Women's Studies
Masoud Nikooghadam; Mohadese Gholizadeh Amirabad; Abdollah Khoshnoodi
Abstract
In the twentieth century, with a new wave of political developments in many countries, the researchers sought to understand the preconditions necessary for the emergence and continuation of democracy. Meanwhile, "Modernization Theory" was given the highest empirical support for the realization of democracy. ...
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In the twentieth century, with a new wave of political developments in many countries, the researchers sought to understand the preconditions necessary for the emergence and continuation of democracy. Meanwhile, "Modernization Theory" was given the highest empirical support for the realization of democracy. But the ineffectiveness of this theory in practice led to more attention to the role of other factors. One of these factors, which has so far not received much attention, is the role of empowerment of women. In the present study, the "gender-development of democracy" model has been used to study and analyze how women's empowerment has an impact on the democracy development. The econometric method was used as a dynamic panel in the form of Generalized Method of Moment for 1990 to 2015 in selected countries. Findings of the research have indicated that the indicators for assessing the empowerment of women in this research have a significant effect on the development of democracy during the period in question. The two variables of "education" and "female labor force participation rate" have a significant positive effect on the development of democracy with coefficients of +0.61 and +0.07, and the variable "fertility rate" with a coefficient of -0.22 has a significant negative effect on the democracy development.
Women's Studies
Emilia Nersessians; Ebrahim Fayaz; Leila Ardebili
Abstract
Recent studies in the field of cognitive science on conceptual metaphor indicated that metaphor is not merely a linguistic phenomenon but it is essentially a conceptual-experimental process that constructs our mental world and is a means that reflects the origin of the cognitive structures of human thought. ...
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Recent studies in the field of cognitive science on conceptual metaphor indicated that metaphor is not merely a linguistic phenomenon but it is essentially a conceptual-experimental process that constructs our mental world and is a means that reflects the origin of the cognitive structures of human thought. By examining the metaphorical conceptualization of marriage and childbearing widely used in Persian everyday language, the present study seeks to demonstrate how the study of conceptual metaphors, within the framework of sociolinguistics, can help us get a better understanding of collective representations and cultural cognition. To achieve this goal, the present study is to utilize ethnographic strategy and semi-structured interview from twenty married women between the ages of 50-70 in Tehran, has gained some common metaphors in the conceptualization of marriage and childbearing. Subsequently, based on the premises of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, these metaphors are analyzed qualitatively. The results show that such conceptual mappings bear theoretical significance for the study of metaphor in identifying collective representation and cultural cognition and help us to get a deeper understanding of cultural understanding of the concepts in a community.
Women's Studies
Meimanat Abedini Baltork; Sirus Mansoori
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify the barriers to women's promotion in management position in Iranian educational system based on Interpretative Structural Modeling. The research method in present study is to identify the factors for categorizing based on qualitative approach as a case study. ...
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The purpose of this study is to identify the barriers to women's promotion in management position in Iranian educational system based on Interpretative Structural Modeling. The research method in present study is to identify the factors for categorizing based on qualitative approach as a case study. The participants of the study are consisted of faculty members of Iranian Universities and then among them, 13 faculty members were selected as research sample based on purposeful sampling. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, a content validity criterion was used. The questionnaire was originally reviewed by the experts of the women researches after the final amendments. The data collection tool was a self-interactive questionnaire (ISM) and content validity was confirmed by specialists. The results showed that 10 factors are considered as the factors affecting the barriers to women's promotion in managerial positions in Iranian educational system. Also, factor analysis showed that this model has 8 levels ranged from the deepest and most influential to the most surface. The eighth level of the model was the norms based on religious traditionalism that is as the deepest level of the model. The seventh level of the model is dominance of patriarchal culture and also stereotypical attitude toward women's management. The sixth level of the model is the unwritten gender discrimination. The fifth level is dismissal of women's management by employees, and women's inability to deal violently and not risk-taking. The fourth level of the model is the lack of self-confidence and self-esteem of women. The third level is Job conflict with family duties. The second level is the disapproving women's responsibility for management and finally the first level is lack of suitability in employment.
