Soheila Sadeghi Fasaei; Zeinab Malekipour
Abstract
This study aimsto investigate an aspect of marital interactions, distance. By applying aqualitative method and conducting 43 in-depth semi-structured interviews, including 22women and 21 men, women and men experiences of distance were investigated based on theirown narratives.The results of the study ...
Read More
This study aimsto investigate an aspect of marital interactions, distance. By applying aqualitative method and conducting 43 in-depth semi-structured interviews, including 22women and 21 men, women and men experiences of distance were investigated based on theirown narratives.The results of the study suggested different forms of distance in couples' relationships,which can be classified to distance made bychoice, distance made byconflict, and distancemade byposition (situation). Although some forms of distance can cause dissociation incouple's relationship, distancesmadebychoice and some other types of distance can lead tostrength in the relationship. It is notable that because of the limited sample size of this study,its results cannot be generalized at all.
Women's Studies
Omid Qaderzadeh; Kamal Khaleqpanah; Sara Khazaii
Abstract
Cosmestic surgery has been become one of the common forms of the regular management of body in today's world. With an exploratory and analytical description of constructed meanings of cosmetic surgery, this research tends to find out why Sanandejian’s women have cosmetic surgery and what this context ...
Read More
Cosmestic surgery has been become one of the common forms of the regular management of body in today's world. With an exploratory and analytical description of constructed meanings of cosmetic surgery, this research tends to find out why Sanandejian’s women have cosmetic surgery and what this context and implication, functions, and consequences act have had. According to the nature of the subject and reaching deeper layers of mind, grounded theory, among qualitative methods, was chosen. In this study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews and grounded theory is used to analyze the data. Using theoretical and purposive sampling, 27 women were interviewed. Results show that women tend to have cosmetic surgery in order to react against change of norms beauty, making beauty erotic, annoying of life every day, and the proliferation of a negative image of their body. In this process, popularizing beauty and development of surgical science function as a facilitating context and national and foreign media function as a confounding condition. Performing their strategies, women appreciate and experience cosmetic surgeries just as the media, as a tool to facilitate the social achievement, expressing themselves and power and individual choice of being acquired beauty. Beauty obsession, health risks, impaired life and the social isolation are viewed as the effects of cosmetic surgery by women.
Mohammad Esmaeil Riahi
Volume 9, Issue 3 , October 2012, , Pages 5-33
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to describe gender differences in body image and to explore the influences of some socio-psychosocial factors on it. The study has been conducted via survey method and data has been collected by self-administered questionnaire. The present statistical society was all ...
Read More
The main purpose of this study is to describe gender differences in body image and to explore the influences of some socio-psychosocial factors on it. The study has been conducted via survey method and data has been collected by self-administered questionnaire. The present statistical society was all students of the University of Mazandaran in 2010. Overall, 360 students were selected through availability sampling as the final research sample. Descriptive results of the study show a significant gender difference in the body image satisfaction, that is to say that women or men are more dissatisfied bodily.
Moreover, analytical results indicate that; such variables as appearance orientation (body investment), body embarrassment, body surveillance and self esteem variables could significantly presuppose the level of body satisfaction among total sample. However a substantial gender difference has been witnessed in influencing body shame variable. In other words body shame variable, in addition to body investment and self esteem- as components of self objectification variable- are predicting factors of body satisfaction among women (and not men), illustrating the severe effects of social expectations from ideal body of the females and internalization of them compared to men. Furthermore, there is a gender difference in the level of body investment, signifying that young females compared to males, report greater investment on their bodies and engage in extensive grooming behaviors. Finally, students with a sense of self esteem had greater sense of satisfaction over their body image.
Akbar Aliverdinia; Saleh Saleh nejad
Volume 9, Issue 4 , March 2012, , Pages 5-26
Abstract
Crime patterns and styles show that crime is a gendered phenomenon. This study seeks to explain the gender gaps in deviant behaviors, using the general theory of crime and analyses the role of self-control in deviant behaviors of boys and girls. The present research was carried out through survey method ...
Read More
Crime patterns and styles show that crime is a gendered phenomenon. This study seeks to explain the gender gaps in deviant behaviors, using the general theory of crime and analyses the role of self-control in deviant behaviors of boys and girls. The present research was carried out through survey method and a statistical sample of 420 students of Orumieh University in the academic year of 2010- 2011 was included in this study. The results of the mean difference test show that access to diversion opportunities and participation in deviant behaviors of the two genders are significantly different and the self-control mean of the two genders has been different, though not significantly. Moreover, the results of multivariate regression show that three variations of self-control, diversion opportunity, and the gender of respondents have significant impacts on their participation in deviant behaviors. Self-control variation, among three other main variables in this research, stands as the strongest predictor of boys’ and girls’ deviant behaviors.
