Women's Studies
Reza Ahmadi Kahnali; Mohammad Reza Behboudi; Tahere Jamjoor
Abstract
The recent increasing number of women in organizations has not been associated with their appropriate positions. Therefore, potential capacity of half of active workforce is not utilized fully in managerial positions for organizational success. This study investigates why women are less likely to achieve ...
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The recent increasing number of women in organizations has not been associated with their appropriate positions. Therefore, potential capacity of half of active workforce is not utilized fully in managerial positions for organizational success. This study investigates why women are less likely to achieve higher positions in organizations .The study identifies barriers of women's access to managerial positions through a qualitative research methods. The data are collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with female executives of governmental organizations located in Bandar Abbas. Qualitative data have been analyzed according to Colaizzi’s seven stages process with MAX QDA software. The results show that four categories of barriers including personal barriers (14 items including marriage and children, lack of support from family and husband, etc.), organizational barriers (19 items including negative mindset and viewpoint of decisions makers and managers, preference of men to women in equal conditions, etc.), social barriers (4 items including social culture and men-dominant culture, lack of believing the competency of women, etc.), and Legal barriers (5 items including pregnancy-leave law, obedience of wife from husband, etc.), are the main obstacles of women for achieving higher managerial positions in Iranian organizations. At the end, the study proposed some practical solutions such as identifying and introducing successful women mangers to overcome the obstacles.
Sociology
Mansureh Azam Azadeh; Maryam Tafteh
Abstract
This research is aimed at measuring the happiness of the women who conduct a family in Tehran and identifying the causes and background of such happiness and also the causes of ostracism and the ways it affects their happiness. This is an explorative survey. For this purpose, 30 women were selected ...
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This research is aimed at measuring the happiness of the women who conduct a family in Tehran and identifying the causes and background of such happiness and also the causes of ostracism and the ways it affects their happiness. This is an explorative survey. For this purpose, 30 women were selected through snowball sampling and the data was collected through interview and then a survey was conducted with the population of 180. The interviews demonstrated that: factors such as deprivation from basic needs and SENSE OF DISCRIMINATION have excluded these women from the society and that is why they feel being discriminated and less happy. . Based on regression equation, about 70 percent of the changes in terms of happiness of the female heads in Tehran is because of lack of fairness, social ostracism and SENSE OF DISCRIMINATION and also lack of effective provision of basic needs which faint away their happiness. Based on path analysis equation, social ostracism is the strongest factor, which negatively affects their happiness directly and indirectly. Lack of fairness comes next in terms of direct effects. Sense of discrimination and effective provision of the basic needs are other factors that affect their happiness respectively.
Women's Studies
soheili sadeghi fasai; Zahra Mirhosseini
Abstract
Prison life experience is different despites individual differences, family, social and criminal prisoners, conditions and characteristics of them. This study was qualitative research findings from in-depth interviews with 20 women after releasing from prison. The prison puts women in a particular subject ...
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Prison life experience is different despites individual differences, family, social and criminal prisoners, conditions and characteristics of them. This study was qualitative research findings from in-depth interviews with 20 women after releasing from prison. The prison puts women in a particular subject and very serious consequences for their marks. The vast majority of women are considered to be negative consequences, such as family and social exclusion, away from children and confinement effects on their learning and criminality in prison. However, the women said causing mass imprisonment positive effects such as cutting off communications networks and separating from a criminal record, vocational skills training, such as in prison and also to follow. All women- regardless of the crime, the prison context, power and violence- know that the person is connected to the outside world and sees punishment.
Valiollah Rostamalizadeh; Fariba Parvinian
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is the typology of women’s savings and its outcomes among women in Tehran. The methodological approach of this article is qualitative. Data is collected through interviews according to the objectives of the research. In this study, 39 female participants were used ...
