Volume 3, Issue 3 , December 2005
Abstract
: One of the main classifications in human societies is based on sex. Although this kind of classification is originated from the physiology of human being but it can result in some stereotypes about men and women.
Stereotypes are traits which can be attributed to all members of a group without considering ...
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: One of the main classifications in human societies is based on sex. Although this kind of classification is originated from the physiology of human being but it can result in some stereotypes about men and women.
Stereotypes are traits which can be attributed to all members of a group without considering the differences between them.
In other words stereotypes are part of the thoughts and beliefs of each society which can be reproduced within the mainstream culture and transfer to generation after generation. Sometimes these stereotypes can achieve a strong base in the society as if they are a kind of natural quality. In contemporary societies, mass media including T.V. is one of the most responsible mechanisms for reproducing the culture and its elements.
In this article it is tried to answer the following questions:
What kind of gender stereotypes are presented in Iranian T.V. programs?
Is there any link between these stereotypes and Iranian traditional culture?
The method applied in this research is qualitative and quantitative content analysis.
The present study demonstrated that while in Iranian traditional culture, women have been described as deceitful, foolish, unfaithful, passive, inferior; men are described as truthful, wise, loyal, active and superior. It is interesting to note that some of these stereotypes such as being deceitful or passive are still reproduced in Iranian T.V. dramas, and being unwise mostly is attributed to women. Generally speaking, women are portrayed as second sex and inferior to men as superior, active, truthful and loyal. These images are even articulated in family structure which is presented in T.V. dramas.
Volume 4, Issue 14 , September 2006
Abstract
Sociological analysis of gender relations in films has always been important to sociologists due to monitoring social relations and structures. In this research, the researcher tries to investigate quality of gender relations in Iranian films after the revolution. The fundamental question of the research ...
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Sociological analysis of gender relations in films has always been important to sociologists due to monitoring social relations and structures. In this research, the researcher tries to investigate quality of gender relations in Iranian films after the revolution. The fundamental question of the research is how gender inequality is represented and constructed in interaction of men and women in Iranian films. The theoretical framework in the research is social constructionist approach of Erving Goffman based on which concepts, variables and hypothesis of research have been defined and constructed. The Method of research is content analysis, by which 62 Iranian films are analyzed. In This article, it is tried to introduce brilliant thinking of Goffman and analyze gender displays in Iranian films by using Goffman’s visual analysis model.
The findings of research approve the presence of significant gender displays in Iranian films within the framework of Goffman’s visual analysis model, while expressing the reconstruction and reproduction of gender values and norms in Iranian cinema after revolution.
Volume 4, Issue 3 , December 2006
Abstract
: The purpose of this study is to identify the gender differences in identity styles, commitment and quality of friendship. For this reason, 400 high school students from 19 educational regions in Tehran (males –females) are chosen randomly. Three scales are administrated: identity style inventory-six ...
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: The purpose of this study is to identify the gender differences in identity styles, commitment and quality of friendship. For this reason, 400 high school students from 19 educational regions in Tehran (males –females) are chosen randomly. Three scales are administrated: identity style inventory-six grade (White et al, 1998), quality of friendship (Hejazi, Zohrevand, 1380) and Socio-metric questioner. The results show that:
-females use informational identity style more than males;
-there is no significant gender difference in normative, diffuse/avoidant, and commitment identity styles;
-females are higher than males in intimacy, self-disclosure, and reciprocity friendship;
-there is not a gender difference in proximity, trust, and royalty.
Volume 4, Issue 4 , January 2006
Abstract
This article deals with the social and family values in one of the most famous simulation games (The Sims) in the recent years. it is tried to answer some questions, whether, The Sims is a representative of social values of American society, and in particular, of the American Family. What is the cement ...
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This article deals with the social and family values in one of the most famous simulation games (The Sims) in the recent years. it is tried to answer some questions, whether, The Sims is a representative of social values of American society, and in particular, of the American Family. What is the cement of the American society from the game point of view? What does the Sims family suggest as a means for establishing American society and family in particular? Finally, is there a gap between this view and the American dream of success?
Volume 5, Issue 1 , September 2007
Abstract
In most of the cultures the issue of femininity has not been paid attention adequately. It is while the young girls’ perception of femininity and the way that they adopt and perform the related values is an important issue. In this research a purposeful random sample has been selected and 35 girls ...