Women's Studies
Karam Habibpour Gatabi
Abstract
The present study uses feminist and critical theories to study the vulnerability of women in natural disasters in order to optimize the management of natural disaster risk with the aim of reducing their vulnerability. This research has a quantitative methodology using survey. Among 384 men and women ...
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The present study uses feminist and critical theories to study the vulnerability of women in natural disasters in order to optimize the management of natural disaster risk with the aim of reducing their vulnerability. This research has a quantitative methodology using survey. Among 384 men and women aged 15-65 in Gorgan and Kerman provinces, we selected some people based on cluster and proportional stratification sampling methods. The results showed that the most important areas of vulnerability of women in natural disasters were lack of security, lack of employment, lack or weakness of education in the field of natural disasters, cultural problems or the traditional thinking patterns of men about women, no belief in women's participation in disasters. Meanwhile, the most important contexts of women's vulnerability to natural disasters were, as compared to men, the potential and background of women emotional and psychological vulnerability. The social conditions are defined for women in the society and the lack of respect for women's rights by the society and authorities; the physical vulnerability of women; and the preservation of Hijab at the time of the disaster. The findings imply that the natural disasters are intrinsically social phenomena rooted from a social structure or system. Hence, vulnerability of women to natural disasters can be traced back to a construction and the consequence of social structures and semantic systems, which makes the division in the roles of men and women that, produces and reproduces this vulnerability.
Women's Studies
Karim Naderi Mahdy; Hajar Vahdat Moadab
Abstract
This study is an applied research using qualitative research method. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of social capital components on the empowerment of rural women engaged in home businesses. The study area of this research is Razan County. The statistical population is the 460 women ...
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This study is an applied research using qualitative research method. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of social capital components on the empowerment of rural women engaged in home businesses. The study area of this research is Razan County. The statistical population is the 460 women engaged in home businesses. We have selected 266 women through stratified sampling as the sample group. In addition to a deep documentary survey, the necessary data and information were collected from the field using a structured questionnaire. The validity of the study instrument was confirmed by a panel of relevant experts and its reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The reliability in all parts of the questionnaire was estimated 0.85. We used Lisrel and SPSS20 software to analyze the data collected. The results of cluster analysis indicated that 63.25% were poor in terms of capacity and 21 percent were relatively strong, while only 14.84 percent of the sample was quite formidable. Based on the results of diagnostic analysis, it can be said that the most important factors distinguishing these groups are as follows: ensuring community participation, social trust and social cohesion.
Women's Studies
Neda Razavizadeh; Zahra Baradaran Kashani
Abstract
Tourism is known as a modern leisure activity in contemporary societies. However, like other leisure activities, there is not an equal access to that among social strata including classes and genders. Furthermore, middle class in Iran experiences a wide range of changes in values, behavioral patterns ...
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Tourism is known as a modern leisure activity in contemporary societies. However, like other leisure activities, there is not an equal access to that among social strata including classes and genders. Furthermore, middle class in Iran experiences a wide range of changes in values, behavioral patterns and choices in recent decades. The purpose of this paper is to answer these questions: (1) what functions do middle class women in Iranian cities identify for lonely/female-only travels? (2) what challenges do they identify in lonely/female-only travels before, ongoing and after travel, and what are their coping strategies? To answer these questions, qualitative approach and ethnographic interview was used as a method. Fourtheen women were interviewed. Findings showed that women identified two functions for lonely/female-only travels: escaping and engaging. The most importatnt challenge for women befor travel were having family’s agreement and managing the household in women’s absance. Emotional and functional issues were two challenges for the female-only travelers when they were on tour. Womens’ coping strategies ranged from passive reactions to active and creative reactions. In conclution, lonely/female-only travel for women is a realm for experiencing, testing and proofing their own power, agency and independence in contemporary Iran.
Women's Studies
Mansoureh Zarean; Masoumeh Zarei; Atieh Honardoust
Abstract
This article is going to discover and explain the policies of 4th, 5th and 6th development plans on the empowering of the women headed family. Divorced women, widows, single and married women who their husbands are not able to work are meant by the women headed family. To empower this group of women, ...