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The main purpose of this study is the typology of women’s savings and its outcomes among women in Tehran. The methodological approach of this article is qualitative. Data is collected through interviews according to the objectives of the research. In this study, 39 female participants were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed through content analysis method. The results of this study show that the types of women’s savings include reverse saving, underspending, gradual consumption/consumption management, gradual saving, consumption deferral, conversion of savings into capital, and targeted investments. They spend this savings on getting what they do not have/meeting essential and future needs, more access to amenities, recreational needs in order to improve living conditions, providing for their children’s future and family well-being, emotional purchases, family support, lending to relatives, large purchases resulting in a gradual increase in family wealth, and, ultimately, children’s education. Also, factors affecting women’s tendency to save include gaining decision-making power and the power to stand on their own, feeling the need to improve their position in the family and community, gaining social prestige, feeling the need for power and standing on their own, motivation for progress, feeling the need for (financial) independence, feeling the need for respect and approval and a sense of security. The outcomes of saving are the expansion of participation in the family and community, gaining a position in family decision-making, gaining social prestige, increased self-confidence, women’s financial independence, satisfaction with life/feeling of happiness, psychological security, family progress and well-being, expanding relationships and social interaction, problem solving and family crisis management, and, finally, rational planning and increasing the culture of saving.
Women's Studies
Emilia Nersessians; Ebrahim Fayaz; Leila Ardebili
Abstract
Recent studies in the field of cognitive science on conceptual metaphor indicated that metaphor is not merely a linguistic phenomenon but it is essentially a conceptual-experimental process that constructs our mental world and is a means that reflects the origin of the cognitive structures of human thought. ...
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Recent studies in the field of cognitive science on conceptual metaphor indicated that metaphor is not merely a linguistic phenomenon but it is essentially a conceptual-experimental process that constructs our mental world and is a means that reflects the origin of the cognitive structures of human thought. By examining the metaphorical conceptualization of marriage and childbearing widely used in Persian everyday language, the present study seeks to demonstrate how the study of conceptual metaphors, within the framework of sociolinguistics, can help us get a better understanding of collective representations and cultural cognition. To achieve this goal, the present study is to utilize ethnographic strategy and semi-structured interview from twenty married women between the ages of 50-70 in Tehran, has gained some common metaphors in the conceptualization of marriage and childbearing. Subsequently, based on the premises of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, these metaphors are analyzed qualitatively. The results show that such conceptual mappings bear theoretical significance for the study of metaphor in identifying collective representation and cultural cognition and help us to get a deeper understanding of cultural understanding of the concepts in a community.
kamal javanmard; alireza sanatkhah
Abstract
It is necessary to study the grounds of public sports in order to prevent physiological injuries, especially poor mobility and psychological problems and social harm among the female students. Following data collection, this study was conducted with a qualitative approach to explain the effective ...
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It is necessary to study the grounds of public sports in order to prevent physiological injuries, especially poor mobility and psychological problems and social harm among the female students. Following data collection, this study was conducted with a qualitative approach to explain the effective social conditions and contexts of the female students of Payam Noor University in Kerman participating in public sports in 2019. The participants in the research were 31 female students studying in this university, who were targeted using a convenience sampling method. Semi-structured interviews have been used as a data collection tool. To achieve the criterion of reliability, three methods have been used: control or validation by members, analytical comparisons, and the use of audit techniques. The collected data have been analyzed consistent with grounded theory, in three stages of open, selective and selective (pivotal) coding. After analyzing the research findings, the categories of economic crisis, social support and social capital as the most important indicators were found. Causal conditions, personal management of the body / cultural expectations / sports infrastructure as intervening conditions, and healthy lifestyle as the most important background were recognized. Building infrastructure / environmental security / motivation of officials as action-interactions and control of violence in society have been identified as the most important consequences of participation in public sports. The result indicates that women's participation in sports and public sports activities is formed under the influence of the cultural and social context in society and would increase by the raise of society’s awareness of its benefits.
Mohammad Khorashadi; Mohammad Ali Moradi; Ali Payan
Abstract
In recent years, the participation of women in corporate governance, especially on boards of directors and audit committees, has considerably increased. Examining the effects of female audit committee members on agency costs and bankruptcy risk, this study aims to answer the question of whether presence ...
