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Social participation has a critical effect on quality of life in any society. In this paper, we try to evaluate eventual relationships between the structure of power in family and quality and quantity of social participation. The main objective is to measure the correlation between the type of socialization in the family of orientation (origin), and the type of social participation and its scope. The principal approach is to take into consideration the genesis of participation in the process of decision making at home, and its continuation in the society as a whole. According to this approach, configuration of social participation and strengthening of civil society is influenced by developmental grounds of individuals; civil society is constructed by persons who are forming their civic identities. Methodology used is inferential statistics and survey. The study is carried out in Tehran in 2004 and 391 adults living in Tehran is included in this study. The research illustrates clearly the effect of structure of power in family on social participation among the adults. For Those adult whose family is democratic and egalitarian, the scope of social participation was considerable. People from these families will participate, in adulthood, in the destiny of society as a whole (unions, parties, political organizations…); they are true citizen of their society.
: The purpose of this study is to identify the gender differences in identity styles, commitment and quality of friendship. For this reason, 400 high school students from 19 educational regions in Tehran (males –females) are chosen randomly. Three scales are administrated: identity style inventory-six grade (White et al, 1998), quality of friendship (Hejazi, Zohrevand, 1380) and Socio-metric questioner. The results show that: -females use informational identity style more than males; -there is no significant gender difference in normative, diffuse/avoidant, and commitment identity styles; -females are higher than males in intimacy, self-disclosure, and reciprocity friendship; -there is not a gender difference in proximity, trust, and royalty.
On discussion about managerial ability of women outside home, social scientists refer to the wide range of women in labor force on one hand and to the discrimination against women on the other. Although women occupation is considered as an evidence of change, but providing opportunities for them in order to fulfill their abilities is of primer significance. This requires identification and evaluation of women managerial ability. Our case study consists of 172 women working in ministry of education, Shiraz University and Shiraz medical science university who experienced managerial position. In the research, the women’s managerial ability was examined and evaluated by quantitative and qualitative method. In quantitative method, the indicators of the social communication, self –esteem, and creativity were employed. In qualitative method, women’s interpretation about the characteristics of women managerial ability, the way to obtain those characters, evaluative criteria of women managerial ability and methods of problem finding and problem solving were considered. The findings represents that although the women are enjoying almost high managerial ability but the social and organizational context is not sufficient enough for their empowerment and the change in managerial structure of organizations in the benefit of women is very slow.
Indigenous Knowledge (IK) is important for every nation and consequently for the whole world. from scientific and cultural view point. Previously IK did not have a good status and it was in a ‘backward’ state during 19th century, but in 20th century due to bio-environmental problems caused by inopportune use of modern technology in developing countries, the scholars directed their attention to IK. In this process Gender IK was dealt with as necessity, because the GIK make the rural development more effective. In this paper my aim is to identify GIK, while acknowledging that the rural women IK is different with men’s one. The methods of data gathering include documentary and library Sources, Internet and Field study. In Field study, the different “PRA” Techniques are used. For this purpose 150 women from 22 Nieshabour villages are chosen by simple random and are interviewed. The result of the research shows (with 95% confidents) that the women in this area are very rich in agriculture IK. Most of their IK is in plantation particularly in mixed and livelihood crops, while they have less IK in identifying the modern methods of pest control. But the men have high rank AIK in commercial and mono-cultivation.
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