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This article is going to discover and explain the policies of 4th, 5th and 6th development plans on the empowering of the women headed family. Divorced women, widows, single and married women who their husbands are not able to work are meant by the women headed family. To empower this group of women, it is essential to consider two factors: advancement and women’s agency. The main issue is to examine the two factors within development plans for empowering the women headed family. Findings of the research based on qualitative content analysis method show that development plans have not been effective in enhancing women's empowerment in the area of access to resources and presence in social networks and markets. It is only limited to financial support and in some context social support. This kind of policy would not lead to reduction of women poverty in the long run.
Women's Studies
Omid Qaderzadeh; Parivash Hoseini
Abstract
The scope of power of housewives is subject to limitations due to their fragile and vulnerable position in the economic and social structures. One of the areas on the basis of which women’s empowerment could be assessed is the decision-making process in everyday life. The purpose of this research ...
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The scope of power of housewives is subject to limitations due to their fragile and vulnerable position in the economic and social structures. One of the areas on the basis of which women’s empowerment could be assessed is the decision-making process in everyday life. The purpose of this research is to reconstruct the lived experience of married women in decision-making and explore the fields, consequences and the ways of women’s exposure to the phenomenon of decision-making through the perception and mental conceptualization of the actions that they exploit in their everyday life as a source of power to enhance their agency in the environment. The present study was carried out with a qualitative approach in the grounded theory. Target sampling with maximum diversity was used to select the samples; and semi-structured interview was used to collect the data. The results of interview with 28 samples of Sanandaj women indicate that self-esteem, re-conceptualization and risk-taking, family support, gender stereotypes, experience (of decision making), and resources available to women constitute the grounds for decision making of women. The semantic reconstruction of the experience and understanding of women of decision making shows the women appeal to such strategies as logical dialogue, due and timely fulfillment of responsibilities, financial independence and support, raising the expectations, and strike. The decision-making experience for women contributes to their sense of value, collective belonging, self-reliance, empowerment and self-esteem.
Women's Studies
Zahra Mirhosseini; Mahsa Larijani
Abstract
The present study attempts to investigate the social integration of prisoners via a grounded theory approach. It is aimed to explain a model for successful social integration of female offenders. In this qualitative study, the data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 21 women ...
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The present study attempts to investigate the social integration of prisoners via a grounded theory approach. It is aimed to explain a model for successful social integration of female offenders. In this qualitative study, the data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 21 women who had a record in the Welfare Services Organization, and all of whom have had previous experience of being in jail. Then, using a grounded theory approach, the data were analyzed and coded. The exploratory findings of the study show that various factors contribute to the formation of the core category, that is, “social integration as a move towards the normalization of life and social adaptation” of women. Other contextual factors such as personal characteristics is supported and not rejected by the family and access to capitals are significant too. Moreover, interventional factors such as maternal motivation, empowerment and rehabilitation of women, and not using drugs influence the process of social integration. Analytical findings indicate that the strategies and solutions for social integration of women have two categories of environmental appropriateness and sanitation, and the development of social networks. Ultimately, all these factors and strategies contribute to satisfaction from life, adaptability and social organization, or in other words, social integration of women.
Women's Studies
Amir Soltani Nejad; Adibeh Barshan; Amirsadra Asadi; Maryam Balvardi; Ali Sadei
Abstract
Drug trafficking is one of the complex social problems of the present time. This is the cause of many social injuries and deviations. This phenomenon targets not only individual security but also national security of the community. In this research, the qualitative method has been used to recreate life ...
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Drug trafficking is one of the complex social problems of the present time. This is the cause of many social injuries and deviations. This phenomenon targets not only individual security but also national security of the community. In this research, the qualitative method has been used to recreate life experience of women to identify the causes and areas of their exposure to narcotics trafficking. The research data were obtained from a deep interview with 18 trafficked women in the central prison of Kerman. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling. The results were analyzed using thematic analysis approach. According to the results, the causes of drug trafficking by women can be found in eight main themes: women's situations, economic system problems, weaknesses in coping systems, ecological platforms of the region, family problems, cultural poverty, inferior friends and class contradictions. Therefore, the smuggling of drugs by women is a phenomenon of several causes. The causes and areas of its formation should not be sought only in a person or a particular entity; it is also always a set of cultural, social and environmental factors, family, judicial, law enforcement, and individual causes were the basis of smuggling.
