Women's Studies
zahra rajae; maryam mehrparvar; mahya firouzian
Abstract
Women’s role in the development of today's societies depends directly on the goal of social and economic development. Thus it is a fundamental factor in the evolution of all human societies. This study aims at evaluating the effect of glass ceiling beliefs on women's succession and their leadership ...
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Women’s role in the development of today's societies depends directly on the goal of social and economic development. Thus it is a fundamental factor in the evolution of all human societies. This study aims at evaluating the effect of glass ceiling beliefs on women's succession and their leadership style in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. It is an applied research, based on its purpose, and a descriptive survey in terms of its methodology. The statistical population of the study contain the staff of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. According to Morgan Table, the sample size is 110 people. In order to study and test the effective variables in the research topic, the standard questionnaire of Smith (2012) has helped measuring the variable of glass ceiling beliefs, while standard questionnaire of Khoda Yari (2017) has been used to measure the variable of women-breeding and standard questionnaire of Najarzadeh Arani (2020) to measure the variable of leadership style. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires have been confirmed through combined reliability and confirmatory factor analysis, respectively. In order to analyze the research data, SPSS and Smart-PLS software have been used to prepare descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicate that the beliefs of the glass ceiling have had a positive and significant effect on the succession of women. In addition, it has been found that the beliefs of the glass ceiling have a positive and significant effect on the leadership style of women in managerial positions.
Women's Studies
Hussein Raghfar; Mehdi Soleimani
Abstract
The present research aims to study the relationship between cultural, social and economic factors conducted by imam Khomeini Relief Committee and poverty alleviation among divorced women and widows. To do so, divorced women and widows from Aleshtar city were chosen as the statistical society of the research. ...
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The present research aims to study the relationship between cultural, social and economic factors conducted by imam Khomeini Relief Committee and poverty alleviation among divorced women and widows. To do so, divorced women and widows from Aleshtar city were chosen as the statistical society of the research. 120 subjects were randomly selected using clustering method. Questionnaire was used to collect data. To analyze data, spearman coefficient, Kendalls Tau-b, and step- regression statics were used. Also, Amos software was used in structural equations modeling frame. The research results showed that there is a significant relationship between the extent of low-interest loans, self- employment plans, and public training and widows and divorced women`s poverty alleviation. Also, the role of Relief Commite`s non-monetary helps in women`s poverty alleviation was not verified. The findings imply that the emphasis on low-interest loans and women`s participation in self- employment, training and public education programs has a positive effect on this organization`s performance to alleviate women`s poverty.
Women's Studies
Zahra Mirhosseini; Mahsa Larijani
Abstract
The present study attempts to investigate the social integration of prisoners via a grounded theory approach. It is aimed to explain a model for successful social integration of female offenders. In this qualitative study, the data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 21 women ...
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The present study attempts to investigate the social integration of prisoners via a grounded theory approach. It is aimed to explain a model for successful social integration of female offenders. In this qualitative study, the data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 21 women who had a record in the Welfare Services Organization, and all of whom have had previous experience of being in jail. Then, using a grounded theory approach, the data were analyzed and coded. The exploratory findings of the study show that various factors contribute to the formation of the core category, that is, “social integration as a move towards the normalization of life and social adaptation” of women. Other contextual factors such as personal characteristics is supported and not rejected by the family and access to capitals are significant too. Moreover, interventional factors such as maternal motivation, empowerment and rehabilitation of women, and not using drugs influence the process of social integration. Analytical findings indicate that the strategies and solutions for social integration of women have two categories of environmental appropriateness and sanitation, and the development of social networks. Ultimately, all these factors and strategies contribute to satisfaction from life, adaptability and social organization, or in other words, social integration of women.
Ali Ruhani; Mohadeseh Abedi-Diznab
Abstract
The present study seeks to evaluate the trajectory of the formation of gender discrimination among middle-class women in Tabriz. Using a qualitative approach and grounded theory, a number of women in Tabriz were selected and studied using theoretical sampling. Theoretical sampling continues until data ...
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The present study seeks to evaluate the trajectory of the formation of gender discrimination among middle-class women in Tabriz. Using a qualitative approach and grounded theory, a number of women in Tabriz were selected and studied using theoretical sampling. Theoretical sampling continues until data saturation occurs. Data were collected and analyzed using open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The findings were presented in the form of story line (15 main categories and one core category) and paradigm model. In general, the results of the study showed that women are faced with dualism of discrimination and hope due to their culture. This duality is resulted from women's psychosocial subordination in addition to the rule of gender constraints. In such situations, coping strategies (retrospective utopian / psychosocial subordination / hyperactivity) are activated in women. However, these strategies are also associated with some consequences in these women. In fact, women, besides all the discrimination and the struggle to eliminate them, live their lives with duality of discrimination and hope to achieve their real place.