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In recent years, the participation of women in corporate governance, especially on boards of directors and audit committees, has considerably increased. Examining the effects of female audit committee members on agency costs and bankruptcy risk, this study aims to answer the question of whether presence of women on the audit committee are associated with the improvement of its effectiveness. In this respect, 662 firm-year observations of listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange were analyzed for the period 2012-2017, employing the method of panel data and Generalized Least Squares (GLS). The research findings revealed that female presence on audit committees has a significant negative association with agency costs and bankruptcy risk. In other words, female presence on audit committees leads to the reduction in agency costs and bankruptcy risk. It can be concluded that women make better monitors, and they are more risk-averse and less tolerant towards managers’ opportunistic behaviors and, thus, lead to the enhancement in the effectiveness of audit committee.
Jamal Mahammadi; Latifeh Pashaei
Abstract
With the opening of the political space and the birth of civil society discourse and the relative development of public sphere in the mid of 1370s in Iran, it became possible for the urban women of Kurdistan to enter the public sphere and create feminine civil organizations in order to realize women’s ...
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With the opening of the political space and the birth of civil society discourse and the relative development of public sphere in the mid of 1370s in Iran, it became possible for the urban women of Kurdistan to enter the public sphere and create feminine civil organizations in order to realize women’s rights, demands and requests. These organizations, despite various structural constraints, have survived and worked so far. This study is about the ways in which feminine subjectivity has been constructed in these organizations, or how feminine subjectivity has been constructed in the contexts, features and activities of these organizations. We can also ask how do women, in the process of attempting to consolidate their own subject positions, redefine themselves in versus the male dominant other? To answer these questions, 18 active members and founders of these organizations have been interviewed. The findings showed that historical backgrounds, the prevalence of feminists’ views and the joining of women to occupational field are the main contexts of the development of these organizations.
Sociology
Hossein Afrasiabi; Sanaz Jahangiri
Abstract
The current study aims to explore problem of everyday social interactions amongst women head of household in Shahin-Shahr. The research was done based on qualitative approach using grounded theory method for data collection and analysis. The purposeful and theoretical sampling method was used for selection ...
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The current study aims to explore problem of everyday social interactions amongst women head of household in Shahin-Shahr. The research was done based on qualitative approach using grounded theory method for data collection and analysis. The purposeful and theoretical sampling method was used for selection of the participants. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 35 women head of household. By data analysis in open, axial, and selective coding, 8 categories were constructed and presented in a paradigm model. Women head of household have experienced their social interactions in the form of unsafe privacy. Finally, a paradigmatic model of “unsafe limits” is the central concept obtained from the current study.
Rahmatallah Marzooghi; Sirus Mansoori
Abstract
The aim of this study was the content analysis of elementary textbooks based on gender orientation. Method of research was qualitative content analysis. Statistical population was textbooks of the elementary. Statistical sample of research includes Heavenly gifts (Hediehaye Asmani), social studies, and ...
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The aim of this study was the content analysis of elementary textbooks based on gender orientation. Method of research was qualitative content analysis. Statistical population was textbooks of the elementary. Statistical sample of research includes Heavenly gifts (Hediehaye Asmani), social studies, and Persian books. Components of the study were including personality characteristics, political and social patterns and professional roles. Results showed that women have emotional and the subordinate role and men have intellectual personality characteristics and directive. Relation to job roles, men had jobs outside the home and women were in jobs related to nursing home or maximum of teaching and nursing role. About the social and political patterns as well as men in the form of social and political leadership patterns, the peacemakers and owners but in contrast, the pattern for women embodied in the form of the mother and the husband.
Hossein Mahmoudian; Serajeddin Mahmoudiani
Abstract
A majority of women in family migration flow are considered as tied migrants and their role in migration decision-making has generally been neglected. The current study aims to explain the role of women in decision-making for family migration to Tehran province. The target population includes women who ...
