Faculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411120130321Gender Analysis of Distance in Marital
Relationship: Examples and Contexts FormationGender Analysis of Distance in Marital
Relationship: Examples and Contexts Formation1283547210.22059/jwdp.2013.35472FASoheilaSadeghi FasaeiPH.D of Sociology, Associate Professor of social Faculty of Tehran universityZeinabMalekipourMaster of women`s studiesof Tehran university, Instructor of Payam Noor University of Ilam0000-0002-0854-7364Journal Article20130731This study aimsto investigate an aspect of marital interactions, distance. By applying aqualitative method and conducting 43 in-depth semi-structured interviews, including 22women and 21 men, women and men experiences of distance were investigated based on theirown narratives.The results of the study suggested different forms of distance in couples' relationships,which can be classified to distance made bychoice, distance made byconflict, and distancemade byposition (situation). Although some forms of distance can cause dissociation incouple's relationship, distancesmadebychoice and some other types of distance can lead tostrength in the relationship. It is notable that because of the limited sample size of this study,its results cannot be generalized at all.This study aimsto investigate an aspect of marital interactions, distance. By applying aqualitative method and conducting 43 in-depth semi-structured interviews, including 22women and 21 men, women and men experiences of distance were investigated based on theirown narratives.The results of the study suggested different forms of distance in couples' relationships,which can be classified to distance made bychoice, distance made byconflict, and distancemade byposition (situation). Although some forms of distance can cause dissociation incouple's relationship, distancesmadebychoice and some other types of distance can lead tostrength in the relationship. It is notable that because of the limited sample size of this study,its results cannot be generalized at all.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_35472_309e788d39ad52b4d43dd4001adecaad.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411120130321The Impact of Women’s Employmen on Fertility in IranThe Impact of Women’s Employmen on Fertility in Iran29443547310.22059/jwdp.2013.35473FAMahmoodGhazi_TabatabaeaMember of Social Sciences Faculty, University of TehranNaderMehriPh.D. Student inDemography, Social Sciences Faculty, University of TehranJournal Article20130702Working women compared with non-working women in Iran bear a double burden ofresponsibility. They not only have to bear the traditional unpaid responsibilities of taking careof children and household chores they also have to bear the responsibilities of performingduties associated with their paid job outside the home. The double burden of responsibility forthe working women refers to the amount of work they do at home and outside the homecomparedwith non-working women. This article aims to quantify the additional work theIranian employed women do based on the number of their dependent children under the ageof 7 years. To do this, a comparison between the time allocated for paid and unpaid works by,respectively, working and non-working married women is made. The required data for theanalysis was provided by the Iranian National Center for Statistics. The results indicated thatmarried working women with 0, 1 and 2 children work 3 hours and 6 minutes, 1 hour and 42minutes and 1 hour and 29 minutes, respectively, more than their non-working counterparts.The results also indicate that with an increase in the number dependent children the relativeintensity of double burden of working women decreases.Working women compared with non-working women in Iran bear a double burden ofresponsibility. They not only have to bear the traditional unpaid responsibilities of taking careof children and household chores they also have to bear the responsibilities of performingduties associated with their paid job outside the home. The double burden of responsibility forthe working women refers to the amount of work they do at home and outside the homecomparedwith non-working women. This article aims to quantify the additional work theIranian employed women do based on the number of their dependent children under the ageof 7 years. To do this, a comparison between the time allocated for paid and unpaid works by,respectively, working and non-working married women is made. The required data for theanalysis was provided by the Iranian National Center for Statistics. The results indicated thatmarried working women with 0, 1 and 2 children work 3 hours and 6 minutes, 1 hour and 42minutes and 1 hour and 29 minutes, respectively, more than their non-working counterparts.The results also indicate that with an increase in the number dependent children the relativeintensity of double burden of working women decreases.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_35473_f69b857233949c6a79158d4bb7ab5061.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411120130321An Assessment on the Impact of Women’s Autonomy, Education and Social Participation on
Childbearing Intention in Sirjan CityAn Assessment on the Impact of Women’s Autonomy, Education and Social Participation on
Childbearing Intention in Sirjan City45643547710.22059/jwdp.2013.35477FAMohammad JalalAbbasi-ShavaziProfessor of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, &Future
Fellow, Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute, The Australian National