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In most of the cultures the issue of femininity has not been paid attention adequately. It is while the young girls’ perception of femininity and the way that they adopt and perform the related values is an important issue. In this research a purposeful random sample has been selected and 35 girls aged 14 to 18 were included in the study. The result of research shows that the femininity in the young girls is depended on the acceptance of roles and norms which are assumed suitable for their social position and their age circumstances. Besides the study shows that the perception of young girls about the values related to femininity and gender roles is influenced by stereotypes and conventional perception which exists in the society. The study also reveals that although the young girls are concerned about the social activities but they stick to the gender stereotypes as well.
Volume 7, Issue 2 , August 2009
Abstract
In line with the general fertility changes in Iran, the west Azerbaijan has experienced a phenomenal fertility decline in recent years. In this study, in
addition to cohort analysis of social and ideational changes, we attempt to study the interactional impact of these variables on fertility behavior ...
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In line with the general fertility changes in Iran, the west Azerbaijan has experienced a phenomenal fertility decline in recent years. In this study, in
addition to cohort analysis of social and ideational changes, we attempt to study the interactional impact of these variables on fertility behavior and
ideals of Kurd and Turk women. This research is conducted by survey method. The statistical population covers ever-married women aged 15-49
residing in Orumieh district. The total sample size is 768 households out of which finally 739 questionnaires have been analyzed. A combination of
sampling techniques including multistage clustering and systematic random sampling are employed. Findings show that regarding the case study a
general change is observed in terms of social and family changes. According to this study a noticeable ideational changes has occurred in marriage,
childbearing, fertility behavior and ideals of women. Results confirm that social and family changes are accompanied with changes in attitudes related
to marriage and childbearing and finally fertility behavior and ideals. Findings support the results of the previous researches about the diffusion
of low fertility values and norms and convergence in fertility behavior and ideals of ethnic groups.
Khadijeh Boozarjomehri; Farideh Nayebzadeh
Volume 7, Issue 3 , September 2009
Hossein Mahmoudian; Hajiieh Bibi Razeghi-Nasrabad; Mohammad Reza Karegar shooraki
Volume 7, Issue 4 , January 2010
Abstract
One of the key issues of migration concerns women’s migration. This article, examines the conditions of skilled immigrant women in ehran. Qualitative method is used to collect the necessary data for this tudy. The research also conducts in-depth interview with 25 immigrate women residing in Tehran. ...
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One of the key issues of migration concerns women’s migration. This article, examines the conditions of skilled immigrant women in ehran. Qualitative method is used to collect the necessary data for this tudy. The research also conducts in-depth interview with 25 immigrate women residing in Tehran. The results of the research show that migration decisions depend on multiple factors including lack of employment, educational and entertainment opportunities, search for a better life, or to escape poverty, social or family pressures. According to the study migration has heterogeneous impacts. This phenomenon creates both opportunities and threats for personal security. The study reveals that the motives for women’s immigration include access to further knowledge and information, more varied choices, higher economic status, chance of empowerment as well as gender discrimination, vulnerability, conflicts, exploitation, and indeed involvement in the paradox of privation and prosperousness. However large majority of immigrant women and girls do not want to return home because they fear to lose their newly-won autonomy.
Mohammad Esmaeil Riahi; Akbar Aliverdi-nia; Marzieh Haghgooi-Esfahani
Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2010
Mahmoud Sharepour; Abouali Vedadhir; Sakineh Ghorbanzadeh
Volume 8, Issue 2 , July 2010
Manijeh Maghsudi; Shahnaz Mohamadi
Volume 8, Issue 3 , October 2010
Marzieh Mousavi Khamaneh; AbouAli Vedadhir; Nasrin Barzgar
Volume 8, Issue 4 , February 2011
Abstract
This article aims to conduct a comparative cross-cultural study of the
educational status of women in terms of different aspects of human and gender development, and its relationship with the health, economic, and political indices. The research covers countries with different degrees of development ...
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This article aims to conduct a comparative cross-cultural study of the
educational status of women in terms of different aspects of human and gender development, and its relationship with the health, economic, and political indices. The research covers countries with different degrees of development in educational indices. The study makes use of quantitative methodological approach, and secondary data analysis (SDA) to draw on the cross-national data of the World Bank and the Human Development Reports. Data analysis, that examines relationship between variables, includes bi-variate and multivariate data analysis methods of Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. This study also enjoys an integrated theoretical approach, bringing together the theory of women empowerment in development, and the theories of liberal feminists. The findings indicate that women’s education not only plays a central role in human development, but also improves gender development especially in the educational and health-related aspects. Despite narrowing down the gender gap between men and women, women’s status has not significantly changed in terms of economic and political participation across different countries or more generally at the international level during 1996-2006 period. Moreover, in all the cases studied, women’s educational indices show higher correlations with health-related indices. The results also demonstrate a considerable improvement in the equal status of men and women in health-related indices and life quality in all the continents, except Africa. However, advancement in educational indices does not necessarily lead to economic and political participation of women. Moreover, weaker correlation between economic and political indices, particularly in less developed countries, is observed.
