Psychology
Mohammad Hassani; Maryam Sameri; Mirmohammad Seyedabbaszadeh; Mirnajaf Mousavi
Abstract
This study examines educational inequalities between boys and girls in secondary schools by using context, space, human resources, education coverage, education process, outputs and outcomes as comparative indicators. The research study is a descriptive - analytical survey. The required data have been ...
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This study examines educational inequalities between boys and girls in secondary schools by using context, space, human resources, education coverage, education process, outputs and outcomes as comparative indicators. The research study is a descriptive - analytical survey. The required data have been collected through both using documents and questionnaires. Using stratified random sampling, the questionnaires were distributed among a sample of 815 high school students (419 boys and 396 girls) in province of Western Azerbaijan. Validity of questionnaires has been confirmed by using factor analysis and reliability by using Cronbach’s Alfa. The findings suggest that in the context of inequality, except for educational sensitivity of parents no other variable showed a significant difference between boys and girls. Given the disparity in the space, human resources and educational coverage indicators,, a significant inequality is evident between boys and girls. As to the question of inequality in educational processes, apart from inequality in the justice treatment, there is no significant difference between boys and girls. For the question of inequality in outputs and outcomes, the educational success of female students as well as their higher percentage of passing the university entrance and developed motivation toward school, shows higher status of girls.
Sociology
Jahangir Jahangiri; Vahid Kashafinia
Abstract
The main purpose of this research is to study the concept of money for women in the family, in sociological prespective. The case sudy of the research was Tabriz married women. In doing so, we have used Viviena Zelizer’s Special monies approach as theoritical framework. In order to ghather data ...
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The main purpose of this research is to study the concept of money for women in the family, in sociological prespective. The case sudy of the research was Tabriz married women. In doing so, we have used Viviena Zelizer’s Special monies approach as theoritical framework. In order to ghather data we have used the survey technique. This study has been done upon 400 married women in the Tabriz city, Iran. The findings of research show that the concept of money for 61.8 percent of women is family-oriented, for 31.5 percent is self-family-oriented, and for 6.7 percent of women is self-oriented. Also, results show that variables edjucation, employment status, income, social and economic status, money allocation system in family have a significant relationship with concept of money for women in the family, but there is no relationship between variable age and independent variable. The result of stepwise regression showed that three factors explain the variance of the total by 36.4 percent, respectively.
Shokraneh Rahbari; Masoume Esmaeily; Abdolbaset Mahmoudpour
Abstract
Middle age is one of the periods of human development and during this period, women experience identity changes in the field of perception and relationship with themselves, others and the universe. Recognizing these changes is necessary for more and better understanding of middle-aged women. Hence the ...
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Middle age is one of the periods of human development and during this period, women experience identity changes in the field of perception and relationship with themselves, others and the universe. Recognizing these changes is necessary for more and better understanding of middle-aged women. Hence the present paper aimed at a qualitative study on the role of identity transition in relation to oneself, others and the environment of middle-aged women in Tehran. The present research method is qualitative and phenomenological. Thirteen participants were selected through purposeful sampling. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and interviews were continued until data saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data from phenomenological interviews. Findings on the role of middle-aged women's identity transition in relation to oneself includes the main themes of intrapersonal relationship, attitude to retirement, perception of middle age and attitude to self-identity. Relationship with others includes the main theme of improving relationship methods and relationship with the environment with the main themes of change in the value system, aging and death, the review of the past, the attitude towards the future and the relationship with nature were classified. Given the role of Identity transition in relation to oneself, others and the environment, counselors can benefit from the findings of this study while counselling with middle-aged women. The findings indicate the impact of the identity transition of middle-aged women in improving their relationship with others during this period and their relationship changes towards themselves and the environment around them.
Sociology
Mohammad Reza Qaemi Nik; Tayebeh Najafi
Abstract
There are two different viewpoints on the approach of the Iranian society to the phenomena of veiling, especially female veiling. The first is the resistance of Muslim Iranians to the forced unveiling (kashf-e hejab) in Reza Pahlavi`s monarchy and the second, according to some opinions, is reaction Iranian ...