Women's Studies
Omolbanin Chaboki
Abstract
Study about political attitude and gender differences seems necessary, because of essential role of the political attitude in political behavior, and importance of gender differences for researchers in the field of women's studies. Considering to this scientific necessity, this study investigates the ...
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Study about political attitude and gender differences seems necessary, because of essential role of the political attitude in political behavior, and importance of gender differences for researchers in the field of women's studies. Considering to this scientific necessity, this study investigates the role of university reference groups in college students' political attitudes according to gender differences. This descriptive- analytic study was carried out using survey method. The statistical society is comprised of all the undergraduate, master's and PhD students at University of Tehran. 400 students (226 boys and 174 girls) were selected through availability sampling. Students have responded to a researcher- made questionnaire. The main hypothesis of this study is: there exists gender differences in relationship between the level of interaction with the reference group (including college professors, student organizations and the university students) and students’ political attitudes (in three dimensions: cognitive, affective and action). For data analysis, SPSS was used. The results showed that there are gender differences in all three dimensions of political attitudes. The findings also suggest that university friends and then college professors have the most important role in changing political attitudes of the students.
Hatam hoseini; Amir Erfani; Soleyman Pakseresht; Balal Beigi
Abstract
Unmet needs show the gap between ideals and reproductive behavior of women. This article aims to evaluate and examine the determinants of the need among married Kurdish women of 15-49 in Mahabad. This research was conducted through the data of fertility survey in March 2012, in Mahabad with a sample ...
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Unmet needs show the gap between ideals and reproductive behavior of women. This article aims to evaluate and examine the determinants of the need among married Kurdish women of 15-49 in Mahabad. This research was conducted through the data of fertility survey in March 2012, in Mahabad with a sample size of 700 families. According to the results the rates of unmet needs for birth intervals and child bearing stoppage, and unmet needs to use modern ways of pregnancy prevention are respectively 10.85 and 9.85 percent and the total rate of unmet needs is 20.7 percent. Women’s worry about side effects of pregnancy prevention means is the most important reason for avoiding pregnancy prevention. Social and cultural limits such as husband’s and other family members’ disagreement, as well as religious reasons come next. Findings of the study are in agreement with Bhushan and Bollato’s theories. Considering determinant role of some cultural characteristics as well as economical and social ones and factors related to family planning to predict the possibility of any unmet needs for family planning, it is recommended to undertake some comparative studies through component method in areas which are heterogeneous in terms of ethnos and culture in order to evaluate the unmet needs of family planning and to find the influencing factors.
Abbas Hatami; Elahe Imami
Abstract
The impact of gender gap on voting behavior generally is categorized into the traditional gap, convergence and Revisionist patterns. This paper, Firstly By using survey research method and data were collected from 230 eligible male and female voters in Isfahan, makes clear that the first pattern or the ...
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The impact of gender gap on voting behavior generally is categorized into the traditional gap, convergence and Revisionist patterns. This paper, Firstly By using survey research method and data were collected from 230 eligible male and female voters in Isfahan, makes clear that the first pattern or the traditional gender gap is dominated in this electorate, which denotes that women are more conservative than men. Secondly, it suggests that the effect of traditional gender gap on the population of women is not homogeneous and factors such as the level of education and age of women reduce or increase the level of their conservatism. Thirdly, by showing a relation between gender gap and subordinate behavior explains a relation between women’s conservatism and their subordinate behavior. Then makes clear that the factors reduce women’s conservatism and women's subordinate behavior are the same. Ultimately, the key idea underlying this paper is that the impact of gender or the gender gap on the electoral behavior of women do not simply biologically or predetermined, but somewhat this behavior is multi-layer and is constructed in the context of community and by the non-gender factors. In the latter instance, the construction of women's political behavior shows the extent to which attention to the mechanism for political empowerment of women is necessary.
Ghorbanali Ebrahimi; roghayeh moslemi petroodi
Volume 9, Issue 4 , March 2012, , Pages 73-91
Abstract
The way people spend their leisure is a reflection of social, economic, and cultural capital in any given society. The present research studies the influence of cultural capital on leisure using survey method. Instrument used to collect data has been: questionnaire. The statistical population constitutes ...