University.ZohrehKhajehsalehiM.A in Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal Article20120911Like many developed and developing societies, Iran has experienced sharp fertility declineand reached below- replacement level fertility. As women have a major role in childbearing,their empowerment and autonomy will lead to changes in their fertility behavior, and manystudies have focused on various aspects of women's autonomy and fertility. This paperexamines the relationship between women’s autonomy and fertility behavior in theSirjan city.The data is drawn from the 2011 survey that collected information from around 400 womenof reproductive ages (15-49) in the Sirjan city in southeastern part of Iran. The results showedthat the relationship between women’s autonomy and fertility is insignificant when othersocial and economicindicators (i.e. social participation, education and employment) arecontrolled. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicated that among all differentvariables, social participation of women and their education level are the strong determinantsof dependent variable; as childbearing intention reduces with the rise in these two variables.Women’s age and children ever born are the other two important variables affectingchildbearing intentions. Given the results of this study, population policies in Iran in order tofacilitate childbearing for couples should provide opportunities in which women could be ableto continue their education, have their social participation as well as promoting childbearing.Like many developed and developing societies, Iran has experienced sharp fertility declineand reached below- replacement level fertility. As women have a major role in childbearing,their empowerment and autonomy will lead to changes in their fertility behavior, and manystudies have focused on various aspects of women's autonomy and fertility. This paperexamines the relationship between women’s autonomy and fertility behavior in theSirjan city.The data is drawn from the 2011 survey that collected information from around 400 womenof reproductive ages (15-49) in the Sirjan city in southeastern part of Iran. The results showedthat the relationship between women’s autonomy and fertility is insignificant when othersocial and economicindicators (i.e. social participation, education and employment) arecontrolled. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicated that among all differentvariables, social participation of women and their education level are the strong determinantsof dependent variable; as childbearing intention reduces with the rise in these two variables.Women’s age and children ever born are the other two important variables affectingchildbearing intentions. Given the results of this study, population policies in Iran in order tofacilitate childbearing for couples should provide opportunities in which women could be ableto continue their education, have their social participation as well as promoting childbearing.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_35477_cc96ac7f344eb79af7ef8d461389813a.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411120130321The impact of the Gender Gap on the Electoral Behavior of Women in IsfahanThe impact of the Gender Gap on the Electoral Behavior of Women in Isfahan65823548010.22059/jwdp.2013.35480FAAbbasHatamiAssistant Professor, Political Science, University of IsfahanElaheImamiMA in Political Science, University of IsfahanJournal Article20130401The impact of gender gap on voting behavior generally is categorized into the traditional gap, convergence and Revisionist patterns. This paper, Firstly By using survey research method and data were collected from 230 eligible male and female voters in Isfahan, makes clear that the first pattern or the traditional gender gap is dominated in this electorate, which denotes that women are more conservative than men. Secondly, it suggests that the effect of traditional gender gap on the population of women is not homogeneous and factors such as the level of education and age of women reduce or increase the level of their conservatism. Thirdly, by showing a relation between gender gap and subordinate behavior explains a relation between women’s conservatism and their subordinate behavior. Then makes clear that the factors reduce women’s conservatism and women's subordinate behavior are the same. Ultimately, the key idea underlying this paper is that the impact of gender or the gender gap on the electoral behavior of women do not simply biologically or predetermined, but somewhat this behavior is multi-layer and is constructed in the context of community and by the non-gender factors. In the latter instance, the construction of women's political behavior shows the extent to which attention to the mechanism for political empowerment of women is necessary.The impact of gender gap on voting behavior generally is categorized into the traditional gap, convergence and Revisionist patterns. This paper, Firstly By using survey research method and data were collected from 230 eligible male and female voters in Isfahan, makes clear that the first pattern or the traditional gender gap is dominated in this electorate, which denotes that women are more conservative than men. Secondly, it suggests that the effect of traditional gender gap on the population of women is not homogeneous and factors such as the level of education and age of women reduce or increase the level of their conservatism. Thirdly, by showing a relation between gender gap and subordinate behavior explains a relation between women’s conservatism and their subordinate behavior. Then makes clear that the factors reduce women’s conservatism and women's subordinate behavior are the same. Ultimately, the key idea underlying this paper is that the impact of gender or the gender gap on the electoral behavior of women do not simply biologically or predetermined, but somewhat this behavior is multi-layer and is constructed in the context of community and by the non-gender factors. In the latter instance, the construction of women's political behavior shows the extent to which attention to the mechanism for political empowerment of women is necessary.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_35480_c7e274f2fe950fbc3d82d36fb2f245f8.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411120130321Women and Men Entrepreneurs' Motivations in