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There are two different viewpoints on the approach of the Iranian society to the phenomena of veiling, especially female veiling. The first is the resistance of Muslim Iranians to the forced unveiling (kashf-e hejab) in Reza Pahlavi`s monarchy and the second, according to some opinions, is reaction Iranian people to the forced veiling or law of veiling in the Islamic Republic era. In the first era, under the influence of Reza Pahlavi’s Western Modernization, unveiling is considered to be imposed, and in the second era, veiling. However, between the two periods, there is a 37 years period of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Despite of continuity of the forced unveiling policies, this era has been less analyzed. Unlike Reza Pahlavi`s period, forced unveiling not only was not directly in the real social scene, but also, it was disseminated through media and to influence the unconscious mind of social actors. Furthermore, since the 1960s, these policies have been linked to the plan for development of capitalism. In the present study, "the image of unveiling" has been used to express the pictorial feature of unveiling. In the West, the unveiling picture of men or women`s organs was expanded under the development of music and cinema industry, after World War II. Before that time, revealing of the images of feminine or masculine bodies was limited, or at least, wasn’t the symbol of modernity, progress and personality. In the present research, the Critical Theory of Frankfort School and methodological of Culture Industry which was formulated in the second half of the twentieth century, has been employed to investigate the status of the picture of unveiling and the influence of the policies of the second Pahlavi on that. It can be concluded that, the attention to the pictorial feature of unveiling that began from the second Pahlavi`s era can explain superficial contradiction of the two opinions on Iranian reaction to veiling. With the continuation of media images during the Islamic Republic era, it seems necessary to make further researches on the contrast of veiling picture-unveiling picture.
Women's Studies
Nazanin Bashirimanesh; nasrin ghadamyari; Hadis ahmadi
Abstract
The presence of female managers at management board s has a remarkable and positive effect on the functions and an increase on company's values.Not only because of their special methods on making decisions but also their highly consideration about their responsibilities. So that female managers boost ...
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The presence of female managers at management board s has a remarkable and positive effect on the functions and an increase on company's values.Not only because of their special methods on making decisions but also their highly consideration about their responsibilities. So that female managers boost the supervision aspects of boards and help to lower opportunistic behaviour and improve the function and performance of boards as well. So the main goal of this research is investigating the effect of female managers ' performance at boards on comanys' social responsibilities. In order to measuring companies 'social responsibilities content analysis method has been used. sample of 129 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange was tested during the period 2013-2021.The independent variable is the number women at board combination and the dependent variable is company 's social responsibilities. The conclusions reveal that the presence of female managers at management boards has a meaningful and direct relationship on companies' domestic and international responsibilities.
Somayeh Kazemian; Fahimeh Fadakar Davarani; Maryam Seifi
Abstract
The psychological empowerment of women is a process in which women are empowered cognitively and behaviorally to organize their personal, family and social life. This research was conducted to compare psychological empowerment indices in rural and urban women. The population of this study is consisted ...
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The psychological empowerment of women is a process in which women are empowered cognitively and behaviorally to organize their personal, family and social life. This research was conducted to compare psychological empowerment indices in rural and urban women. The population of this study is consisted of women residing in Saral-e-Zahab and neighboring villages those who remained in their city and village after the earthquake in Kermanshah and adapted to the conditions of their area of residence. A cluster random sampling method was used to select samples. Of the total number of women living in Saral-e-Zahab city, five regions were selected. Hence, 154 women of the city and 154 women from the villages located in Zahab plain were selected as the sample and completed the psychological empowerment questionnaire. The researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure psychological empowerment indices in the crisis. This questionnaire was developed through qualitative data through thematic content. In this study, the total validity of the questionnaire in the sample group was 0.886. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data and results of Tukey's post hoc test were reported for a more detailed examination. The findings of this study showed that among in-person components, there was a variable cognitive circuit that indicated scores for rural women lower than those for urban women. Also, there is no significant difference in the interpersonal components of psychological empowerment between urban and rural women. In general, the independent variable, which is the same place of life, has a great influence on the cognitive circuit, but does not affect the interpersonal components.
Mahdi Hosseinpour; Bijan Rezaei; Atieh Khodaei
Abstract
The present study was conducted by combining previous research with the aim of providing a comprehensive picture of the components of the role of spouses in the entrepreneurship ecosystem of women. The research methodology is qualitative with a meta- synthesis approach. Accordingly, after searching the ...