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A majority of women in family migration flow are considered as tied migrants and their role in migration decision-making has generally been neglected. The current study aims to explain the role of women in decision-making for family migration to Tehran province. The target population includes women who have migrated to Tehran province during 2007-2017. Conducting a sample survey, a total of 500 migrant women were interviewed in the cities of Tehran and Mallard. The findings indicate that women’s participation in the decision-making process has significant positive relationships with their dissatisfaction with the origin place, and power in the family. The participation in female-oriented migrations is stronger compared to those in child-oriented and husband-oriented migrations. Women with pre-migration familiarity and contacts with the destination have shown to be more active in migration decision-making process than their other counterparts. Migrant women have utilized family migration as a strategy to eliminate the social constraints in the origin, to improve the family economic situation, and to enhance their children’s future security. In view of further improvement of women’s status in the country, women’s role in migration is expected to increase.
Sociology
Vahid Ghasemi; Somayeh Arab Khorasani; Ali Rabbani Khorasgani
Abstract
Studies about gender and family institute with recent changes leading to family disruption shows that women are experiencing exiting from shadows and finding new identity. Studying women residents with the history of at least one marriage and divorce in Tehran city based on grounded theory method shows ...
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Studies about gender and family institute with recent changes leading to family disruption shows that women are experiencing exiting from shadows and finding new identity. Studying women residents with the history of at least one marriage and divorce in Tehran city based on grounded theory method shows a process that focuses on constructing meaning of marriage and family life. This revealed experience and redefinition of living space and the dimension of new identity. Given the women emotional and sexual demands and development of their social capitals, the women are going to change a one-gender public and private living space. Due to unknown peculiarities and dimensions in one hand and ignorance of men to the changes on the other hand and ultimately lack of common language makes the situation ambiguous for men and women and makes family life confusing and discrete.
Sociology
Abdol Hosein Kalantari; Soheila Sadeghi Fasaei; Sedigheh Rezaniya
Abstract
Although temporary marriage is a form of legitimate marriages in conformity with legal and religious institutions of the Iranian society, in this study it has been considered as a social tradition and customary recitation of a religious order. In this study, the perception of respondents about the conditions ...
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Although temporary marriage is a form of legitimate marriages in conformity with legal and religious institutions of the Iranian society, in this study it has been considered as a social tradition and customary recitation of a religious order. In this study, the perception of respondents about the conditions and motives that lead to temporary marriage has been investigated. Qualitative method and emic approach have been applied for this aim. Data is collected through depth interviews with 26 women who reside in the city of Tehran (whether they have practiced mut'a or not). Concluding points of depth interviews revealed that "social strain", "religious facilitation", "cultural strain", "a feeling of essential need", "deficiency of marital interaction", "lack of opportunity for permanent marriage", "escape from permanent marriage and its commitments”, “relative preference of temporary marriage over illegal relationship” and preparation of the stage for permanent marriage are conditions which affect the temporary marriage for women. It should be mentioned that the results of this study are largely exploratory and do not attempt to generalize in any way, due to the small sample size.
Women's Studies
Mohammad Taghi Iman; maryam soroush
Abstract
Various forms of capital provide sources in social structure that facilitate social action. The aim of this study was to compare available capitals in different generations of women. Questionnaire was completed by 386 women and their mothers (a total of 772 questionnaires). The results indicate ...
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Various forms of capital provide sources in social structure that facilitate social action. The aim of this study was to compare available capitals in different generations of women. Questionnaire was completed by 386 women and their mothers (a total of 772 questionnaires). The results indicate that cultural capital of the present generation has increased compared to past generation. Social capital has lowered and economic capital has not changed. The results indicate that structural variables have a significant relationship with all types of capital. Controlling these variables we conclude that cultural capital is increased between generations, social capital has not changed with the reference of generation and economic capital well distributed along class and generational dynamics have not significant relationship. Results are discussed in relation with theory and previous researches.
Hajar Azari; Leila Bahrami
Abstract
In developed societies, the right to health has gained a broad meaning and different countries have redefined it in various dimensions. Explaining the right to women's health influenced by gender and experiencing multiple changes during their lifetime is of particular importance and requires the creation ...