Women's Studies
Hossein Bani Fatemeh; Sattar Mohammadi Talvar; Hamza Nozari
Abstract
This paper studies family businesses in the province of Tehran, by adopting a cultural approach in the context of economic sociology. It takes a qualitative approach. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 25 CEOs of family firms. In order to analyze the findings coding method ...
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This paper studies family businesses in the province of Tehran, by adopting a cultural approach in the context of economic sociology. It takes a qualitative approach. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 25 CEOs of family firms. In order to analyze the findings coding method was used. The current study aims to provide a review of the role and status of women in this type of business from the perspective of the respondents. The results show that the role and position of women in the eyes of managers who are all men can be classified under three categories: the role of women in enterprises (including formalism - immaterialness – controversy- invisibility- and lack of promotion); challenges for the presence of women in enterprises (including relationships- jealousy- and familial distrust); and consequences (including family collapse and enterprise collapse). In general, the attitude and management of patriarchy as the most important family value system and culture dominates the role of women in the family business to a large extent. In addition, the presence of women in family-owned businesses is fraught with challenges that ultimately lead to consequences (for example, the weakening of family ties and the collapse of business) for both the family and the family business.
Women's Studies
Saadi Mohammadi; Marzieh Talati; Arkan Mohammadi
Abstract
Nowadays, in order to build a jolly environment in the villages and achieve the subjective well-being of rural women who are isolated for social and economic reasons, given the great poverty and unemployment and the necessity to overcome these issues, the use of rural areas potentials for realization ...
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Nowadays, in order to build a jolly environment in the villages and achieve the subjective well-being of rural women who are isolated for social and economic reasons, given the great poverty and unemployment and the necessity to overcome these issues, the use of rural areas potentials for realization of economic growth and the presence of women in them are emphasized. Rural tourism due to its nature and related job opportunities income is welcomed and accepted by women. In this applied research, which is conducted by descriptive-analytical method, the effects of women's presence in the rural tourism sector of the Awraman region were examined on their mental well-being. Accordingly, a questionnaire was distributed among 90 rural women in tourism destination villages, selected by targeted sampling, and analysis of the obtained data was done using one-sample inferential T, Xi-two, Friedman and Qi-two consonants. It was found that spread of tourism and the presence of women in related activities at a significant level of 0.001 and an average of 3.47, has increased and improved the mental well-being of rural women. Among the indicators, the cognitive indices of subjective well-being with an average of 3.55, and among the studied variables, the satisfaction of the rural environment and dependence on it, the decrease of feeling of poverty and life satisfaction, respectively, have the highest degree of improvement of the situation and the effectiveness of women's presence in tourism activities. The findings also showed that there is a significant, positive and direct relationship between the level of satisfaction with development and income dependence on tourism activities and the level of vitality of rural women.
Women's Studies
Mohammad Hassan Fotros; Maryam Najmi; Abbas Memarzadeh
Abstract
One of the biggest developments of the recent decades has been dramatic women’s participation in social and economic fields, and in this regard, the relationship between women’s participation in the labor market as one of the important and influential factors in economic growth, and fertility ...
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One of the biggest developments of the recent decades has been dramatic women’s participation in social and economic fields, and in this regard, the relationship between women’s participation in the labor market as one of the important and influential factors in economic growth, and fertility rate as one of the effective factors in population growth, has been taken into account. Many empirical studies have shown the relationship between women’s employment and fertility rate to be negative. On the one hand, many researchers found that in the European countries, there was a negative correlation between these two variables in the labor market before the 1980s, while the correlation became positive afterwards. Therefore, in this study, using 1360-1392 annual data, extracted from central bank and statistical center of Iran, and ARDL BOUND TESTING approach, we investigate the relationship between employment rate and fertility. The findings indicate that the impact of marriage age, urbanization rate, and per capita income on fertility rate is negative while the effect of women’s employment rate on fertility rate is positive. This indicates that, increased employment rate and thereby creation of financial security give rise to an increase in the tendency for fertility among women; therefore, the negative relationship shown in previous studies is not confirmed.