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The way people spend their leisure is a reflection of social, economic, and cultural capital in any given society. The present research studies the influence of cultural capital on leisure using survey method. Instrument used to collect data has been: questionnaire. The statistical population constitutes all women living in the city of Juybar aged 15-64. Based on the results of the latest census of Statistical Center of Iran, 1385, total women’s population in Juybar was 25325. Using multistage cluster sampling, a sample size of 378 was chosen based on the formula of Cochran. The results show that the average women’s participation in active leisure (1.91 out of 4) is more than women’s participation in passive leisure (1.3 out of 4). Women's participation in leisure activities in this study’s population is lower than average. Multivariate linear regression results show that out of the three dimensions of cultural capital, two dimensions (objective structured and institutionalized cultural capital) have a significant effect on leisure.
Ali Mohammad Hazeri; Ali Reza Ahmad Pour Khorami
Abstract
Course books do not only educate students but also prepare them to take responsibilities proportional to their gender as planned by the author. This research is trying to examine the way that gender is represented in Farsi books of middle school and the first three grades of high school in non-human ...
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Course books do not only educate students but also prepare them to take responsibilities proportional to their gender as planned by the author. This research is trying to examine the way that gender is represented in Farsi books of middle school and the first three grades of high school in non-human science fields in the academic year 2009-10. Research method was through analyzing the quantity content for indicators like images, names, authors of books, course book writers, and characters presented in set texts. Content quality analysis was used to analyze the quality of representations of images and content of set texts. On the basis of Altosser and Bourdieu theories, this research tries to find out the way the gender is represented in books. The results show that more attention has been paid to men in terms of quantity and women- according to the criteria- have no significant presence. In terms of quality women in their few cases of presence are represented as weak, emotional, needy, and obedient to men creatures. On the opposite side in many cases men are represented as sociable, powerful, knowledgeable and wise, administrator, brave and fighter. According to this research gender clichés which are common in the society are reflected in these books.
Abdolhossein Kalantari; Hossein Hassani; Akram Alipour Darvari
Abstract
The objective of the paper is to analyzethe impact of gender on media usage, and the preference and precedence given to various types of this media and their contents, in Iranian Society. Most of the relevant studies concentrate on representation, reception analysis and on the norms of women’s favorite ...
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The objective of the paper is to analyzethe impact of gender on media usage, and the preference and precedence given to various types of this media and their contents, in Iranian Society. Most of the relevant studies concentrate on representation, reception analysis and on the norms of women’s favorite genres. In general, gender plays a determining role in the use of different media sources and research concerningthis issue, has aspecial position in media studies. Most gender-based studies on media usagehave focused their attention on women; likewise, in this paper, we have also preferred to concentrate our attention onwomen.The main question is to investigate,taking into consideration the different kinds of pleasures and preferences, to what extent the gender variable could be a determining factor. Findings show that, with the exception of the internet,which is dominated worldwide by men, in general, gender is not a determining factor in researching the norms of media usage in Iran. This conclusion could imply gender equality in Iran, at least in terms of media usage.
Shahla bagheri
Volume 9, Issue 3 , October 2012, , Pages 89-109
Abstract
Women’s homemaking activities involve a variety of jobs including taking care of children and family. Despite the fact that these activities encompass economic, social and cultural values, they are not generally considered and the economic place of homemaking activities in the society has been ignored. ...
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Women’s homemaking activities involve a variety of jobs including taking care of children and family. Despite the fact that these activities encompass economic, social and cultural values, they are not generally considered and the economic place of homemaking activities in the society has been ignored. In other words, a major part of women? s activities in areas of upbringing children and homemaking that take place at home are not counted.
The main aim of this research is to calculate the surplus value of the activities of homemaking and to study the effective social factors on added values of women’s indoor activities. Accordingly the weekly calculation of the surplus value of Tehran women’s homemaking activities estimates at 1600000 Rials.
Questionnaire and a random multi-stage sampling were the tools used in this survey. After filing the final questionnaires by 2000 homemaker women of Tehran, the gathered related data were coded and analyzed by means of SPSS software. The result of research show that three variables including "woman’s age", "woman’s education" and "family size" have meaningful impacts on explaining the surplus value of women's indoor activities. Among the mentioned variables the “family size” or the number of family members had the most impact on the changes in surplus value of homemaking activities.