Hasan Sarayi; Pegah Roshanshomal
Abstract
Induced abortion is one of the problems to which some women resort for different reasons including family planning, to hide their illegal relations, avoid unwanted pregnancy, rape, etc. Physical and psychological aftermaths of abortion on women who experience it as well as cultural and social conditions ...
Read More
Induced abortion is one of the problems to which some women resort for different reasons including family planning, to hide their illegal relations, avoid unwanted pregnancy, rape, etc. Physical and psychological aftermaths of abortion on women who experience it as well as cultural and social conditions of abortion show the importance of paying attention to the problem. This research aims to study the social factors affecting pregnant women’s attitude to induced abortion. The research was performed through survey method and statistical population was all women at the fertility age in Tehran in the year 2006. Sample size was calculated according to formula: 300 people and quota sampling was used. The results of multivariate regression analysis show that variables like religiosity, the attitude of the family and relatives towards abortion, and the social class involve 26 percent of variance related to the attitude of the women towards abortion. Fading faith and piety among women, according to the results, has a direct relationship with increased positive attitude towards abortion. Other variables such as age, education, and occupational status are not related to do women’s attitude towards having abortions.
Soheyla Sadeghi Fasaei; Maryam Esari
Abstract
The increasing trend of divorce during recent decade and consequently a rise in the number of men and women who have experienced divorce, clarifies the importance of paying attention to post-divorce life. However the study of how divorced subjects deal with life after divorce and also their perception, ...
Read More
The increasing trend of divorce during recent decade and consequently a rise in the number of men and women who have experienced divorce, clarifies the importance of paying attention to post-divorce life. However the study of how divorced subjects deal with life after divorce and also their perception, especially with a gender approach has been a neglected area in the Iranian sociology. Therefore the present research attempts to adopt a quantitative methodology and to apply in depth semi structured interviews with 36 divorced men and women in Tehran to discover the perception of subjects of different aspects of life after divorce and gender differences, in the way people deal with the situation.
The results show that with divorce several changes develop in various aspects of life of actors. Therefore actors should take new interaction policies in the areas of emotional, sexual, economic, psychological, relational, social, parenting, and home management in their lives. Also, gender culture, gender inequality in access to a variety of investments, legal distinctions, differences in habits, gender roles, distinctive sense of community of men and women, lead in various interactions and deal differently with divorce when it happens. The results indicate that, women compared to men experience different aftermaths of divorce and, by and large, they face with doubled challenges.
Qaesm Zaeri
Abstract
Feminist thought has always challenged the Islamic viewpoint. A majority of feminists believe that ‘family,’ is a source of oppression against women, and is essentially, the main way of reproducing male dominance. Part of the feminist argumentation, highlights itself through the form of criticism ...
Read More
Feminist thought has always challenged the Islamic viewpoint. A majority of feminists believe that ‘family,’ is a source of oppression against women, and is essentially, the main way of reproducing male dominance. Part of the feminist argumentation, highlights itself through the form of criticism of Western political customs, especially in the liberal debate of ‘public order’. In this debate, liberal theorists treat the ‘family’ as a part of a ‘personal sphere’ or a ‘strictly private area,’ and thus, by taking this stance, drive it out from the attention of public debate and legislation; the result of which, being that it leads to the perfect breeding ground for male dominance and for the fostering of unfair relations.This paper, reviewing the aforementioned standpoint, illustrates that ‘family’, has been subject to legislation in Muslim society since the emergence of Islam, and an abundance of rules and laws have been created in order to establish healthy and just relations and protect women's rights. Indeed, from the viewpoint of Islam, the family structure has been created on the basis of affection, and specific rules have been formed for regulating this important establishment.
Karam Habibpour Gatabi; Gholamreza Ghaffary
Volume 9, Issue 1 , April 2011, , Pages 7-34
Abstract
The transition of Iranian society from a traditional order to a modern one and experiencing the required life is considered as one of the causes in rising marriage age among girls. Accordingly this research has probed theoretically and methodologically into the underlying roots.
For the purpose of ...
Read More
The transition of Iranian society from a traditional order to a modern one and experiencing the required life is considered as one of the causes in rising marriage age among girls. Accordingly this research has probed theoretically and methodologically into the underlying roots.