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In developed societies, the right to health has gained a broad meaning and different countries have redefined it in various dimensions. Explaining the right to women's health influenced by gender and experiencing multiple changes during their lifetime is of particular importance and requires the creation of a new structure based on accurate knowledge and awareness of the needs and the factors affecting it. In public law, the securement of public health and maintaining the health of citizens are among the fundamental responsibility of states. Government intervention includes a wide range of measures to improve health through the formulation and monitoring of laws and the implementation of macro- policies in this area. This qualitative research, has been conducted by describing and analyzing the relevant Micro and macro documents and has identified the right to women's health in various and high important dimensions such as physical, spiritual, psychological, social, occupational, environmental and intellectual dimensions. The findings of the research and review of upstream documents and macro-policies indicate that only some aspects of the right to women's health have been identified and regulated, therefore the development of a comprehensive legislative program for women's right to health in all areas is essential based on macro-transformative policies as one of the indicators of development.
Mohsen Taheri Demneh; Zahra Heidari Darani
Abstract
In a world where changes are inevitable rule, generational changes are faster and the term "generation" has become a concept only used for a decade. Each generation has different lifestyles and their needs are different with a variety of desires and wishes. From this perspective, the study of the characteristics ...
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In a world where changes are inevitable rule, generational changes are faster and the term "generation" has become a concept only used for a decade. Each generation has different lifestyles and their needs are different with a variety of desires and wishes. From this perspective, the study of the characteristics and attitudes of a generations and intergenerational studies is essential for a better understanding of social behaviors and the way in which future social reality is constructed. The present study as a futuristic study explores the images of the future in the minds of female students born in the decade 1990s. The data of this research were obtained through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by qualitative methods of thematic and narrative analysis. The results of the research show that 8 macro narratives create images of the future in the minds of interviewees. These macro narratives are as follows: i) small steps and gradual changes; ii) the transition from traditional to modern life; iii) social without future; iv) color properties; v) Paradise Homeland; vi) Female participation; vii) future without gender and viii) Mother forever. The findings of this paper show that although interviewees, like most young people in the world, are faced with two categories of social disappointment and individualism as negative images of the future; however, 3 narratives include future without gender, acceptance of the role of motherhood and a positive image of Iran's future reflecting the constructive role of women born in the 1370s in the future of the country.
Siroos Ahmadi; Kheyri Hamidpoor; hamid sedaghat; Fatemeh karami
Abstract
Violence against women is any form of gender-based violence behavior that causes physical, sexual, psychological harm and pain to women. Such behavior can be done openly or covertly by threatening, coercing, and outright deprivation of liberty. Violence against women is a phenomenon in which women are ...
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Violence against women is any form of gender-based violence behavior that causes physical, sexual, psychological harm and pain to women. Such behavior can be done openly or covertly by threatening, coercing, and outright deprivation of liberty. Violence against women is a phenomenon in which women are abused by the opposite sex because of their gender and simply because they are women. In this regard, the present study seeks to investigate the violence against women among women in Bushehr in frame of the qualitative method using the grounded theory. Participants were 12 women who were interviewed in a semi-structured manner and then the data were analyzed using three-step coding of open, axial and selective. The findings indicate the existence of five axial categories including "patriarchal culture and institutionalized gender inequality", "quality of couples' interactions", "legitimization of the cultural system to violence", "women's strategy against violence" and "reproduction of patriarchal attitudes towards to women ". The core variable of the research is "the rule of patriarchal ideology and the hegemony of male domination"; Violence perpetrated by men against women in any situation is affected by the strong position of men in interpersonal and social relationships. Masculinity as a strong factor impacts on violence against women and violence is influenced by the patriarchal system.
Volume 1, Issue 6 , June 2003
Abstract
Women’s economic behavior, particularly due to their ever increasing contribution to the economic and social activities, needs to be further studied. This article, examines women’s participation in the financial markets. A field study gathered data from the city of Tehran, to review main factors ...