Abbas Askari-Nodoushan; , Seyed Alireza Afshani; Razie Zakeri-Hamane; Somayeh Askari-Nodoushan
Volume 9, Issue 1 , April 2011, , Pages 93-116
Abstract
In recent years, the high level of consumption in Iranian society has provoked wide social and political debates. Nevertheless, there have been few systematic social studies to examine social and individual factors that influence consumption values and behaviors. This paper examines social determinants ...
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In recent years, the high level of consumption in Iranian society has provoked wide social and political debates. Nevertheless, there have been few systematic social studies to examine social and individual factors that influence consumption values and behaviors. This paper examines social determinants of consumption aspiration of married women. Data for the study collected through a cross-sectional survey in 2009 among a representative sample of 684 respondents in the city of Yazd, Iran.
To study the impact of socio-economic factors on the consumption aspirations, in this paper we conceptualize and evaluate the impact of the hypothesized relationships at three levels: 1- individual characteristics of respondents, 2- intergenerational influence of the parental characteristics, and 3- family and household socio-economic condition.
Our analysis confirms the effect of individual attributes, socio-economic condition of household and intergenerational influence of parental characteristics on the level of consumption aspiration of respondents.
In evaluating the impact of individual characteristics (including respondent's age, education, mass media exposure and place of origin), findings reveal the most important impact of mass media exposure on the formation of consumerism life style and consumption culture.
An examination of the household's condition hypothesis (including the household income and household size) indicate a powerful and direct effect of family income on the consumption aspiration. Findings also confirm the intergeneration influence of parent's characteristics on the consumption aspirations of respondents.
Mohsen Golparvar; Mohammad Ali Nadi
Volume 9, Issue 2 , September 2011, , Pages 111-133
Abstract
This research was administered with the purpose of studying the moderating role of female gender schemas in relations between feminine role models, job ladder and networking opportunity with procedural justice in promotion of women teachers in Yazd, Kerman and Esfahan city. On the basis of the research ...
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This research was administered with the purpose of studying the moderating role of female gender schemas in relations between feminine role models, job ladder and networking opportunity with procedural justice in promotion of women teachers in Yazd, Kerman and Esfahan city. On the basis of the research aims, 280 women teachers were selected from above mentioned cities (from Esfahan 100 women teachers and from Yazd and Kerman 180 women teachers). Research questionnaires consisted of: procedural justice in promotion, feminine role models, networking, and formal job ladder (Lemons, 2003), social desirability (Strahan & Gerbasi, 1972) and gender schemas (Spence & Helmreich, 1978). Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression analysis.
Results revealed that, when women teacher believed in the nontraditional roles (on the basis of nontraditional gender schemas), such as extensive affairs for advancement and promotion outside of the home, they interpret the existence of women teachers in managerial position and existence of clear path for women teachers to access managerial positions, as a sign of consideration of justice in decision makings.
hasan ali faraji sabokbar; morteza nemati; afshin khaki
Abstract
This study has investigated the effects of ICT to increase efficiency and empowerment of rural women using data envelopment analysis (DEA) to investigate the mechanism of effectiveness of information technology (ICT) on the efficiency and empowerment of rural women in the village of Gharn Abad, Golestan ...
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This study has investigated the effects of ICT to increase efficiency and empowerment of rural women using data envelopment analysis (DEA) to investigate the mechanism of effectiveness of information technology (ICT) on the efficiency and empowerment of rural women in the village of Gharn Abad, Golestan province. In this study, using survey methods, 38 users and 25 non-users of technology (control group) were selected by stratified random sampling. Female users of technology were classified into seven levels, with level 1 the least and level 7 the most users. Based on the results, the performance of rural women in basic levels of IT users is better than their performance in higher levels. The study also confirmed the theory of digital gap, and the positive effects of information technologies and communication on empowering women in the economic, social, political, and psychological, dimensions and shows an increase in rural women's performance.
Rural Development
Rohollah Rezaei; Sepideh Norozi; Gholamreza Mojaradi; Leila Safa
Abstract
Today, Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) is an important indicator of development; however, due to the greater vulnerability, HRQOL level of women is lower than men, especially in rural regions. This problem has doubled the necessity to investigate and identify the factors affecting HRQOL. Given ...