Women's Studies
Masoud Kosari; Amirali Tafreshi; Masoumeh Sadat Alavi Nekoo
Abstract
The Islamic Revolution of Iran can be identified as the emergence of a discursive transformation in Iranian society. This revolution, not only was indicative of a discursive and semantic transformation in the context of the Iranian society, but also it was able to create a new sign and a new meaning ...
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The Islamic Revolution of Iran can be identified as the emergence of a discursive transformation in Iranian society. This revolution, not only was indicative of a discursive and semantic transformation in the context of the Iranian society, but also it was able to create a new sign and a new meaning within the context of global discourses; thus, Foucault also mentioned this revolution as "the soul of a world repulsions." The present study for understanding the characteristics of this discursive evolution, aimed to study its most influential theorist, Imam Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Revolution. Given the necessity of creating boundaries for the study of discourse analysis, one of the most controversial discourse disciplines, that is, the discursive order of female identity, was chosen for study in this discourse. At the next phase, according to the macro view and the abstract mapping of discursive articulation, using Laclau and Mouffe's approach, this theory and method was chosen for analyzing the discourse of Imam Khomeini's speeches. According to the findings, the central sign of this discourse is "preservation of chastity and religiosity" and despite the conformity of some of the signs of this discourse with hegemonic discourses in the Western world, such as "social activity" and "freedom," all this is defined around "The preservation of chastity and religiosity" in this discourse, and a meaning different from other discourses is created. This discourse, which emerges in the apparent controversy with the second Pahlavi’s discourse, is also seriously deconstructing its hostile discourse-especially in the case of removing the shame from society- and attempts to marginalize it. Among epistemes that these two conflicting discourses have used to marginalize their rival discourse, are " being foreign", "seeing women as objects", "ignorance", " negligence" and " "approval of prostitution." On the contrary, the well-known fundamental epistemes that these two discourses have used for their hegemony in the Discursive Order of feminine identity include: "belief in progress", "support of freedom", "respect for women", "belief in equality of women and men" and "being civilized".
Women's Studies
Akbar Zare Shahabadi; Mojtaba Shafiee Nejad; Javad Madahi
Abstract
Suicidal behavior is defined as a non-fatal act wherein the person consciously and purposefully and without the interference of others, in order to achieve the desired changes, does self-painful and self-harmful acts, which is understood and interpreted in various ways by different people. The purpose ...
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Suicidal behavior is defined as a non-fatal act wherein the person consciously and purposefully and without the interference of others, in order to achieve the desired changes, does self-painful and self-harmful acts, which is understood and interpreted in various ways by different people. The purpose of this research, Background discovery and has been involved in Suicide emprise Through perception and the intrinsic meaning women who have been involved in this process. Study with qualitative methods and deep interview among women was Abdanan city. The sample consisted of 23 women who participated have experienced suicide That in terms of age, education, place of residence, marital status were different. A sample of purposive sampling was used to collect data from interview. Data were analyzed with no coding style. According to the findings, women collaborator perceive Suicide is a way to express and achieve the desired In order to try to hegemonic behavior, restrictions, slander and selfishness, react and manage it. In the end, improve supporting role in suicide prevention as a strategy is very important.
Women's Studies
Reza Esmaeil Pour; Hamid Reza Tafaghodi
Abstract
The current paper aims to analyze the factors that prevent women’s job advancement and promotion in organizations. In this study, qualitative methodology and Directed Qualitative Content Analysis approaches were applied, and 16 women of the municipal districts 2, 4, 13, 16, and 22 of Tehran ...