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The present study was conducted by combining previous research with the aim of providing a comprehensive picture of the components of the role of spouses in the entrepreneurship ecosystem of women. The research methodology is qualitative with a meta- synthesis approach. Accordingly, after searching the databases, in the period of 1385 to 1399 for domestic researches and 2000 to 2020 for foreign researches, 124 related studies were evaluated and finally, after multiple screenings, 62 articles were selected. Using seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso, the findings of 62 previous studies related to the objectives of the study were reviewed, aggregated, combined and interpreted, and with the help of coding method, 22 codes, 4 concepts and 2 components were identified and validated through Kappa Cohen coefficient. Then, according to the Iranian society, the appropriateness and the importance and priority of the identified concepts were determined and evaluated using the Delphi method. As a consequence, according to the findings of the research, the concepts of spouses' role on women's entrepreneurship ecosystem based on Delphi method and the degree of importance are obstacle, supportive, intervening and encouraging, respectively. In addition, the role model of spouses in entrepreneurship ecosystem of women was presented and drawn. Finally, in line with the research results, practical suggestions that can provide valuable insights to managers and policymakers seeking to improve women's entrepreneurship and increase entrepreneurial behavior in society are presented. furthermore, practical suggestions for the actors who play in the entrepreneurship ecosystem of women at the operational level are presented.
Sociology
Seyed Ali Hashemianfar; Nafiseh Chini; Maryam Maktoubian
Abstract
By converting the concept of sexual instinct to sexual pleasure, we are faced with entrance of sexual discourses into social life crossing the line between private and public atmosphere. In this research, one aspect of entrance of the sexual discourses into public field is observed in women's gyms and ...
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By converting the concept of sexual instinct to sexual pleasure, we are faced with entrance of sexual discourses into social life crossing the line between private and public atmosphere. In this research, one aspect of entrance of the sexual discourses into public field is observed in women's gyms and clubs. Therefore, this current research is conducted aiming to understand female sexual life in gyms and clubs by in-depth review, during 18 months. Data was collected by using observation, participant observation and semi-structured interviews methods with 21 female athletes in Esfahan. For data analysis, grounded theory approach and coding strand of Strauss were used. Data analysis in three phases of open, axial and core coding shows that in understanding female's sexual life in gyms and clubs, altered sexual pleasure is a casual condition and Swinger culture is a contextual condition. The fantasy of beauty in frames of strategies, psychological and social consequences is outstanding. Creating new concepts for developing new norms or replacing past insufficient norms can reduce the abnormal sexual life and help bring order to this basic need.
Sociology
Javad Shojaei; Bahjat Yazdkhasti
Abstract
Statistics indicates that fertility is falling below the level of replacement. In parallel to this declining trend, we see an increase in the proportion of one-child families. This change in the family structure affects the quality of one-child life and, due to role limitation, the one-child socialization ...
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Statistics indicates that fertility is falling below the level of replacement. In parallel to this declining trend, we see an increase in the proportion of one-child families. This change in the family structure affects the quality of one-child life and, due to role limitation, the one-child socialization process has different conditions. Therefore, one-child as a social phenomenon must be studied precisely. The existing studies focus on quantitative explanations of the change in fertility behavior, and the meaning of these behaviors is less well-known. Also, few studies that have been performed on one-child, have "why" assumptions; it is important to identify the "Quiddity" of one-child. The current research, by adopting a phenomenological approach, describes the experience of one-child living in Tehran. The data were collected through a deep interview with twenty girls over the age of 18 years using with purposive sampling, analyzed by smith's six-step technique. Twelve themes were extracted from data analysis. The themes are: " reign in family, in regret of other positions, extreme expectations, loneliness: Just yourself and yourself, need for family support, in search of compensation, credit link, weakness in emotional relationships, destructive worries, parent's educative encounter, self-adjustment, and confrontation with stereotypes". The findings of this study could provide a clear picture of one-child lived experience. In a general conclusion, the lived experiences of subjects show that those who are the only child are usually different in terms of life skills and individual capabilities, and this difference often shows itself in extremity. It should also be noted that one-child, because of lack of conflict of interests, usually has more facilities and welfare leading to emergence of some specific themes listed above.
Political sciences
Mahhmoodreza Rahbarghazi; Hossein Masoudnia; zahra Sadeghi Naghdali
Abstract
Investigations and studies in 1960’s and 1970’s indicate that in some political, cultural, and economic issues, as well as party identity, men think differently from women so that women have relatively strong conservative tendencies. But new findings indicate that since 1980’s women’s ...