For the purpose of this research, a survey method has been used to gather data. The statistical sample includes two groups of married and single girls aged from 25 to 44 years old. The sample is drawn out from five city centers including Tehran, Sari, Khorram Abad, Mashhad and Sanandaj. Results show that girls that marry late in their life 1) have more education, 2) have non- material attitude to marriage, and 3) have more beliefs that by marriage, lost opportunity cost is more than marriage opportunity.
Results imply that considering the experience of modernity in macro, middle and micro levels, dire consequences could be expected provided such experiences are not accompanied by well sketched plans and policies. This also holds true when the economical, social or cultural conditions of society, do not meets the requirements for adopting such transforms.
Hoseyn Kachoeiyan; Ghasem Zaeri
Volume 9, Issue 2 , September 2011, , Pages 7-35
Abstract
In this study, one basic question will be answered: Why were women officially considered being the subject of policy making decisions in Reza Khan Era? The answer should be found in the particular logic of the discourse of that time which was “Archeological Nationalism”. The discourse is based on ...
Read More
In this study, one basic question will be answered: Why were women officially considered being the subject of policy making decisions in Reza Khan Era? The answer should be found in the particular logic of the discourse of that time which was “Archeological Nationalism”. The discourse is based on racist theory and understands social and cultural issues on the same basis. During the gap emerged between Constitutional Revolution and failure of the regime evolved by that revolution and the time Reza Khan took the throne, the belief based on the strategy of bright autocracy was built up among political elite and nationalist social forces that the strategy of developing and rebuilding the society of Iran is the reform in Iranian people’s corrupt nature. It is clear that in the framework of archeological nationalism changing the nature of Iranians was not possible except through racial purification. Marriage is the core of the strategy and women as one of the parties in marriage, as a person who gives birth to babies and as a mother who brings up the new Iranian generation had a particular place among ancient nationalists. For this very reason women were the main addressees of social policy making of the government and the elite nationalists with “Hijab Removal” as the most prominent policy.
Halimeh enayat; tahereh raeisi
Abstract
One of recent developments in modern societies is the evolution in the structure of power division in the family and changes in reciprocal actions between wife and husband. This research aims to study the factors affecting distribution of power in the family by using the theories of: social capital, ...
Read More
One of recent developments in modern societies is the evolution in the structure of power division in the family and changes in reciprocal actions between wife and husband. This research aims to study the factors affecting distribution of power in the family by using the theories of: social capital, valuable resources, and sociability of gender. The data has been collected through survey method and questionnaire among 400 married women of Jiroft by multi-stage cluster sampling. The results show that the variables: social capital, income, awareness of the respondent of women’s rights respectively describe 43.1 percent of changes related to the variable of power division in families.
Psychology
Omid Ghaderzadeh; Ahmad Qolami
Abstract
Eating, as a way for Body Management reproduces a social function and meaning beyond itsbiological performances. Thus, it’s meaning has been transformed from a bodily need to afundamental element in expression and narrativeness of social identity and social positions.The main question of this paper ...
Read More
Eating, as a way for Body Management reproduces a social function and meaning beyond itsbiological performances. Thus, it’s meaning has been transformed from a bodily need to afundamental element in expression and narrativeness of social identity and social positions.The main question of this paper targets the ways women reconstruct and reinterpret theirsocial positions through food and eating. Field operation of the research is conductedaccording to the ethnographic method. Data of research gathered through Semi-structuredinterview technique and the data analyzed by grounded theory. The findings, based oninterviewing with 30 women informants, demonstrated fundamental changes in their lifeworldand subjective orientation to food and eating. According to their perspective, food andeating is interpreted as obviating starvation, simplicity, operational, aesthetics and Stylizationsignificances among women.
Ghasem Zaeri
Abstract
This article investigates the possibility context of the unveiling genesis (taking off the Hijab, i. e. the Islamic veil) in Iran and elucidates the dynamics possibility of the first attempt to unveil. An archaeological method of Foucaultian approach is adopted to reach this goal. The article demonstrates ...