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The current paper aims to analyze the factors that prevent women’s job advancement and promotion in organizations. In this study, qualitative methodology and Directed Qualitative Content Analysis approaches were applied, and 16 women of the municipal districts 2, 4, 13, 16, and 22 of Tehran were interviewed during a four-month period from May, 2016 to August, 2016. After repeated review and analysis of the written interviews, 85 semantic units, 33 codes, 5 classes, and 2 themes were extracted. Two concepts of Social-Cultural Requirements and Role Requirements were recognized as the research themes as well as the main factors preventing women from job promotion. Social-Cultural Requirements are related to the factors which are obstacles to women's job promotion, as the forces from society structure. Role Requirements are related to the factors which do not prevent job promotion directly, but ruin women personal passion for advancement, by affecting their inner desire. Based on this study, it is concluded that by focusing on Role Requirements, the obstacles to women' job promotion can be overcome.
Women's Studies
Esmail Karami Dehkordi; Roghayeh Babaee
Abstract
Rural women play an important role in supporting their rural households' livelihoods and can significantly contribute to the sustainable natural resources management programmes. The current research aims to investigate rural women's livelihood activities and their related needs for enhancing their knowledge ...
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Rural women play an important role in supporting their rural households' livelihoods and can significantly contribute to the sustainable natural resources management programmes. The current research aims to investigate rural women's livelihood activities and their related needs for enhancing their knowledge and social capacities. The study was conducted using a case study through participatory rapid appraisal techniques in the Ghezel Tape Aligholi Village located in the Zanjan Province of Iran. Rural women contributed to their households' livelihoods through various livelihood strategies, comprising non-agricultural activities including carpet weaving; agricultural activities dependent on rangelands, specially collecting naturally medicinal and edible plants; and agricultural activities with low dependency on rangelands, particularly product harvest and local processing. Assessing rural women' needs showed that they mostly needed updated knowledge and skills regarding proper harvest, processing and packaging of horticultural and dairy products, natural resources conservation methods, new agricultural and non-agricultural activities, and higher literacy. The necessity to improve rural women's environmental attitude, particularly about rural waste management was also recognised to be an important need. Moreover, they need to strengthen their social capacities, particularly in regard to influencing agricultural markets, relations and trust in rural communities and with external actors, and strengthening rural women organisations. These needs imply the necessity of developing agricultural extension and natural resources management programmes for human and social capacity building of rural women.
Women's Studies
Susan Bastani; Shohre Rowshani; Nahle Gharavi Naeeni
Abstract
The current study aims to investigate the way married women living in Tehran face with disruption of sense of tranquility in marital life. This research has been done using grounded theory method and deep interview technique. As a result of encounter with disruption of sense of tranquility, which is ...
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The current study aims to investigate the way married women living in Tehran face with disruption of sense of tranquility in marital life. This research has been done using grounded theory method and deep interview technique. As a result of encounter with disruption of sense of tranquility, which is the result of the gap between the assets and demands of women, it has become necessary for women to adopt a set of strategies with two general approaches of "change in assets" including modification of the spousal relationship, management of interactive problems with families, improvement of the status of children, attention to self and removal of structural barriers, with the aim of changing the available status into a desirable one, and "change in demands" including reduced demands, patience and forgiveness and selection of the null relationship, with the aim of accepting the available status. Choosing these strategies and their effectiveness is affected by a set of conditions such as “decision-making factors" including the husband's approach, religious beliefs, dominance of affection and exterior constraint.
Women's Studies
Mohammad Taghi Karami Ghahi; Mohsen Akhbari
Abstract
Exploring the relationship between gender and ethics is the common concern of some feminist scholars. From this perspective, feminists criticize the traditional morality for ignoring the importance of cultural values as well as the moral experience of women with a view of patriarchy. Therefore, they ...
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Exploring the relationship between gender and ethics is the common concern of some feminist scholars. From this perspective, feminists criticize the traditional morality for ignoring the importance of cultural values as well as the moral experience of women with a view of patriarchy. Therefore, they express various approaches and ideas, trying to address a new formulation of moral relations and system appropriate to gender. Female attitudes to ethics emphasize on personal relationships and the ethics of care, engaging in the value of human relationships. Besides, maternal approaches assert the special relationship between mother and child as a moral and interactive pattern. For this reason, these gender-based approaches unlike traditional morality which contains the general rules of morality, impartiality and rational ideas are non-holistic, context-driven, objective, and emotion-oriented.