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Investigations and studies in 1960’s and 1970’s indicate that in some political, cultural, and economic issues, as well as party identity, men think differently from women so that women have relatively strong conservative tendencies. But new findings indicate that since 1980’s women’s degree of conservatism has degreased. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the existence or inexistence of such differences among groups of women and men in the studied population. To do so, the research population includes all students of universities of in Isfahan City. From among them, 914 participants were selected using the cluster sampling method. The results of this research indicate that women in cultural and political domains are more conservative than men. But in economic issues, men supported free markets and privatizing the economy more than women. This issue indicates that women have less economic conservative tendencies than men. In addition, investigating findings more closely show that the effect size between the gender variable and conservative components are moderate only in terms of cultural conservatism, and in the rest of hypotheses, the effect size was small. Therefore, it can be concluded that except for cultural domains in which there are relatively profound gaps among men and women, in other domains of the society, these gender gaps have been relatively degreasing and fading.
Psychology
mohammad Esmaeil Riahi; Tohid Alizadeh
Abstract
The present study aims to describe the rate of premarital skills among daughters of Martyrs and Veterans in Mazandaran Province, as well as to identify the impact of parents’ marital skills on their girls’ skills. The universe of the study is all of single, older than 15 years old girls whose ...
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The present study aims to describe the rate of premarital skills among daughters of Martyrs and Veterans in Mazandaran Province, as well as to identify the impact of parents’ marital skills on their girls’ skills. The universe of the study is all of single, older than 15 years old girls whose fathers were martyr or veteran. 366 young girls have been selected as a sample of the study via two-steps proportional random sampling method. Descriptive results indicate that rate of premarital skills is less than expected level (9.4 out of 20 score). However, these girls were more skilled in communication and anger control skills, as well as problem solving than marriage expectation and fertility skills. On the basis of regression analysis, rate of premarital skills among young girls can be predicted significantly (R2= 0.45), by independent variables, such as receiving direct education on marital life from parents, being younger girl, having higher education level, having richer fathers financially, and observing less negative behaviors of their fathers at home. These findings imply on necessity of invest on the teaching of premarital skills to young girls, especially in order to regulating their marriage expectation and increasing fertility knowledge.
Sociology
Mansore Zarean; Ommolbanin Chaboki
Abstract
Consumerism as one of the characteristics of the modern world is not limited to commodity consumption. Consumerism has affected communication and even emotional relationship between couples. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between consumerism on couples' relationship and ...
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Consumerism as one of the characteristics of the modern world is not limited to commodity consumption. Consumerism has affected communication and even emotional relationship between couples. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between consumerism on couples' relationship and the liquid love. This is a descriptive explanatory study. The method of this study is survey and the statistical population included all married women and men in Tehran. We have selected 384 of them by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed there is a meaningful relationship between consumption and liquid love with 95% confidence level. Stepwise regression analysis also showed that independent variables of consumerism can predict 10.1 percent of variance in the liquid love. These findings suggest that the culture of consumerism and looking at human as a commodity can affect relationships between couples and weaken the sustainability of marital life
Rural Development
Farahnaz Rostami; Mariyeh Sahraee; Tahere Maleki; Fatemeh Sasani; Mahna Shahmoradi
Abstract
Human resources development is a key factor and a pre-requisite for achieving sustainable rural development. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to rural women and girls, as half of the human resource potential of rural communities.Women and girls form an important part of society toward rural ...
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Human resources development is a key factor and a pre-requisite for achieving sustainable rural development. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to rural women and girls, as half of the human resource potential of rural communities.Women and girls form an important part of society toward rural sustainability development because of their role as future mothers. So, improving their situation leads to improve the situation of rural communities in the future. Also, it is crucial to solve their problems to achieve sustainable growth and development in these communities. Therefore, pathology of the challenges and problems of girls in the rural communities is the main concern of the current study. A total of 3600 girls (N=3600) in Mahdasht reign were selected based on simple random sampling (n= 132), among ten villages by assigning appropriate method. Research instrument was a questionnaire the reliability of which was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficients (α= 0.7). Factor analysis was used to analyze the data. Research findings indicated five factors including psychological trauma, less education– welfare, social pathologies, economic– health poverty and the girls facing challenges in the marriage, to form 65.53 percent of total variance of girls' problems.
Neda Aramipour; Seyed Mohammad Mahmoudi; Ali Asghar Sadabadi
Abstract
Women's harassment is seen in some organizations and one type of that is "Quid Pro Quo sexual harassment", in which case the harasser often is his manager or senior employee and offer something to the victim or threat him instead of participating in certain sexual behaviors; and the victim refuses to ...
