Center for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-31241520030321--17396FAJournal Article19700101Devastating social capital has undesired impacts on the entire population, however, for many reasons, its negative impacts threatens women more than men. One of the ways to undertake a situation analysis of social capital is to assess the trends of social problems on the society. In recent years, many studies have reported the rising trends of social problems in Iran. Based on scientific studies this article discusses two issues: First, some of the social problems which have feminine patterns in Iran (e.g. prostitution) have been relatively increasing. Second, women’s share of social problems with masculine patterns (e.g. addiction and murder) has gradually increased in recent years. A comparison of psychological disorder between men and women proves the serious societal hindrances on women and their empowermentDevastating social capital has undesired impacts on the entire population, however, for many reasons, its negative impacts threatens women more than men. One of the ways to undertake a situation analysis of social capital is to assess the trends of social problems on the society. In recent years, many studies have reported the rising trends of social problems in Iran. Based on scientific studies this article discusses two issues: First, some of the social problems which have feminine patterns in Iran (e.g. prostitution) have been relatively increasing. Second, women’s share of social problems with masculine patterns (e.g. addiction and murder) has gradually increased in recent years. A comparison of psychological disorder between men and women proves the serious societal hindrances on women and their empowermenthttps://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_17396_b42108047bdfa23f145692681e883823.pdfCenter for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-31241520030321--17397FAJournal Article19700101Development is the ultimate goal that any country attempts to achieve. The basic values of sustainable development lie on enhancing people’s quality of life leading to women’s and men’s empowerment. One of the ways that influences development of men and women is women’s equal access, equality of opportunity as compared to men, attaining economic security and alleviation of their poverty. These issues are more tangible in the case of female-headed households. This article presents the findings of a survey research on the opportunities and challenges encountered by female-headed households. 4280 samples were taken in a field research of women heads of households in five provinces of Iran. A review of the development, poverty, gender empowerment measures has to take place. The information gathered indicates severe poverty among women. The reviews of development and poverty indicators as well as women’s empowerment measures for women heads of households is very high and approximately equivalent to 0.527, in comparison to the same indicator for the whole country being equivalent to 0.193. Female-headed households constitute 8.4 percent of the total households in Iran. The main reasons of their responsibility as heads of households are disability of men to work (42% of cases) and death of spouse (36%).Development is the ultimate goal that any country attempts to achieve. The basic values of sustainable development lie on enhancing people’s quality of life leading to women’s and men’s empowerment. One of the ways that influences development of men and women is women’s equal access, equality of opportunity as compared to men, attaining economic security and alleviation of their poverty. These issues are more tangible in the case of female-headed households. This article presents the findings of a survey research on the opportunities and challenges encountered by female-headed households. 4280 samples were taken in a field research of women heads of households in five provinces of Iran. A review of the development, poverty, gender empowerment measures has to take place. The information gathered indicates severe poverty among women. The reviews of development and poverty indicators as well as women’s empowerment measures for women heads of households is very high and approximately equivalent to 0.527, in comparison to the same indicator for the whole country being equivalent to 0.193. Female-headed households constitute 8.4 percent of the total households in Iran. The main reasons of their responsibility as heads of households are disability of men to work (42% of cases) and death of spouse (36%).https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_17397_10f53ad91a1af387a45672827e29cafa.pdfCenter for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-31241520030321--17398FAJournal Article19700101The impacts of wife abuse in societies and their negative influences of mothers and children have been presented in many researches. One of the general characteristics of wife abuse is its hidden nature; in such a way that most Iranian women tolerate their being abused. Thus, there is no notable research in the country on this issue. In order to review the prevalence of wife abuse and it’s affecting factors among the married couples of the city of Tehran, Moffitt et al (1996) Questionnaire has been applied. Findings of their research reports 81.71 percent of prevalence of wife abuse. The report identifies that there is a significant relationship between the variables of age, education, occupation and family level of income of wives abused. Also, with the length of marriage, the rate of wife abuse did not decline. That is, social tolerance not only has helped continuation of domestic violence, rather it enhances itThe impacts of wife abuse in societies and their negative influences of mothers and children have been presented in many researches. One of the general characteristics of wife abuse is its hidden nature; in such a way that most Iranian women tolerate their being abused. Thus, there is no notable research in the country on this issue. In order to review the prevalence of wife abuse and it’s affecting factors among the married couples of the city of Tehran, Moffitt et al (1996) Questionnaire has been applied. Findings of their research reports 81.71 percent of prevalence of wife abuse. The report identifies that there is a significant relationship between the variables of age, education, occupation and family level of income of wives abused. Also, with the length of marriage, the rate of wife abuse did not decline. That is, social tolerance not only has helped continuation of domestic violence, rather it enhances ithttps://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_17398_0f841182ef54bfb22d40f3a5f055d815.pdfCenter for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-31241520030321--17399FAJournal Article19700101The changes in age and sex structure of population as an independent and primary factor- irrespective of other influencing factors- creates imbalance in marital situation of the society. Based on population changes in recent decades in Iran, especially in the period of 1976-1986, there has been a remarkable change in the age and sex structure of population. These structural changes of the population in Iran had different economic, social and cultural impacts in different time periods causing many types of economic and social hindrances in the society. As a consequence, presently we have to deal with over supply of labor and as the result a high rate of unemployment .Other expected impacts in the near future will be imbalance among girls and boys in the marital age groups. This imbalance will result in the increased number of single girls. The aim of this article is to study the issue in the three decades (1956-1986) and to discuss the relationship between changes of population age and sex structure and marital situation in Iran. Also, quantitative impacts of such changes on the future decade will be presented.The changes in age and sex structure of population as an independent and primary factor- irrespective of other influencing factors- creates imbalance in marital situation of the society. Based on population changes in recent decades in Iran, especially in the period of 1976-1986, there has been a remarkable change in the age and sex structure of population. These structural changes of the population in Iran had different economic, social and cultural impacts in different time periods causing many types of economic and social hindrances in the society. As a consequence, presently we have to deal with over supply of labor and as the result a high rate of unemployment .Other expected impacts in the near future will be imbalance among girls and boys in the marital age groups. This imbalance will result in the increased number of single girls. The aim of this article is to study the issue in the three decades (1956-1986) and to discuss the relationship between changes of population age and sex structure and marital situation in Iran. Also, quantitative impacts of such changes on the future decade will be presented.