Volume 1, Issue 3 , June 2002
Abstract
Women are faced with violence in the private sphere (by their father, husband) and in the society (public sphere). Regarding irretrievable impacts of violence on women and society, governments have not considered the matter seriously. The objective of this article is to present research findings on disguised ...
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Women are faced with violence in the private sphere (by their father, husband) and in the society (public sphere). Regarding irretrievable impacts of violence on women and society, governments have not considered the matter seriously. The objective of this article is to present research findings on disguised violence that is violence in the family (domestic violence) which for many reasons are not reported.
This research is conducted in Shahre Kord (in west of Iran) with 162 married couples in the year of 2001. Variables such as employment status, educational level, relations before marriage type of marriage (decided by others or on their own), men’s authority, age differences and others intervention (men’s or women’s relatives) have been analyzed.
The most significant variable related to violence against women is men’s hegemony and authority in the family.
Volume 1, Issue 4 , September 2002
Abstract
In the recent decades sociologists of occupation have paid more attention to the gender differences in the process of work socialization and job selection . Gender gaps at the management level is one of the most important issues for educated women ,however it has not been studied as much.
This article ...
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In the recent decades sociologists of occupation have paid more attention to the gender differences in the process of work socialization and job selection . Gender gaps at the management level is one of the most important issues for educated women ,however it has not been studied as much.
This article presents findings of a research on occupational positions of female faculty members at three universities of Tehran, Shahid Beheshti and Allameh Tabatabae, in the years of 1991 and 2001 .Researches’ conclusion show the relation of gender factor to the appointments of management positions at the universities .Although during past ten years, women have gained more knowledge and experience , but they are mostly active at the lower level of management and still are absent at the higher management levels. Although ,there is slight decrease in the feeling of discrimination from 1991 to 2001 , majority of female faculty members (55%) think, still there is discrimination against them in occupational mobility and cultural factors are the most important impediments.
Volume 5, Issue 2 , November 2007
Abstract
Making decision has become one of the most challenging responsibilities of managers in recent decades. Finding the optimum solution for multiple criteria decision making problems is complicated. Notably, Multiplicity of decision making indices accompanied by variability in quantitative and qualitative ...
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Making decision has become one of the most challenging responsibilities of managers in recent decades. Finding the optimum solution for multiple criteria decision making problems is complicated. Notably, Multiplicity of decision making indices accompanied by variability in quantitative and qualitative measures aggregates the complexity of decisions. Operations research (OR) and multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques have enabled industrial engineers and managers to deal with such problems more easily. Although spouse selection can be defined as an important multiple criteria decision problem, an applicable decision model have not been developed in this field yet. In this paper we propose an aggregated algorithm using UTA and Permutation in order to develop a DSS (decision support system) which supports user in the process of selecting the most appropriate spouse. This system is simple to use and does not require any special expertise or computation.
Volume 5, Issue 3 , January 2008
Abstract
The aim of the current research is to investigate relationship between domineering behavior of male and female teachers and rating of their performance and likeability by school managers. The sample consists of 79 school teachers and 79 school managers (including men and women). Instruments used are ...
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The aim of the current research is to investigate relationship between domineering behavior of male and female teachers and rating of their performance and likeability by school managers. The sample consists of 79 school teachers and 79 school managers (including men and women). Instruments used are Wiggins(1995) Interpersonal adjective scale, Wayne & Liden (1995) teachers performance assessment, Ahvaz distortion inventory (1377) and domineering inventory by Bolino & Turnely (1999). Simple randomization is utilized for sampling method. Findings suggest domineering behavior brings acceptance for men while such behavior reduces women’s likability and acceptance. Similar results hold for performance appraisal (p
Volume 6, Issue 1 , May 2008
Abstract
Access to stable development requires organized participation of all people, including women in all institutes. Reduction of limitations and increase in legal authority of women are necessary to achieve the highest rate of participation. In this regard, a developmental approach demands a balanced increase ...
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Access to stable development requires organized participation of all people, including women in all institutes. Reduction of limitations and increase in legal authority of women are necessary to achieve the highest rate of participation. In this regard, a developmental approach demands a balanced increase in the legal knowledge, organizational authorities and civil demands of women particularly that the number of employed women in public organizations has increased drastically in recent years. Participation in organizational decision makings concurrent with increase in legal knowledge leads to a better understanding of occupational and organizational conditions of women thus improving their efficiency and effectiveness in the organizations.