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Women's harassment is seen in some organizations and one type of that is "Quid Pro Quo sexual harassment", in which case the harasser often is his manager or senior employee and offer something to the victim or threat him instead of participating in certain sexual behaviors; and the victim refuses to to talk about it for some reason. The purpose of this study is to provide a solution to prevent women harassment in organizations and to provide a solution for victims after the problem. The main question is how to prevent sexual harassment of women in organizations. This research tries to use social innovation, to solve the problem, because the cooperation of all relevant people and stakeholders is needed. This problem was used snowball sampling, and four-step social change process model and action research method were used in that. Finally, some quick fixes and fundamental solutions were proposed. By quick fixes like prosecute, internal complaint system, organization's oversight and fundamental solutions like culturalize, social support for victims, having a policy to prevent harassment in organizations, and especially the commitment of all stakeholders, can solve the problem fundamentally. This study is one of the first studies to revision harassment in organizations that has been conducted with systematic thinking and basic solutions to solve it.
Zahra Sadeqi Arani; Esmaeil Mazroui Nasrabadi; Mahdiyeh Moslehi Vadeghani
Abstract
Despite the fact that money plays an important role in people lives, attitudes and behaviors, there are little empirical research to examine the factors influencing these attitudes and the beliefs of individuals about their money and their behavioral styles. The psychology of money is one of the neglected ...
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Despite the fact that money plays an important role in people lives, attitudes and behaviors, there are little empirical research to examine the factors influencing these attitudes and the beliefs of individuals about their money and their behavioral styles. The psychology of money is one of the neglected fields of the science of psychology and communication. On the other hand, with regards to the increased willingness of women to have a job in recent years, this study aims to explore the attitudes towards money in employed and unemployed women in Kashan city and examine the impact of demographic and personality traits on that. The results of this study show that women consider the money as a source of security, not power, and that the amount of money reflects their efforts for that. Also, tendency of employed women to retain money is more than that of unemployed women. In addition, women over 40 years are more likely than women in other groups for retention of money. Therefore, higher income groups significantly believe their income is reflecting their efforts. The results revealed significant but weak relationship between personality and money attitudes.
ruhallah baratian; mohammadmahdi shamsaee; Fatemeh Akbari
Abstract
The purpose of this study was recognition the suffer of mothers with mentally disabled children in order to design an appropriate educational package and determine effectiveness of suffering-based spiritual skills training on distress tolerance, acceptance and patience in them. The research method was ...
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The purpose of this study was recognition the suffer of mothers with mentally disabled children in order to design an appropriate educational package and determine effectiveness of suffering-based spiritual skills training on distress tolerance, acceptance and patience in them. The research method was qualitative and through interviews, research needs were extracted from parents and counselors and the quantitative method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population of all mothers had a mentally disabled child in the Farzanegan school in Gorgan in 2019. Among the experts and consultants of Gorgan Exceptional Administration and Schools, 4 people were purposefully selected to approve the educational package. Eventually, 30 people were selected by targeted sampling method and then randomly divided into two groups of experiments and witnesses (15 experiments and 15 witnesses). The experimental group was trained in spiritual skills for 8 90-minute sessions and the control group was not given training. Turbulence tolerance scale, Bond et al, acceptance questionnaire and Patience and colleagues patience questionnaire were administered. To analyze data from multivariate analysis of covarianceUsed. The results showed that Suffering-Based spiritual skills training is effective in distress tolerance, acceptance and patience of mothers with mentally disabled children and is recommended as a non-pharmacological, non-invasive and low-cost method, Spiritual training programs should be based on the needs of parents in order to increase distress tolerance, acceptance and patience.
Volume 1, Issue 6 , June 2003
Abstract
Common futures in the definitions of new social movements, allow us to call the ongoing process among Iranian women a “social movement”. This movement is distinguished by women challenging legal inequality among men and women and other deficiencies in different aspects of their life. To understand ...
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Common futures in the definitions of new social movements, allow us to call the ongoing process among Iranian women a “social movement”. This movement is distinguished by women challenging legal inequality among men and women and other deficiencies in different aspects of their life. To understand the goals and principals of the movement, a survey on the attitudes of activists in Iranian women social movement is carried out. The samples are selected from women NGOs. The research findings show an organized move among Iranian women with the goal of improvement in their life. The main futures of the movement are: efforts to decline legal inequalities, fact based evaluation, and concerns on sex differences, without any prejudice. The most and basic problem of Iranian women is legal inequality between men and women which is rooted in cultural values, biased and inferior attitudes of society towards women.