Read More
This article investigates the possibility context of the unveiling genesis (taking off the Hijab, i. e. the Islamic veil) in Iran and elucidates the dynamics possibility of the first attempt to unveil. An archaeological method of Foucaultian approach is adopted to reach this goal. The article demonstrates that “unveiling” is one of the implications of modernity and should be considered in light of the distinction between “Native Modernity” and “Western Modernity”. Therefore, despite the common narrative, we cannot think of the time when Ghorrat-alein bābi attended Badasht meeting with her veil taken off in 1852 the starting point of the unveiling in Iran while the native modernity with its arrangements was in an outstanding stage of its authority. Moreover, Ghorrat-alein’s style of argumentation entirely belongs to traditional texture. the unveility developed only in an advanced stage of western modernity with its consolidated arrangements and lively dynamics in Iran. Historically, it occurred in 1927 when Sediqeh Dowlat-abādi took her veil off roaming in the streets. Dowlat-abādi’s maneuver lay in a sequence of internal and international relations supported and empowered by the “modern state” of Rezakhan namely the influence of modernization in Afghanistan and Turkey, inclination to gain international prestige in the end of the World War I and the nationalistic strategy of education of women. Although Dowlat-abādi herself was initially under the influence of modern relations that emerged in the realm of education within the “underdevelopment discourse” since the time of Sepah-salār and especially the Constitutional Revolution, later she turned to be a proponent of a new discourse for promoting unveiling and defining women’s rights and tended toward some type of “maternal feminism” derived from common arguments of religious modernism under the influence of the feministic trends between the two World Wars.
Sociology
Ghasem Zaeri; fatemeh yusefinejad
Abstract
Abstract The policy of Compulsory "Unveiling" was implemented in January 1936 (Dāy 1314) as the official policy of the First Pahlavi Regime, and accordingly, women were forced to unveil by the police force. In September 1943, during the Second Pahlavi era, the government ordered to eliminate the term ...
Read More
Abstract The policy of Compulsory "Unveiling" was implemented in January 1936 (Dāy 1314) as the official policy of the First Pahlavi Regime, and accordingly, women were forced to unveil by the police force. In September 1943, during the Second Pahlavi era, the government ordered to eliminate the term "compulsory" in this policy. This article is studying the resistance of social actors, in particular women's agency, to the implementation of this law and will show that in three main periods, from 1927 to 1935, and from 1935 to 1941, and from 1941 to 1943, three different forms of resistance against unveiling has been formed. The beginning of World War II in 1939 and the occupation of Iran by the Allies in 1941 are the most important structural changes that have provided context for action of social actors. The Second Pahlavi required that the clergy (Ulamā) support his monarchy or at least they do not disagree with it. This is another important change that helps the institutional revival of the clergy as an important power in topic of hijab. The article will show that there is no uniform and planned process in confronting women with "Unveiling" whereas this is resulted from the historical and social dispersed forces which provides the context for "Return to Hijab" in 1943. Women pursue a set of strategies against the policy of unveiling such as positive resistance and innovation in clothing design, negative resistance and physical conflict with police officers, immigration, staying at home and social deprivation, as well as petitioning for legal authorities. During the course of this resistance and return, the next discourse of hijab is formed such as "Hijab as Freedom" or the responsibility of the government to promote hijab. The Foucault method of analyzing historical trends, and first-hand documents, and official reports of the police and the Ministry of Interior, and oral history at the aforementioned time periods has been used in this paper.
Women's Studies
Bijan Khajenoori; Leila Parnian
Abstract
This paper is to examine the relationship between cultural globalization and the social acceptance of the body in girls and women in Kermanshah city. Synthesized theoretical framework was formulated by following the theories of Giddens and Robertson. The method of this study was survey and the main research ...
Read More
This paper is to examine the relationship between cultural globalization and the social acceptance of the body in girls and women in Kermanshah city. Synthesized theoretical framework was formulated by following the theories of Giddens and Robertson. The method of this study was survey and the main research tool was questionnaire. The sampling method used in the survey was multi-stage share random sampling. Sample size estimated according to Lin Table was 600. The results show a significant relationship between the modernism, reflection, sex role attitude, foreign mass media and globalization consciousness (R2=28.8) with social acceptance of the body (total).
Women's Studies
Amir Rastegar Khaled; Mehdi Kaveh
Abstract
Physical attractiveness has set new standards, so that the management body in general and cosmetic surgery in particular become increasingly important; such as a range of different behaviors, health, body building, diet, and different types of surgery include. This study examined the meanings of mental ...
Read More
Physical attractiveness has set new standards, so that the management body in general and cosmetic surgery in particular become increasingly important; such as a range of different behaviors, health, body building, diet, and different types of surgery include. This study examined the meanings of mental patients for cosmetic surgery in Tehran. Participants in this study comprised 26 female patients. The grounded theory is a qualitative research approach and data collection techniques are made use of in-depth interviews. The data suggest a model paradigm made to promote itself as causal conditions, context and enhance the socialization process as involving mental space as conditions are influenced. Participants included in the above circumstances, the decision to reflective strategy, which thus arises as a result of its social acceptance.