This paper studies the relationship between legal knowledge and organizational participation. Documentary methodology and statistical techniques are used in theory and experimental (field) sections respectively. The result shows that there is a meaningful and significant relationship between legal knowledge of women employees and their organizational participation.
Volume 6, Issue 2 , July 2008
Abstract
The available literature and accessible references show that the study on the role of “Women in Science” has been conducted in few countries. Sociological studies focussing on the subject are scant and no such research has been found to investigate the professional status of the female faculty members ...
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The available literature and accessible references show that the study on the role of “Women in Science” has been conducted in few countries. Sociological studies focussing on the subject are scant and no such research has been found to investigate the professional status of the female faculty members of Esfahan University.
This research attempts to reduce such a scientific rarity. To this end, three critical questions are answered in this study: (1) What are the experimental-educational characteristics of the women?; (2) What is their organizational and scientific position regarding their attendance in committees, decision councils, administrative and managerial affairs?; (3) According to the women's opinion, what factors affect their professional status?
Professional status refers to the scientific and organizational position of female faculty members. The sample population includes all the female faculty members of the University. Data is collected through a questionnaire and semi-structured interview.
Some important findings of the research are: Only ten percent of the University faculty members are women. Based on the U-Mean Whitney Test, there is not any significant difference between the scientific position of the female and male faculty members of the University while the difference is very obvious regarding their organizational and managerial positions. The female faculty members of the Esfahan University believe that gender discrimination and role conflict are the most important factors affecting their organizational position, while their academic male colleagues consider role conflict as the sole important factor affecting organizational position.
Volume 6, Issue 3 , December 2008
Abstract
This current research is a quasi experimental design which is aimed to study the effectiveness of two couple therapies, Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy (CBCT) and Emotional Focused Couple Therapy (EFT), on depression and some other variables in infertile male factor pairs.
The sample includes 30 ...
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This current research is a quasi experimental design which is aimed to study the effectiveness of two couple therapies, Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy (CBCT) and Emotional Focused Couple Therapy (EFT), on depression and some other variables in infertile male factor pairs.
The sample includes 30 infertile volunteer pairs from Kosar Infertility Clinic which are placed in an experimental and a control group by applying Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and U-man vitney test.
The results show that depression in CBCT group has a significant difference in comparison with control group (p%5). The results also reveal that the effect of two approaches on men and women are the same and there is no difference between them in affecting the depression (p>%5).
Volume 6, Issue 4 , March 2009
Abstract
Most women need fundamental support to function in their humane life. In terms of gender, in Iran there are regional differentiations with regards to accessing benefits of development. The purpose of this paper is to describe the human development and development index in different regions and to study ...
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Most women need fundamental support to function in their humane life. In terms of gender, in Iran there are regional differentiations with regards to accessing benefits of development. The purpose of this paper is to describe the human development and development index in different regions and to study the relationship/ regression between levels of development and human poverty index on the basis of individual's deprivation in society in terms of three important indicators of human life such as life expectancy, knowledge and education and welfare. Study of gender differentiation in access to development's benefits is the main object of this article. In this paper sociological terms are adopted including Global system and women's empowerment theories and capability, inequality and social rejection approaches. The results conform to other early researches and approaches that show meaningful regression. The development indexes have a determining effect on changes and prediction of poverty and deprivation indexes. The absence of gender sensitive approach in planning for reducing the poverty and deprivation will increase the gender gap in the country.
Volume 7, Issue 1 , May 2009
Abstract
Many poets have somewhat dealt with the concept of feminity in their poems, and some only have alluded to it. Their attitude and their viewpoint towards woman is influenced by the popular viewpoint dominating their society as well as their own personal experiences. Marouf Abdolqani Rasafi discussed nearly ...
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Many poets have somewhat dealt with the concept of feminity in their poems, and some only have alluded to it. Their attitude and their viewpoint towards woman is influenced by the popular viewpoint dominating their society as well as their own personal experiences. Marouf Abdolqani Rasafi discussed nearly all aspects of women's social problems. He was aware of such problems and tried his best to liberate the female gender from the dominant restrictions, but the restrictions hindered him in moving away from society's discourse. In his poems lies a great soul which is reinforced by Islam. This type of poem is mainly based on the feelings and sympathy that are bestowed upon the poet's soul. According to Rasafi poems, he is a Muslim who under the influence of western culture deviates from Islamic culture but ultimately returns to the dominant and deeply rooted Islamic culture. This reminds the famous proverb: Such is the tree, such is the fruit.