Volume 1, Issue 7 , November 2003
Abstract
Rural women spend a considerable portion of their time and energy performing activities that are not calculated in production and the national product. Women’s increasing inequality and decreasing resource benefits are glaring reflections of this condition. This study aims to identify women’s activities ...
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Rural women spend a considerable portion of their time and energy performing activities that are not calculated in production and the national product. Women’s increasing inequality and decreasing resource benefits are glaring reflections of this condition. This study aims to identify women’s activities in the village of Dona, in Mazandaran province, and the time they allocate to each activity. It applied qualitative research over a period of four seasons in 2002. Women spent two-thirds of their waking hours in productive activities, corresponding to an average work time of 10 hours and 26 minutes per day. On average, they spent 17 minutes a day on personal hygiene, health, and leisure-time. No time was spent on education and reading.
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2005
Abstract
: Marriage patterns are different between countries and even among different ethnic groups within countries. Such differences are determined by both ethnic-cultural factors as well as socio-economic ones. The present paper uses the data from the 1991 Household Socioeconomic Characteristics to examine ...
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: Marriage patterns are different between countries and even among different ethnic groups within countries. Such differences are determined by both ethnic-cultural factors as well as socio-economic ones. The present paper uses the data from the 1991 Household Socioeconomic Characteristics to examine marriage patterns among ethnic groups in Iran, to identify the impact of ethnicity on these patterns. The results indicate that there are distinct marriage patterns among
ethnic groups in Iran. Various analyses also show that after
controlling socio-economic and demographic factors, ethnic differences in marriage patterns remain in the model. In other words, ethnicity has an independent role in the explanation of ethnic differentials in marriage patterns. The result of research shows that though ethnic norms and values are important and influensive in patterns of marriage but some other factors such as modernization and socio-economic determinants have also been important, too. Anthropological-demographic studies using qualitative methods can provide a deeper understanding on the impacts of ethnic norms, values and practices on marriage patterns and family in Iran.
Volume 3, Issue 2 , September 2005
Abstract
Power and its accessibility is one of the most important issues in social science. In more traditional societies, the power was an important phenomena in the family and most often it belonged to men. The occurrence of patrilineal led to the enhancement of male dominance and brought men many privileges.
In ...
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Power and its accessibility is one of the most important issues in social science. In more traditional societies, the power was an important phenomena in the family and most often it belonged to men. The occurrence of patrilineal led to the enhancement of male dominance and brought men many privileges.
In this article it is tried to address some of the issues such as:
- Recognition of power and its implications
- Discussion of power in original thoughts
- To identity an applied model to explain the relation between power and women in family arena.
The methodology which is applied in this study is documentary one.
In contemporary societies, gender roles in the family as discussed by functionalists (such as Parsons) is not convincing any more. Conflict and feminist theories also encounter deficiencies.
Due to social changes, male domination is changing within the family sphere. And with women's involvement in the decision-making process, gender inequality in the family is going to be undermined.
Volume 2, Issue 3 , September 2003
Abstract
Children develop their vocabulary, learn social roles and build relationships through reading story books. They get familiar with behaviors and actions which are attributed to men and women through these books. So the way men's and women's roles are represented in story books is very important. It is ...
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Children develop their vocabulary, learn social roles and build relationships through reading story books. They get familiar with behaviors and actions which are attributed to men and women through these books. So the way men's and women's roles are represented in story books is very important. It is the main goal of this research to see how gender patterns are represented in story books. Despite the fact that statistics show that Iranian
women undertake important social roles and are not merely restricted to their traditional roles such as motherhood, housewifery, teaching and nursing, they rarely appear in some of the key and influential roles. The method applied in this research is content analysis.
Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003
Abstract
The present Iranian labor market is faced with a huge number of people who are seeking work and with insufficient growth of job opportunities, it will entail increasing rate of unemployment. The process of job creation has neither met the demands of the unemployed, nor those of university graduates, ...
