason of migration (independent-subordinate) and the diversity of the provinces of origin. In order to find reliable data, the interviews continued until data saturation was reached. In this regard, in the period from July to October 2022, with 21 women who immigrated to Yazd from different provinces of the country and the duration of their stay in this city is more than two years and they had the mentioned characteristics; the interview took place. The data collection tool in this research was a semi-structured interview. Data analysis in a consistent, orderly and continuous process led to the formation of the core category of survival from spirituality to rationality. The findings showed that origin bonds, incapacity at the origin, unlived life, fear of migration, generational gap and persistent tension have played a role in the formation of the central phenomenon of survival from spirituality to rationality as causal conditions. Among the personal and social characteristics of the participants, which have influenced the phenomenon and also influenced the strategies, are the categories of individualism, self-defeating and fatalism. In this regard, structural and macro conditions such as the lack of security at the origin, the vortex of origin, normative-hegemonic pressures against women and policy errors as interfering conditions have facilitated or limited the implementation of the strategy. Substitution of goals in children, assimilation tendencies and standing and constructive hope are the strategies that immigrant women have adopted in order to maintain survival due to the intervening conditions and background conditions affecting the phenomenon. The consequences of adopting the strategies have been transformation in the destination, fear of life in the destination, institutionalized mistrust, solidarity of poverty and misery. In the real world, due to the connection of survival with material things, humans are forced to adopt rational strategies to ensure and facilitate it. Therefore, the ever-increasing repulsions of the origin, such as the attitude changes of girls and women of the new generation, contrary to their predecessors, especially mothers, in not accepting fate and political errors in the form of unequal distribution of resources in the country and the abandonment of some platforms by the government as conditions that threaten survival and achieving It makes a good life impossible, forces women to adopt a rational way and eventually migrate for their survival and that of their children. On the other hand, women with a purely rational action, such as the mere fatalism of their predecessors, are not able to bear the harsh conditions of migration, such as breaking away from their attachments in their hometown, overcoming the fear of migration and the fears of living in a new city. Although materialism is still considered the main inducement in this path, spirituality in immigrant women with the function of generating hope and healing, reduces the psychological damage resulting from this great change, and also increases the adaptability of immigrant women and provides a support for their efforts to Ensuring and facilitating survival. Despite the increasing migration of women; There are few studies in this field. The different aspects of women's migration require more extensive research in quantitative and qualitative dimensions, especially interdisciplinary. This leads to a better understanding of the migration process of this group and the adoption of more suitable policies to facilitate their lives in the destination, and it can ultimately lead to a more appropriate integration of them by reducing the social anomalies resulting from the increasing challenges of their lives in the new city.Funding : There is no funding support. Authors’ contribution : All the authors have contributed and played a constructive role in the preparation of this research. Conflict of interest : Authors declared no conflict of interest.Key words : Women, Internal migration, Marginalization, Adaptation and survival-oriented action, Yazd city.
Consultation
SeyedAlireza Afshani; azade abooei; Ali Ruhani
Abstract
This study examines the marital consequences of infertility in infertile women. It has been conducted, using a qualitative approach and contextual theory method. The target population has primary been infertile women between the age of 25 and 40 who face infertility problems and do meet the following ...
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This study examines the marital consequences of infertility in infertile women. It has been conducted, using a qualitative approach and contextual theory method. The target population has primary been infertile women between the age of 25 and 40 who face infertility problems and do meet the following criteria: at least 5 years of cohabitation experience, at least two years of infertility treatment, and at least one IowaF failure. Accordingly, through theoretical sampling twenty-one cases have been studied. The theoretical sampling has continued until data saturation. The data has been gathered through interviews, with data analysis being performed by open, axial, and selective coding methods. The findings show that the consequence of infertility in marital life are 8 main categories, namely transition from a main subject to marginal ones, objectification of the second wife, the victim role, agonized separation, transformation in the husband, the fantasy of love, infertility as a problematic platform, and existential loneliness. A core category has been identified as “victimizer victims”, a notion that refers to the idea that infertile women may, over time, experience their husband's remarriage or a desire to remarry as a result of their infertility, particularly cultural consequences. The findings generally indicated that infertile women are concerned about their husbands' remarriage and, in some cases, the wife's support for the husband's remarriage to have children only to divorce the second wife. Thus, infertile women are psychologically disturbed, as well as in their marital relationships.
Ali Ruhani; Mohadeseh Abedi-Diznab
Abstract
The present study seeks to evaluate the trajectory of the formation of gender discrimination among middle-class women in Tabriz. Using a qualitative approach and grounded theory, a number of women in Tabriz were selected and studied using theoretical sampling. Theoretical sampling continues until data ...
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The present study seeks to evaluate the trajectory of the formation of gender discrimination among middle-class women in Tabriz. Using a qualitative approach and grounded theory, a number of women in Tabriz were selected and studied using theoretical sampling. Theoretical sampling continues until data saturation occurs. Data were collected and analyzed using open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The findings were presented in the form of story line (15 main categories and one core category) and paradigm model. In general, the results of the study showed that women are faced with dualism of discrimination and hope due to their culture. This duality is resulted from women's psychosocial subordination in addition to the rule of gender constraints. In such situations, coping strategies (retrospective utopian / psychosocial subordination / hyperactivity) are activated in women. However, these strategies are also associated with some consequences in these women. In fact, women, besides all the discrimination and the struggle to eliminate them, live their lives with duality of discrimination and hope to achieve their real place.