Women's Studies
Zahra Farazizade; Mahbobe Babaei
Abstract
The theme of leisure, spent by different groups of people, and its possible consequences, suggest new ways in human life. Leisure with all cultural, social, political and economic aspects, is important free time spent in different time periods and spaces by all groups of society in many ways. Understanding ...
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The theme of leisure, spent by different groups of people, and its possible consequences, suggest new ways in human life. Leisure with all cultural, social, political and economic aspects, is important free time spent in different time periods and spaces by all groups of society in many ways. Understanding how to spend leisure time among different people can be a basis for the analysis of social trends and changes. Women's Leisure in rural community has less been considered. In the present study, the situation of rural women's leisure in Hasan Abad in the Delfan was studied. In this study, leisure time among different generations and with respect to having agricultural land and water was assessed using qualitative method. Techniques such as participant observation, interviews and focus group discussions with twenty-two of the rural women for data collection and thematic analysis were used for data analysis. Based on the results, the change of seasons, possession of farmland, water, livestock and poultry determine the amount of leisure time in rural women. The types of leisure activities and the amount of time allocated to them in different generations of rural women in comparison to the past have changed. As young rural women have little interest in carrying out agricultural activities because of changing values compared to other generations, there is more leisure time for them. Also, the type of leisure activities as a result of new developments, have changed. Middle-aged women in productive activities, market and non-market have the greatest participation, and consequently, their leisure activities are mainly focused on refreshment. Older women are involved in productive activities, market and non-market, and their leisure activities are focused on facilitation life in the village. They, in their leisure time, produce skin rugs, cotton and yarn.
Women's Studies
Yaghoob Foroutan; Mina Shojaee
Abstract
Women's status has experienced significant progress in most parts of the world in recent decades. However, the gender gap still exists in many countries. This study investigates the status of women in the Islamic countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region from a comparative perspective. ...
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Women's status has experienced significant progress in most parts of the world in recent decades. However, the gender gap still exists in many countries. This study investigates the status of women in the Islamic countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region from a comparative perspective. It uses such international indices as Gender Development Index, Gender Inequality Index, and Gender Gap Index. The methodology of the study is a secondary analysis using descriptive exploratory analysis and cluster analysis techniques on international data. Generally speaking, the results of this analysis highlight two key patterns. First, while all the MENA women are considered within one single category, they tend to hold a relatively lower level of gender outcomes and represent more visible gender gap in global comparison. Second, more detailed analysis emphasizes the substantial heterogeneity of the MENA women, suggesting that there is a significantly wide range of socio-economic patterns associated with women’s status by individual country in the region. This diversity needs to be carefully considered in order to provide an appropriate explanation on patterns and determinants associated with the MENA women’s status.
Women's Studies
Fateme Modiri; Ali Rahimi
Abstract
This paper aims to study the effect of women's employment on family stability, and compares Dual-worker family with Single-worker family. Statistical population of cross-sectional survey consistes of married people in Tehran. 1736 samples were selected and analyzed. Multi-stage cluster sampling method ...
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This paper aims to study the effect of women's employment on family stability, and compares Dual-worker family with Single-worker family. Statistical population of cross-sectional survey consistes of married people in Tehran. 1736 samples were selected and analyzed. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used and due to the different economic and social classes of people, 50 domains were selected in Tehran. A questionnaire was employed using Pearson correlation, variance analysis, and mean difference. The results show that men's marital happiness in dual-worker families are more than single-worker families. In men single-worker families, high income and occupational status is associated with lower marital happiness, while in women single-worker families, high income is associated with higher marital happiness. Correlation between marital happiness and tendency to divorce in women dual-worker families is more than single-worker families and in men is less. Shared spending money in dual-worker families is more than single-worker families and conflict between work and family is less. In general, it can be said that there is no evidence showing women's employment is in conflict with family stability but women's employment provides resources that can be used in dealing with unhappy marriage. The implementation of appropriate employmen policies can help stability of the family. The findings confirm theories of exchange, economic opportunity and new home economics.