Volume 1, Issue 6 , June 2003
Abstract
This article considers women’s struggle as a part of the social movement emphasizing classical and modern perspectives. It also attempts to examine the factors which are inhibiting women, forcing them to call for change of their conditions. In the 90s, social movement thinkers emphasized the interaction ...
Read More
This article considers women’s struggle as a part of the social movement emphasizing classical and modern perspectives. It also attempts to examine the factors which are inhibiting women, forcing them to call for change of their conditions. In the 90s, social movement thinkers emphasized the interaction process in social movements and social structures. In this view, instead of emphasizing strategies, they examined rehabilitation and changes of social identities of group members. Based on the feminist definition of the women’s movement, the need for change is common among all women and emphasis could be made on the demand for change in a framework that creates social sensitivity about women’s issues and their hidden needs. The activist groups of women can be categorized under four groups: 1. Women who are on the fringes of power. 2. Women in mass media. 3. Women at the universities. 4. Women in general. The author considers the basic challenges of Iranian women’s social movement to be: A pretentious backing of women, misconception about feminism, irrelevant support of women, lack of common language and interaction among activists in modern NGOs and traditional groups.
Volume 1, Issue 7 , November 2003
Abstract
Empowerment is a multi-staged process in which women’s growing awareness of their inner needs and wants strengthens their confidence and ability to implement their goals. This research studies the factors related to women’s empowerment. The theoretical framework is women’s empowerment for participation ...
Read More
Empowerment is a multi-staged process in which women’s growing awareness of their inner needs and wants strengthens their confidence and ability to implement their goals. This research studies the factors related to women’s empowerment. The theoretical framework is women’s empowerment for participation in development which has been strongly influenced by feminist thought, particularly liberal feminism. A survey was conducted on 380 women between 20 to 25 years of age residing in Isfahan. The research found that higher education level, access to financial resources, better health, legal property rights, eradication of labor market discrimination, and elimination of traditional beliefs contribute to women’s empowerment.
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2005
Abstract
: The Iranian Civil Code, especially those relating to family laws, is mainly based on the prevailing opinions of Shiite jurisprudence (without considering other views and evaluating their strength). As a result, in some cases, unfair and discriminatory laws have been enacted. For instance, under Article ...
Read More
: The Iranian Civil Code, especially those relating to family laws, is mainly based on the prevailing opinions of Shiite jurisprudence (without considering other views and evaluating their strength). As a result, in some cases, unfair and discriminatory laws have been enacted. For instance, under Article 1122 of the Civil Code, some diseases like Black Leprosy and Vitiligo of women have been regarded as an initiative to terminate marriage for men but such a right has not given to women if the husband suffers from such diseases.
It seems that such discriminations have no justification and persuasive support in Shiite jurisprudence. For this purpose, this essay tries to review and criticize the prevailing opinions in the jurisprudence regarding the rights given either to men or women in respect of terminating marriage based on their spouse's disease. In this essay, the opposite views regarding this issue in jurisprudence will also be clarified and evaluated.
Volume 3, Issue 2 , September 2005
Volume 2, Issue 3 , September 2003
Abstract
The history of Iranian cinema has links to gender relations. The changes that Iranian cinema has experienced in area of gender are indicator of social evolution. In this study, forms of gender relations in Iranian films can be explained through tradition and modernity. Based on content analysis, this ...
Read More
The history of Iranian cinema has links to gender relations. The changes that Iranian cinema has experienced in area of gender are indicator of social evolution. In this study, forms of gender relations in Iranian films can be explained through tradition and modernity. Based on content analysis, this research tries to follow conditions of modernity in Iranian society by searching the quality of representing gender relations in Iranian cinema after the Islamic revolution.
The main hypothesis of this research is that gender relations in Iranian cinema after the revolution have changed from patriarchal to more egalitarian ones. The theoretical framework in the research is the liberal feminism theory. The theory helps researchers to explain the affinity of feminism and modernity.
Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003
Abstract
Adolescent girl's healt is the prerequest of society's health, This study aims to develop an analysis on the female adolescent's perspectives on health and freedom / limitations. This paper outlines the findings of a qualitative study that addresses and analyzes the meanings of freedom and limitations. ...