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Today, Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) is an important indicator of development; however, due to the greater vulnerability, HRQOL level of women is lower than men, especially in rural regions. This problem has doubled the necessity to investigate and identify the factors affecting HRQOL. Given the importance of the issue, the purpose of this descriptive- correlative research was to study the effect of health-promoting lifestyle components on rural women’s HRQOL. The statistical population of the research consisted of all women in rural regions of West Islam Abad Township whose age ranged from 15 to 64 years old (N= 13835). According to the Bartlett et al. Table (2001), a sample size of 250 was selected using multiple stage sampling technique. The standard questionnaire was used to collect data. The results indicated that women’s HRQOL had a positive and significant relationship with age, size of family, number of children and years of married life and a negative and significant relationship with literacy level and time spent on daily sport activities. Also, the results showed that mean score of women’ s HRQOL differed significantly in terms of marital status, situation of head of household, having insurance and periodic medical examinations. Finally, based on findings, six components of health-promoting lifestyle including nutrition management, social support, health responsibility, exercise, stress management and life appreciation explained 57 percent of variances of rural women’s HRQOL.
economics
Vahid Mehrbani
Abstract
Since family economics is the application of economic theory in explaining behavior with respect to family, marriage is undoubtedly one of the items in this realm. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of marriage on women's home labor supply theoretically and empirically. Accordingly, the ...
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Since family economics is the application of economic theory in explaining behavior with respect to family, marriage is undoubtedly one of the items in this realm. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of marriage on women's home labor supply theoretically and empirically. Accordingly, the utility maximization approach is applied to demonstrate how the behavior of a typical single woman changes after marriage. The theoretical model predicts that women turn to specialization at home production following marriage and thereby their welfare will increase. Two samples including single and married women who reside in Tehran have been used to present empirical evidence. These samples are restricted to all regions of Tehran on the basis of segmentation carried out by municipality. Data have been gathered by questionnaire which was constructed by author. Results approve the prediction of theoretical analysis. Estimations show that the event of marriage will significantly lead to an increase in home labor supply. These findings suggest that women specialize at home production due to marriage. In addition, results also indicate that income, education and employment have negative and statistically significant effect on work within home while, by contrast, the number of children has positive and statistically significant impact.
Women's Studies
Mehran Sohrab Zade; Leila Parnian
Abstract
This article aims to study the causes, strategies and consequences of tobacco consumption among women and young girls. This research using qualitative methods, data-driven approach to theorizing (grounded theory) and a semi-structured interview technique was interactive. The population of the study included ...
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This article aims to study the causes, strategies and consequences of tobacco consumption among women and young girls. This research using qualitative methods, data-driven approach to theorizing (grounded theory) and a semi-structured interview technique was interactive. The population of the study included women and young girls, living in the city of Shiraz. Using purposeful and theoretical sampling, 37 girls and women who were involved in these types of using tobacco, were interviewed. The results showed that the subjects turned to using water-pipe due to some factors including: friendship, equalitarian, modernization, enjoyment, change in leisure activity and pressure. Two factors (lack of barriers and adjacent areas) as well as the underlying cause (adjacent family) are intervening factors in smoking hookah. The strategy of girls and young women in using hookah include: continued use- hidden or in public, suggests abstinence from, intensification of and change in consumption pattern. Based on the current study, smoking tobacco has given rise to spread of disorder and damage, regret and guilty conscience, and social disrespect.
Management
Aliyeh Kazemi; Afsaneh Dehghanpour
Abstract
In recent years, women’s presence has increased in society and in work spaces. Nevertheless,the rate of their promotion to high ranking managerial positions does not correspond to theireducational developments in most of countries, especially in Iran due to some barriers whichare different in different ...
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In recent years, women’s presence has increased in society and in work spaces. Nevertheless,the rate of their promotion to high ranking managerial positions does not correspond to theireducational developments in most of countries, especially in Iran due to some barriers whichare different in different societies and companies and at different times. The aim of thissurvey is to identify and prioritize the barriers keeping women away from managerialpositions (in oil industry). In this research the barriers of women’s presence in managerialpositions identified using a qualitative method and interview with 47 experts and mangers ofoil industry in Tehran. Then the barriers prioritized from the viewpoint of women and menusing Analytic Hierarchy Process. The results show men consider the individual barriers moreimportant and have a negative attitude towards women's capabilities and capacities, whilewomen consider the individual barriers less important.