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The present Iranian labor market is faced with a huge number of people who are seeking work and with insufficient growth of job opportunities, it will entail increasing rate of unemployment. The process of job creation has neither met the demands of the unemployed, nor those of university graduates, and the country's population as a whole. In this study, a review will be made of the major economic policies at the macro level with their impacts on women's work force in the labor market. Policies such as reducing fertility rate, expansion of education, controlling inflation rate, privatization, and economic growth were analyzed in this study. The findings indicated that while economic growth improves macroeconomic capacities, but unemployment rate is reduced only slightly. The fertility rate has been reduced noticeably in recent years; however, it had minimal impact on women's participation rate. Inflation encourages women to enter labor market. With an increasing number of women graduating from universities,
the labor market will not be able to meet the demands of the female population and in the near future, the country will encounter a new crisis: "The crisis of young unemployed women graduates".
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2003
Abstract
In the past two decades, the expansion of ethnic identity move¬ments has increased the number of studies examining the social, cultural, and political dynamics of ethnicity. A review of the studies demonstrates that the gender aspect of ethnicity has been largely over-looked and tended to consider gender ...
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In the past two decades, the expansion of ethnic identity move¬ments has increased the number of studies examining the social, cultural, and political dynamics of ethnicity. A review of the studies demonstrates that the gender aspect of ethnicity has been largely over-looked and tended to consider gender as a contextual variable. This article is based on the findings of a survey in four cities of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, to examine the importance of gender attitude in the development of ethnic identity. The hypothesis is that the unequal status of the two ethnic groups (Baluch and Non-Baluch) especially in terms of access to educational opportunities, has resulted in two different attitudes with respect to gender roles. Traditional and relatively modern attitudes of gender have differentiated the two ethnic groups. Additionally, it has impacted the family structure and the social
dynamics within ethnic groups. The analysis of the data attributes many of the differences between groups to differences in the level of education .Other variables, such as different religions, also affect the difference in perspectives and cultural behavior.
Volume 1, Issue 5 , April 2003
Abstract
Development is the ultimate goal that any country attempts to achieve. The basic values of sustainable development lie on enhancing people’s quality of life leading to women’s and men’s empowerment. One of the ways that influences development of men and women is women’s equal access, equality ...
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Development is the ultimate goal that any country attempts to achieve. The basic values of sustainable development lie on enhancing people’s quality of life leading to women’s and men’s empowerment. One of the ways that influences development of men and women is women’s equal access, equality of opportunity as compared to men, attaining economic security and alleviation of their poverty. These issues are more tangible in the case of female-headed households. This article presents the findings of a survey research on the opportunities and challenges encountered by female-headed households. 4280 samples were taken in a field research of women heads of households in five provinces of Iran. A review of the development, poverty, gender empowerment measures has to take place. The information gathered indicates severe poverty among women. The reviews of development and poverty indicators as well as women’s empowerment measures for women heads of households is very high and approximately equivalent to 0.527, in comparison to the same indicator for the whole country being equivalent to 0.193. Female-headed households constitute 8.4 percent of the total households in Iran. The main reasons of their responsibility as heads of households are disability of men to work (42% of cases) and death of spouse (36%).
Volume 3, Issue 3 , December 2005
Abstract
This paper is trying to offer a better understanding of relationships between government and nongovernmental organizations in Iran. Although the constitutional law, development plans, development practitioners have paid more attention to the importance of NGOs in the society, but still NGOs are not functioning ...
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This paper is trying to offer a better understanding of relationships between government and nongovernmental organizations in Iran. Although the constitutional law, development plans, development practitioners have paid more attention to the importance of NGOs in the society, but still NGOs are not functioning properly. The 1990s has been quite a decade for increasing the numbers of nongovernmental organizations in Iran. It has affected the relationship between the government and the NGOs. The study on challenges of this relation based on cooperation, co-optation, complementarily and confrontation could indicate the possibility of empowerment and capacity building of the NGOs.
Although various executive and administrative institutions are willing to exercise legal supervision on the organizations but social groups and elites believe that the government does not establish public communities since it would undermine the organization's power. However, it is important to determine an effective relationship between governmental and non-governmental organizations. This article tries to identify those possible damages which can influence an effective relationship between NGO’s and government. As a result of discussion between focused groups and different groups in Tehran and the other cities, this study offers an optimal approach to the relationship. This approach could strengthen cooperation and collaboration between the government and these organizations. If the current relationship continues, it will probably make a restriction for women to solve their problem fundamentally. Moreover, the emphasis of the Constitution and the Development Plans on women's participation would be ignored.