Women's Studies
Ali Yaghoobi; Haniyeh Moghaddas Yazdi
Abstract
The concept of femininity is similar to a social structure with varied notions in different time and backgrounds. This article aims to develop a typology of girl students of Guilan University. In the current study, semi-organized interviwes aiming for tageted sampling and qualitative methods are employed. ...
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The concept of femininity is similar to a social structure with varied notions in different time and backgrounds. This article aims to develop a typology of girl students of Guilan University. In the current study, semi-organized interviwes aiming for tageted sampling and qualitative methods are employed. For this reason, thirty people were interviewed. Then, the interviews were examined using theme analysis method. On the basis of the obtained conversations, women are classified into three classes including agreementative, combined, and refractory clearly depicting Cannel's theory in compatible, combined and refractory femininty. The findings show that the main reason of feminine changes is growth of media and social network usage.
Women's Studies
Ali Hossein Hosseinzadeh; Marziyeh Shahryari; Maryam Farji Behbahanizadeh
Abstract
In the family, women can benefit from the newest information and knowledge on various life subjects and use them to train other members of the family; they can also use the knowledge to replce new and optimal beliefs with the false ones thereby oncreasing the soci-cultural level of the family more than ...
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In the family, women can benefit from the newest information and knowledge on various life subjects and use them to train other members of the family; they can also use the knowledge to replce new and optimal beliefs with the false ones thereby oncreasing the soci-cultural level of the family more than before. In this study, family economic efficiency including women's participation in household income, modifying consumption behaviors, women’s control over family consumption, maternal affection to create economic discipline and training children about the right economic behavior such as division of labor and roles in the family, has been examined. To identify the components listed above, the theories of resources, power, empowerment and system theory have been used. The method of this study is the survey data, using structured questionnaires obtained from a sample of 200 married women in Ahwaz city. Multi-stage stratified sampling has been used. Results show that variables such as women's participation in household income, modifying consumption behaviors, women’s control over family consumption, maternal affection to create economic discipline and training children about the right economic behavior has a positive relationship with dependent variable of economic efficiency Based on the results obtained from multiple regression analysis, women's participation in the cost of a family's income and modification of consumption behaviors are the most important factors of economic productivity, and presented a coefficient of determination of 0.39 to explain the chnages of family economic efficiency.
Women's Studies
Abdolreza Javan Jaafary Bojnordy; Seyyed Mahdi Seyyedzadeh Sany; Mohadeseh Maldar Mohamad Hasanzadeh Mashhady
Abstract
Nowadays, victimization of women is very prevalent as a social problem. Among these are women who in addition to potential vulnerabilities, are more victimized for being migrants and minorities. The main objective of this study is to identify the types of victimization of Iranian and Afghan women refugees ...
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Nowadays, victimization of women is very prevalent as a social problem. Among these are women who in addition to potential vulnerabilities, are more victimized for being migrants and minorities. The main objective of this study is to identify the types of victimization of Iranian and Afghan women refugees in Mashhad urban space and study the factors influencing their victimization. This study was conducted using survey method and the researchers have considered the Afghan refugee women residing in Mashhad as the statistical society in order to study the influence of migration on victimization of women. Moreover, the situation of refugee women was compared with that of the Iranian women by using 112 Iranaian women living in Mashhad in the same condition as the control group. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Questionnaires were completed by Afghan refugee women and Iranian women in areas 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11 of Mashhad. Findings from this study indicate that there are significant relationships among the personal, environmental and economic characteristics and the victimization of women, at 95 percent level. Notably, it was found that there is an inverse relationship between age, education and veil with victimization of women in some crimes against persons such as rape, sexual assault, kidnapping, assault and beating; because among them were some young women, low-veiled, uneducated or uninformed who were reported to be more victimized than others. Also, women who had some kinds of disorder in their family, had experienced more crimes within and outside family. Women's employment in black jobs, in workshops around the city, in unknown and unofficial environments and unregulated and even their night work, is a risk factor casuing women victimization. Finally, it was determined that there is a relationship between the location of women with their victimization in all crimes.