Rahmatollah Gholipor Soute; Fereshteh Amin; Maryamossadat Mousavi
Abstract
Over-qualification has become a major theme of research after 2008 economic crisis, because it brings about major consequences at social, organizational, and personal levels. There are major differences in the frequency of overqualification, its dimensions, and consequences between different genders ...
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Over-qualification has become a major theme of research after 2008 economic crisis, because it brings about major consequences at social, organizational, and personal levels. There are major differences in the frequency of overqualification, its dimensions, and consequences between different genders and also in different cultural and social contexts. The issue of overqualification among female employees is very much understudied, particularly in the eastern societies. The purpose of the present paper is to fill to some extent this gap by choosing overqualified women employed in the Iranian public sector as its study group. We study the organizational elements that mitigate the perception of overqualification and its negative consequences using Glaser's grounded theory approach. The obtained model revealed the pivotal role of meaningfulness in mitigating the perception of concept and its negative consequences and a major factor in developing person-job in the study group. In this model, meaningfulness is defined at two levels, namely, job meaningfulness and meaningfulness in the work environment and is further specified in terms of the following five variables: job appreciation, freedom, continuous goal setting, developed relationships, and personal integrity. Focusing on job meaningfulness, we have explained and generalized the results of various variables in the overqualification research literature. The results of the present research address the substantial research gap in the overqualification research on female overqualification and enables Iranian organizations to improve the working conditions of overqualified women, despite the economical, market-related, and organizational limitations.
Psychology
Masoome Esmaili; Aazam Dashti; Kosar Dehdast
Abstract
Adequate social relationships and reception of social support play an important role in women’s feeling of security and mental health. In this research, social apathy factors are studied in Tehranian women. This research was conducted in 2016 by a qualitative approach. Research participants are ...
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Adequate social relationships and reception of social support play an important role in women’s feeling of security and mental health. In this research, social apathy factors are studied in Tehranian women. This research was conducted in 2016 by a qualitative approach. Research participants are 15 women who came in a health home in one of the districts of Tehran City. Purposive sampling method was used to select the participants. Gathered information from semi-structured interviews by using Grounded Theory method was analyzed. After analysis of the the data gathered by interview, we identified four abstract categories including a) Underlying causes of apathy and attractiveness decline in neighborly relations, b) causal factors in forming the negative consequences of neighborly relations, c) causal factors of lack of trust and security and d) causal factors of inconsonance in neighborly relations.
farajallah rahimi; sara mohammadi; miad salami
Abstract
Entrepreneurship is a process that plays a vital role in the continuation of national growth and development and even the global economy. The improvement of entrepreneurship creates new economic opportunities and businesses in society. Today, evidence shows that women entrepreneurship, given that women ...
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Entrepreneurship is a process that plays a vital role in the continuation of national growth and development and even the global economy. The improvement of entrepreneurship creates new economic opportunities and businesses in society. Today, evidence shows that women entrepreneurship, given that women make up half of the active population, can increase production and sales, increase capital, economic prosperity, competitiveness and exports, and overall economic development and Help women flourish themselves. The present study was performed to assess the effect of Institutional Proponents of Women’s Entrepreneurial Business success through the Mediating Effect of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (Studied Case, Entrepreneurial Women of Khuzestan Province). The sampling method was a simple random sampling technique and data were collected using questionnaire. A total of 283 questionnaires were administered to the participants. Data were analysed using version 22.0 of SPSS and AMOS 18 software. A positive and significant relationship was observed between institutional proponents and women’s entrepreneurial business success. Entrepreneurial self-Efficacy play a mediating role in the relationship between institutional proponents and women’s Entrepreneurial Business success. At the end of the study, research implications and limitations were discussed for future studies.
Hajiieh Bibi Razeghi Nasrabad; Hasan Saraei
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differences in value of children between the 1960s, 1970s, after 1980 birth cohort, and identifying the factors affecting. The data for this study are drawn from a survey in Semnan province in 2012. Information is related to 405 married women aged 15-49 ...