Read More
Adolescent girl's healt is the prerequest of society's health, This study aims to develop an analysis on the female adolescent's perspectives on health and freedom / limitations. This paper outlines the findings of a qualitative study that addresses and analyzes the meanings of freedom and limitations. Four themes have emerged as a result of the study, including: the feeling of being controlled, the negative consequences of control, the importance of freedom, and the need for identifying criteria defining freedom and limitations. The findings demonstrates their tendency toward idealism, which can be aptly attributed to their age and is a characteristic of adolescence. From their perspectives, health is directly related to a clear definition of freedom and limitations. Greater awareness on the development of adolescents and girl's situation, can work to build mutual trust between parents, teachers, stakeholders and adolescent girls.
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2003
Abstract
: Considering the status of women's employment in Iran and given their untapped potential as a labor force, facilitating their access to the labor market, can pave the way for increased social benefits. Therefore identifying the factors that promote greater participation of women in the economic and ...
Read More
: Considering the status of women's employment in Iran and given their untapped potential as a labor force, facilitating their access to the labor market, can pave the way for increased social benefits. Therefore identifying the factors that promote greater participation of women in the economic and social sectors is of the utmost importance. Perhaps the most effective factor in promoting women's labor force participation is their level of education. Educated women demonstrate a greater willingness to put their skills to use in the labor market. Attracting educated and skilled women to the labor market requires greater investment. In an effort to identifying the impact of each of the variables in attracting educated women to the labor market, this study utilizes a econometric model. Variables in this analysis include women's share in the employed labor force, the birthrate, share of girls registered in middle school, gross domestic product per capita, the share of employed women in the labor force with higher education, and the relation of the level of investment to the level of gross domestic product. The results for the period 1345-1380 (1966-2001) using the OLS methodology, demonstrates that increase in education levels increase women's opportunities in employment. Also the increase in the gross domestic product and in the amount of investment increase women's share in the labor force.
Volume 1, Issue 5 , April 2003
Abstract
Devastating social capital has undesired impacts on the entire population, however, for many reasons, its negative impacts threatens women more than men. One of the ways to undertake a situation analysis of social capital is to assess the trends of social problems on the society. In recent years, many ...
Read More
Devastating social capital has undesired impacts on the entire population, however, for many reasons, its negative impacts threatens women more than men. One of the ways to undertake a situation analysis of social capital is to assess the trends of social problems on the society. In recent years, many studies have reported the rising trends of social problems in Iran. Based on scientific studies this article discusses two issues: First, some of the social problems which have feminine patterns in Iran (e.g. prostitution) have been relatively increasing. Second, women’s share of social problems with masculine patterns (e.g. addiction and murder) has gradually increased in recent years. A comparison of psychological disorder between men and women proves the serious societal hindrances on women and their empowerment
Volume 3, Issue 3 , December 2005
Abstract
: In this article the presence of women in Islamic society has been addressed. Women has been discussed in three social, economic, and scientific areas. The relation between the Islamic jurisdiction and social presence of women has been studied based on the act and tradition of the Prophet and Imams. ...
Read More
: In this article the presence of women in Islamic society has been addressed. Women has been discussed in three social, economic, and scientific areas. The relation between the Islamic jurisdiction and social presence of women has been studied based on the act and tradition of the Prophet and Imams. Moreover, this article examines how much the Islamic rulers adhere to the Islamic acts and traditions. The author tried to make distinction between what has been resulted from the rulers' acts and what is related to the essence of Islam.
The findings show that there is no band on women's presence based on Islamic tradition. So it can be concluded that Islam has emphasized on women's social participation in Islamic society.
Volume 4, Issue 14 , September 2006
Abstract
"Gender role" is one of the fundamental terms in gender-related discussions. In recent decades the social scientists and in particular the feminists have investigated the formation of gender roles and as a result, several theories have been formed to explain this phenomenon. Having reviewed a set of ...
Read More
"Gender role" is one of the fundamental terms in gender-related discussions. In recent decades the social scientists and in particular the feminists have investigated the formation of gender roles and as a result, several theories have been formed to explain this phenomenon. Having reviewed a set of most important micro and macro theories of gender roles, this article offers a multi-factor explanation in this regard, consistent with Islamic teachings. In this explanation, different biological, psychological and sociological factors have been accounted for, thus the contribution of each and the relations among them have been discussed. The most important conclusion of this discussion is to confirm the influence of natural sex differences on formation of gender roles while avoiding deterministic analysis of this hypothesis.