Psychology
Ali Mohammad Naemi
Abstract
Women with addicted husband suffer more than other women from mental disorders and they are less resilient. Family-based education with purpose of promoting mental health and resiliency can solve the problems of women with addicted husband. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of family-based ...
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Women with addicted husband suffer more than other women from mental disorders and they are less resilient. Family-based education with purpose of promoting mental health and resiliency can solve the problems of women with addicted husband. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of family-based education on mental health and resiliency of women with addicted husband in Sabzevar. The present research applied a semi-experimental method with pretest–posttest and control group. Population included women with addicted husband who were under treatment of addiction treatment centers of Sabzevar in 2014. Thirty six women volunteered to participate in educational program; then, they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale (RSA). Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the family-based education has a significant positive effect on mental health (F=7.46, P<0.001) and resiliency (F=8.11, P<0.001) of women with addicted husband. Therefore, family-based education improves mental health and resiliency of women with addicted husband.
Sociology
Shahla Bagheri; Javad Madahi; Tahere Lotfi Khachki
Abstract
Single life, increased age of marriage, a huge number of single girls over 30 years old, high number of single educated people and the public discourse marriage have convinced the scholars to consider these as social issue. The purpose of this study is to address the meaning and causes of delayed marriage ...
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Single life, increased age of marriage, a huge number of single girls over 30 years old, high number of single educated people and the public discourse marriage have convinced the scholars to consider these as social issue. The purpose of this study is to address the meaning and causes of delayed marriage among girls. We have used qualitative methodology and grounded theory strategy. The interviewees have been selected in a targeted manner and 33 female students were studied for more than one year. Up to 15 major categories and a core category were extracted from data coding. Education and reflexivity of individualistic opportunitiess continued education are some obstacles for that. The most important factors are including experience of having relationship, negative memories, and fear of divorce, job restrictions, and reliability. Some important factors of the delayed marriage are including irresponsibility, very difficult culture, and financial independence of women, modern romantic relationships, western lifestyle, and obsessive-compulsive aging. The concept of “Single experience, meaningful delay” was selected as the final category. A paradigm was extracted from the data at the end of the model.
ali feizolahi
Abstract
Verbal harassment is a form of street harassment in particular and a form of violence against women in general in which the women in different societies, including Iran, experience in different ways and endanger their psychological, mental and objective security. Its adverse effects on ...
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Verbal harassment is a form of street harassment in particular and a form of violence against women in general in which the women in different societies, including Iran, experience in different ways and endanger their psychological, mental and objective security. Its adverse effects on women's social activity and the induction of an environment saturated with insecurity make it necessary for them to study women's experience in this regard. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons and contexts of street harassment, coping strategies and the consequences of this type of harassment of female students in urban spaces using the research method of grounded theory using semi-structured interview technique and the data obtained. Using the features of Maxqda quality data analysis software, the 2018 version has been analyzed. In the open coding stage, 298 meaningful statements and 97 basic concepts were obtained. In the axial coding stage, 45 subcategories and 20 axial categories were identified by combining the concepts, and by understanding the implications of the concepts and categories, the core category was explored. The results of the study indicate "learned inability" and the habituation of the role of "passive victim" for girls, which helps to strengthen the contexts and conditions full of components of patriarchal culture. The overall output of the research should be analyzed under the core category of research, namely, "the ritualization of women's repression and silence", which cultivates forms of deviant subculture.
Women's Studies
Mohammad Taghi Karami Ghahi; Mohsen Akhbari
Abstract
Exploring the relationship between gender and ethics is the common concern of some feminist scholars. From this perspective, feminists criticize the traditional morality for ignoring the importance of cultural values as well as the moral experience of women with a view of patriarchy. Therefore, they ...
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Exploring the relationship between gender and ethics is the common concern of some feminist scholars. From this perspective, feminists criticize the traditional morality for ignoring the importance of cultural values as well as the moral experience of women with a view of patriarchy. Therefore, they express various approaches and ideas, trying to address a new formulation of moral relations and system appropriate to gender. Female attitudes to ethics emphasize on personal relationships and the ethics of care, engaging in the value of human relationships. Besides, maternal approaches assert the special relationship between mother and child as a moral and interactive pattern. For this reason, these gender-based approaches unlike traditional morality which contains the general rules of morality, impartiality and rational ideas are non-holistic, context-driven, objective, and emotion-oriented.