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differences in value of children between the 1960s, 1970s, after 1980 birth cohort, and identifying the factors affecting. The data for this study are drawn from a survey in Semnan province in 2012. Information is related to 405 married women aged 15-49 years. The result shows that the highest score of the children value belonged to the 1960 birth cohort. Protect, emotional and family continuity value in childbearing are characteristics of this cohort. In contrast, emphasis on the economic costs and lost opportunity costs, emotional and psychological benefits to children are characteristics of the 1980 birth cohorts. Based on this study, in line with the socio- economical changes, significant changes in childbearing attitude have emerged in three cohorts. Nevertheless, the 1960 birth cohort more than any other generation produces modern childbearing values and behaviors gives great importance to childbearing and because of the emotional value of children, one of the goals of younger cohort is childbearing. Multiple classification analysis showed that by controlling the effect of factors related to modernization and individual characteristics of respondents, the mean score of value of children within cohort changes. A more percent of the differences between the cohorts are affected by education variable. After entering these variables are considerably reduced the intensity of relationship between value of children and birth cohort. But, the differences in the value of children in three cohorts are still significant.
Political sciences
yahya kamali; kiana kamyabi
Abstract
This research aims to identify and rank the political and legal challenges of women taking political positions in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method consists of two qualitative and quantitative stages. The qualitative stage , which attempts to identify the challenges, that ...
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This research aims to identify and rank the political and legal challenges of women taking political positions in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method consists of two qualitative and quantitative stages. The qualitative stage , which attempts to identify the challenges, that has been done by thematic analysis method. At this stage, the data sampling method was purposive sampling. The quantitative method using the AHP, at this stage, the data collection tool, a Pairwise comparison questionnaire including 32 challenges to rank the challenges were provided to experts in this field. Findings show that the challenges of women taking political positions include two types of challenges: political and legal ones. Political challenges themselves are divided into two sub-themes, governmental and non-governmental. The ranking of challenges is as follows: political challenges with a weight of 0.694 have gained the first rank and legal challenges with a weight of 0.306 have gained the second rank. Among the sub-criteria of political challenge, governmental challenges with a weight of 0.713 have the first rank and non-governmental challenges with a weight of 0.287 have the second rank. Among the 32 challenges, male dominance in politics (patriarchy) with a weight of 0.07719 has won the first place. After that, the patriarchal administrative culture with a weight of 0.05542 ranked second and the lack of legal protection for women with a weight of 0.05263 ranked third. Findings show that macro-challenges related to political structure are more important than individual challenges and micro level. These results are consistent with some other researches .
Women's Studies
atefe khademi; fateme taghizade
Abstract
Addressing the issue of women in the body of knowledge often takes a network of their problems, and the generated knowledge is generally focused on the issues of this stratum as a case. That is, we are always faced with a range of findings focused on personal, family or social issues in relation to women's ...
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Addressing the issue of women in the body of knowledge often takes a network of their problems, and the generated knowledge is generally focused on the issues of this stratum as a case. That is, we are always faced with a range of findings focused on personal, family or social issues in relation to women's issues that in a blurred form, does not provide a clear-cut model of the meaning of women in the discourse of the Islamic Revolution. The lack of a systematic approach and a clear model of women in the discourse of the Islamic Revolution is one of the most important shortcomings. Therefore, this research, regardless of the case and selective view of women with the aim of drawing the conceptual model of the revolution leader's thought system in the subject of women, seeks to answer this fundamental question: in Ayatollah Khamenei's thought system in what conceptual model is a woman portrayed? In order to answer this question by adopting a qualitative content analysis method, in the framework of the Systematic approach, two key concepts of the “third model” and “revolutionary man” were obtained, that Each of these implies the dimensions of the image, and The resulting image represents revolution leader’s humanist look, but with gender considerations on the issue of women in the vast array of his thought system.
Sociology
Ahmad Bokharaie; Malakeh Rafie
Abstract
The move toward modernism along with the cultural globalization and the rise of consumer culture makes fashionism and also permanent surveillance and focusing on the visible characteristics of the body a common phenomenon in contemporary societies.Nowadays, modern people with the use of fashionable things ...
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The move toward modernism along with the cultural globalization and the rise of consumer culture makes fashionism and also permanent surveillance and focusing on the visible characteristics of the body a common phenomenon in contemporary societies.Nowadays, modern people with the use of fashionable things and through paying extreme attention to cloth and appearance construct personal images of themselves and also send messages about their identities to others. The present research focusing on styles of clothing and women's attitudes toward fashion aims to explain causes and motivations leads women to use fashionable clothes and also attempts to identify their typology. The research method is qualitative and its data has been collected by semi-structured interviews. The results of data analysis display three distinct types of women's clothing, each of which has different characteristics. Of course, this division does not mean exact bordering, and one have mutual relationship. The findings show that women's increased tendency for using fashionable clothes should be assessed mostly in relation to both subjective and objective factors as well as the dialectic relationship of agency and structure.