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_17399_09d3b8b76535cd3d3e9f5f6d93972f2e.pdfCenter for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-31241520030321--17400FAJournal Article19700101This article presents the findings of a research on the relationship of mother’s employment on children’s social adaptation and educational achievement. The research samples are 203 primary students (girls and boys) in the city of Damghan. The Behavioral scale of Roter is applied to measure the students’ rates of adaptation at school and home. The variables used to measure mother’s job satisfaction and job tension, is the extended occupations list and Estainments’ tension questionnaire. Data analysis shows that mother’s employment has improved students’ social adaptation and educational achievement at the fourth and fifth grades. Children with their mother’s occupation categorized under cultural activity, and those who are at management level, have the best educational achievement. In addition, there is a positive relationship between mother’s job satisfaction and children’s educational achievement and behavior.This article presents the findings of a research on the relationship of mother’s employment on children’s social adaptation and educational achievement. The research samples are 203 primary students (girls and boys) in the city of Damghan. The Behavioral scale of Roter is applied to measure the students’ rates of adaptation at school and home. The variables used to measure mother’s job satisfaction and job tension, is the extended occupations list and Estainments’ tension questionnaire. Data analysis shows that mother’s employment has improved students’ social adaptation and educational achievement at the fourth and fifth grades. Children with their mother’s occupation categorized under cultural activity, and those who are at management level, have the best educational achievement. In addition, there is a positive relationship between mother’s job satisfaction and children’s educational achievement and behavior.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_17400_35f72256a0546ac3a09e97e68e7f45bc.pdfCenter for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-31241520030321--17401FAJournal Article19700101In traditional societies, women are under-represented in the law profession in such a way that they constitute approximately one-tenth of the total number of lawyers in Iran. Over the past few decades, due to prevailing restrictions, women’s entering into judicial positions has been restricted, decreasing their number in this profession. This article shows that in spite of these different restrictions the number of female trainees in law has increased. Also, female lawyers have joined the board of Bar Association. Clearly women’s active presence at managerial level of the association will facilitate changing stereotyping of law profession as a masculine field, also utilizing women’s capacities in this specialized profession.In traditional societies, women are under-represented in the law profession in such a way that they constitute approximately one-tenth of the total number of lawyers in Iran. Over the past few decades, due to prevailing restrictions, women’s entering into judicial positions has been restricted, decreasing their number in this profession. This article shows that in spite of these different restrictions the number of female trainees in law has increased. Also, female lawyers have joined the board of Bar Association. Clearly women’s active presence at managerial level of the association will facilitate changing stereotyping of law profession as a masculine field, also utilizing women’s capacities in this specialized profession.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_17401_d88a8c68270a4884f7b0f31c0da4ef1a.pdfCenter for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-31241520030321--17402FAJournal Article19700101Marital status and employment are factors which deeply affect women’s attitudes, distinguishing them from other female groups. Under these circumstances, cultural activities are among the areas which influence the position of women. This article, presents findings of “Household Cultural Activity and Consumption” research project. Reading books and journals between single and married women and married women in two groups of employed and housewife is compared. In all cases educational and social class variables are controlled. Data analysis indicates the lower level of cultural activity of married women and housewives comparing to those of singles and employed married women. In addition, educational variable as an intervening variable decreases the gap between groups with different positions.Marital status and employment are factors which deeply affect women’s attitudes, distinguishing them from other female groups. Under these circumstances, cultural activities are among the areas which influence the position of women. This article, presents findings of “Household Cultural Activity and Consumption” research project. Reading books and journals between single and married women and married women in two groups of employed and housewife is compared. In all cases educational and social class variables are controlled. Data analysis indicates the lower level of cultural activity of married women and housewives comparing to those of singles and employed married women. In addition, educational variable as an intervening variable decreases the gap between groups with different positions.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_17402_515f69453e2c4c643b6abd4e725264e4.pdfCenter for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-31241520030321--17403FAJournal Article19700101Mass media through disseminating information forms the thought, mentality and culture of the society. Decision makers and writers of messages (mass media managers and producers) have an important role in cultural formation and its’ evolutions. The women’s presence in these occupational positions is studied in the Iranian radio and television. The findings indicate that women are involved in the majority of production activities. However, the intensity and rate of their presence differs from one sector to the other.
Analysis of women’s participation in Media and quality of their participation, as well as factors affecting on their occupational efficiency are discussed in this article. The rate of women’s participation as producers of radio and television programs indicates their capacities in occupations which are rarely considered as feminine type.Mass media through disseminating information forms the thought, mentality and culture of the society. Decision makers and writers of messages (mass media managers and producers) have an important role in cultural formation and its’ evolutions. The women’s presence in these occupational positions is studied in the Iranian radio and television. The findings indicate that women are involved in the majority of production activities. However, the intensity and rate of their presence differs from one sector to the other.
Analysis of women’s participation in Media and quality of their participation, as well as factors affecting on their occupational efficiency are discussed in this article. The rate of women’s participation as producers of radio and television programs indicates their capacities in occupations which are rarely considered as feminine type.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_17403_98fe03184ea9f2175e9454269c1e281e.pdf