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Women’s economic behavior, particularly due to their ever increasing contribution to the economic and social activities, needs to be further studied. This article, examines women’s participation in the financial markets. A field study gathered data from the city of Tehran, to review main factors of women demanding loan and credit in the financial market (with an emphasis on the banking system). In this model, economic factors such as average income, interest rate, length of return, size of household, age, employment, education, marital status, saving and investment behavior were included in the. The research findings indicate that the most important economic factors that influence women to demand loans are the average income of women and their household as well as the length of return. That is to say, with the increase of income or the length of return, women’s demand for credit will increase.
Volume 1, Issue 7 , November 2003
Abstract
This study applies empowerment theory to examine women’s access to the credit system. The theory distinguishes five stages of welfare, awareness, access, participation, and control and - focuses on gender equality in the development process. Survey research was conducted in 1 the city of Tehran and ...
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This study applies empowerment theory to examine women’s access to the credit system. The theory distinguishes five stages of welfare, awareness, access, participation, and control and - focuses on gender equality in the development process. Survey research was conducted in 1 the city of Tehran and attempted to answer questions such as: To what extent do women interact with the credit system? To what degree do they benefit from these services? In what stage of empowerment are the women located? Women mainly interacted with banks to pay household utilities bills and manage savings accounts. They used the banking system for savings and deposits (particularly qarz ol-hassaneh) more than for accessing credit resources. Those who were successful in securing loans had a lower sense of being discriminated against. The requested loan amounts were not significant enough to support major investments. Among the five stages of empowerment theory, the women were in the awareness and access stages.
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2005
Abstract
Although some would consider the co-dependency as pathological phenomena, but some feminists criticize this idea and they would argue that it is built within the social structure. In this study, gender roles have been compared and examined. The methods of the research is causal-comparative.
The sample ...
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Although some would consider the co-dependency as pathological phenomena, but some feminists criticize this idea and they would argue that it is built within the social structure. In this study, gender roles have been compared and examined. The methods of the research is causal-comparative.
The sample of 174 educated married women is entered in this study. The research shows that there is a significant difference between women with androgenic and feminine characteristics.
Volume 3, Issue 2 , September 2005
Abstract
Even though contemporary approaches have dwindled the class consciousness and class identity, but at the same time, they magnify the gender and its political aspects. The growth of women's consciousness and redefinition of gender identity is partly due to their social participation in public sphere and ...
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Even though contemporary approaches have dwindled the class consciousness and class identity, but at the same time, they magnify the gender and its political aspects. The growth of women's consciousness and redefinition of gender identity is partly due to their social participation in public sphere and partly due to women's movements.
Despite common belief, even those women who do not believe in women's movements, they show an active gender identity because of the high level of awareness provided by mass media and other sources.
Some factors such as structural, demographical, women's experiences, ideological tendencies and attitude are the most responsible in shaping gender consciousness.
A along with other factors ideological prejudgments, life conditions in childhood and adulthood, cultural and gender socialization, access to some resources such as education for women, women's authority in the family and society are considered to be the most important factors affecting gender identity and consciousness.
Despite the fact that social attentiveness toward gender inequality has grown remarkably, but the reaction of the public, especially women is still uncertain. For instance, it is not clear how Iranian women with different background evaluate their position in the family and social hierarchy.
This article tires to present a theoretical model and identify those factors
which can affect the gender consciousness.
Volume 2, Issue 3 , September 2003
Abstract
This paper is an attempt to indicate that the segregation of male and female in Iran in order to study the differences in their attitudes, is not possible due to structural barriers. Nevertheless, the significance of such segregation, through a complex theoretical attempt, can provide the grounds for ...
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This paper is an attempt to indicate that the segregation of male and female in Iran in order to study the differences in their attitudes, is not possible due to structural barriers. Nevertheless, the significance of such segregation, through a complex theoretical attempt, can provide the grounds for understanding generational and gender differences and pave the way for understanding contemporary social changes in Iran. On this basis, this paper indicates that understanding attitude changes among males and females will be possible through a reference to their generational status. In order to substantiate this, the reactions of male and female members of various generations to four of the following attitude-scale items will be examined. This indicates that what is often considered in Iran to be a generation-gap (Alikhani, 1382) is not in fact a gap in the sense that one generation distance itself from other generations. Rather, "generation-gap" refers to the socio¬
economic changes that can be identified as articulation of cultural modes of generations in contemporary Iran, i.e. a phenomenon that intensifies cultural interactions among generations means that each generation uses specific cultural values of other generations to promote its own generation's ambitions. It shows that through this articulation model, the Iranian society is reproducing itself and crystallizing its new societal values.
On this basis, an argument on the two following conceptual fields will be presented which are related to generations and the attitudes that originate from sex: 1- what is the nature of the generation-gap, 2- theoretical legitimacy of combining the two concepts of sex and generation. I will then present the results of my research on attitudes of males and females towards four following attitude-scale items as the empirical foundation for identifying a gender-based generation-gap. I will mention 8 items to indicate
Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003
Abstract
This study is focused on domestic violence and in particular spousal murder, which takes into consideration different cultural-social, economic-political characteristics of the provinces of the country. This article presents the finding of Sistan and Baluchestan province. The phenomenon of violence, ...
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This study is focused on domestic violence and in particular spousal murder, which takes into consideration different cultural-social, economic-political characteristics of the provinces of the country. This article presents the finding of Sistan and Baluchestan province. The phenomenon of violence, social and domestic, in Sistan and Baluchestan, given its unique geographic situation, tribal way of life, traditional culture and the entreme poverty, has a high occurrence. At the same time, spousal murder is lower as compared to the high incidence of violence in other provinces of Iran. Violence against women is a deep rooted social problem, directly related to the patriarchal system, which dominates social and familial life. The result of the research reinforces the relation between violence and the education level of husbands, the history of domestic violence, and addiction. The women of this province, despite their dissatisfaction with married life, continue to remain in abusive relationships with their husbands. Economic dependence, the fear of losing their children and traditional cultural and social norms. Additionally, many of these abused women, because of fear of reprisal, endemic of patriarchal systems, refuse to press charges with police forces and courts.
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2003
Abstract
New poverty paradigm considers the reasons for deprivation of
female headed households: gender and lack of access to resources. This paradigm conveys the urgency and need for raising the question of "whether female headed households are the poorest of the poor?" The goal of this paper is to examine ...
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New poverty paradigm considers the reasons for deprivation of
female headed households: gender and lack of access to resources. This paradigm conveys the urgency and need for raising the question of "whether female headed households are the poorest of the poor?" The goal of this paper is to examine whether this generalization holds true in the case of Iran. Available national macro statistics on an absolute poverty and relative poverty in the period of 1370-1380 (1991-2001) have been analyzed and examined for the purpose of this research. The main findings indicate that women are at increased risk of poverty and that the poverty rate of female headed households is higher than the poverty rate of male headed households, but the gap between the two groups has diminished. While the poverty rate of female headed households in urban areas has decreased, uneducated and low literate female headed households remain at high risk of poverty. Also, the study indicates that as the number of income earners in these families increase, the likelihood of poverty in the poorest segments of this population decreases. Female headed households of Iran, because oflow education levels, small families and fewer numbers of income earners within the family can be classified as the poorest groups living in poverty.
Volume 1, Issue 5 , April 2003
Abstract
The impacts of wife abuse in societies and their negative influences of mothers and children have been presented in many researches. One of the general characteristics of wife abuse is its hidden nature; in such a way that most Iranian women tolerate their being abused. Thus, there is no notable research ...
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The impacts of wife abuse in societies and their negative influences of mothers and children have been presented in many researches. One of the general characteristics of wife abuse is its hidden nature; in such a way that most Iranian women tolerate their being abused. Thus, there is no notable research in the country on this issue. In order to review the prevalence of wife abuse and it’s affecting factors among the married couples of the city of Tehran, Moffitt et al (1996) Questionnaire has been applied. Findings of their research reports 81.71 percent of prevalence of wife abuse. The report identifies that there is a significant relationship between the variables of age, education, occupation and family level of income of wives abused. Also, with the length of marriage, the rate of wife abuse did not decline. That is, social tolerance not only has helped continuation of domestic violence, rather it enhances it