Industry Sector: Similarities and DifferencesWomen and Men Entrepreneurs' Motivations in
Industry Sector: Similarities and Differences831003548110.22059/jwdp.2013.35481FAZahraArastiAssociate professor- Faculty of entrepreneurship- University of Tehran0000-0002-0962-7913AhmadKananiMaster of entrepreneurship management- University of TehranNavisa SadatSeyedGhasemiJournal Article20130317Introduction/literature review/objectives: one of the influencing factors in entrepreneurship isentrepreneurs' motivations. Some studieshave shown that men and women becomeentrepreneurs with different motivations. However, entrepreneurs' motivations in the industrysector, especially consideringthe sex factor, have been less studied. This study aims toidentify similarities and differences in women and men entrepreneurs' motivations usinga mixmethod research in a sample of entrepreneurs in the industry sector atthe Golestan provinceMethodology: this is a mix method of qualitative exploratory research in order to identifyentrepreneurs' motivations. Data was gathered by deep interviews with 20 entrepreneurs.Then, a quantitative descriptive study was undertakenin order to compare and prioritizewomen and men entrepreneurs' motivations based on data gatheredthrougha predefinedquestionnaire.Results/discussion/analysis: the results of the qualitative study showed that entrepreneurs'motivations in the industry sector are earning money, creating jobs, opportunity exploitation,helping the society, proving competencies, internal satisfaction, and independence. Theresults also showedthat there is asignificant difference between women and menentrepreneurs for two motivations of "proving competencies" and "earning money".Conclusion: These results help policy makers to further focus on the development of women'sentrepreneurship in Iran.Introduction/literature review/objectives: one of the influencing factors in entrepreneurship isentrepreneurs' motivations. Some studieshave shown that men and women becomeentrepreneurs with different motivations. However, entrepreneurs' motivations in the industrysector, especially consideringthe sex factor, have been less studied. This study aims toidentify similarities and differences in women and men entrepreneurs' motivations usinga mixmethod research in a sample of entrepreneurs in the industry sector atthe Golestan provinceMethodology: this is a mix method of qualitative exploratory research in order to identifyentrepreneurs' motivations. Data was gathered by deep interviews with 20 entrepreneurs.Then, a quantitative descriptive study was undertakenin order to compare and prioritizewomen and men entrepreneurs' motivations based on data gatheredthrougha predefinedquestionnaire.Results/discussion/analysis: the results of the qualitative study showed that entrepreneurs'motivations in the industry sector are earning money, creating jobs, opportunity exploitation,helping the society, proving competencies, internal satisfaction, and independence. Theresults also showedthat there is asignificant difference between women and menentrepreneurs for two motivations of "proving competencies" and "earning money".Conclusion: These results help policy makers to further focus on the development of women'sentrepreneurship in Iran.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_35481_007619eedbdde16adf6849f0e993f245.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411120130321Measurement of Factors Affecting the Gap of
Women’s Behavior and Attitude onAppropriate
Age ofMarriage in the City of KoohdashtMeasurement of Factors Affecting the Gap of
Women’s Behavior and Attitude onAppropriate
Age ofMarriage in the City of Koohdasht1011183548210.22059/jwdp.2013.35482FAHatamHosseiniAssistant Professor of Demography, Department of Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University0000-0002-4512-9225MaryamGeravandPostgraduate Student in Social Research, Department of Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina
UniversityJournal Article20130715With the arrivalof modernityin Iranthe society normshave changedandtraditional patterns,especially family pattern, has been under various changes simultaneously. For instance,theaverage age of marriagefor girlshas increased over the past decades. This paper aims todetermine and analyze factors affecting the gap in women’s behavior and attitudes ontheappropriate age ofmarriage for girlsin the city of Koohdasht. Residents of this regionethnically and culturally belong to Lor and Lak ethnic groups. Lack of any knowledgeonmarriage patterns ofwomen of these ethnic groups would necessitate this study. Data istakenfrom a survey conducted on a sample of 395 once-married women living in ordinaryhouseholds atthe city of Koohdasht in April 2013. A combination of sampling techniquesincluding multistage clustering and systematic random sampling were employed. Resultsindicated gaps in women’s behavior and their attitude on the appropriate age ofmarriage. The63 percent of participants proposed a mean age of marriage for girls completely different tothe age of their own marriage. The gaps are mostly in a negative direction. More than 80percent of women took part in the test proposed a higher age for girls’ marriage compared totheir own age of marriage. According to this study, socio-economic status of women,postmaterialist attitudes to marriage, women’s autonomy and age at the time of the studyhadthe most impact on the rate of the gap between women’s behavior and attitudes ontheappropriate age ofmarriage. The results also reflected the fact that the combination ofsocio-economic, demographic characteristics and ethnic-cultural factors could provide a betterexplanation forthe gap in women’s behavior and attitude on theage of marriage.With the arrivalof modernityin Iranthe society normshave changedandtraditional patterns,especially family pattern, has been under various changes simultaneously. For instance,theaverage age of marriagefor girlshas increased over the past decades. This paper aims todetermine and analyze factors affecting the gap in women’s behavior and attitudes ontheappropriate age ofmarriage for girlsin the city of Koohdasht. Residents of this regionethnically and culturally belong to Lor and Lak ethnic groups. Lack of any knowledgeonmarriage patterns ofwomen of these ethnic groups would necessitate this study. Data istakenfrom a survey conducted on a sample of 395 once-married women living in ordinaryhouseholds atthe city of Koohdasht in April 2013. A combination of sampling techniquesincluding multistage clustering and systematic random sampling were employed. Resultsindicated gaps in women’s behavior and their attitude on the appropriate age ofmarriage. The63 percent of participants proposed a mean age of marriage for girls completely different tothe age of their own marriage. The gaps are mostly in a negative direction. More than 80percent of women took part in the test proposed a higher age for girls’ marriage compared totheir own age of marriage. According to this study, socio-economic status of women,postmaterialist attitudes to marriage, women’s autonomy and age at the time of the studyhadthe most impact on the rate of the gap between women’s behavior and attitudes ontheappropriate age ofmarriage. The results also reflected the fact that the combination ofsocio-economic, demographic characteristics and ethnic-cultural factors could provide a betterexplanation forthe gap in women’s behavior and attitude on theage of marriage.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_35482_4360d878e132d5e4f3a622d5edae7d34.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411120130321Assess the relationship between political culture and political behavior the girl students in university of IsfahanAssess the relationship between political culture and political behavior the girl students in university of Isfahan1191343548310.22059/jwdp.2013.35483FAJavadEmamjomehzadehMember of Faculty, Political Science, Isfahan UniversityHavvaEbrahimipourPolitical Science, PhD Student in Isfahan UniversityMahmoudRezaRahbarghaziPolitical Science, PhD Student in Isfahan UniversityMortezaNoeibaghbanPolitical Science, PhD Student in Isfahan UniversityJournal Article20130121Political participation can be considered as one of the indices in social and political development in different countries. Women, who are commonly included in a society, can have essential roles to control a community and its political, social and cultural developments as well. Therefore investigating women's political behavior is especially important to political and dynamical stabilities. The objective of the present paper has been to study the relation between political culture and female students' political deportments in Isfahan. The method used to collect and analyze data is geodesic. The research was done by participating 384 Isfahani female students. The results showed a significant relationship among political culture dimensions (such as cognitive biases; emotional and evaluation biases), political behavior dimensions (voting and political activities during election) and non-election political activities (communicate with authorities, complaining and being a member in political groups).Political participation can be considered as one of the indices in social and political development in different countries. Women, who are commonly included in a society, can have essential roles to control a community and its political, social and cultural developments as well. Therefore investigating women's political behavior is especially important to political and dynamical stabilities. The objective of the present paper has been to study the relation between political culture and female students' political deportments in Isfahan. The method used to collect and analyze data is geodesic. The research was done by participating 384 Isfahani female students. The results showed a significant relationship among political culture dimensions (such as cognitive biases; emotional and evaluation biases), political behavior dimensions (voting and political activities during election) and non-election political activities (communicate with authorities, complaining and being a member in political groups).https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_35483_a2daf6d006b9b09d13bdb15017a4d714.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411120130321The Effect of Resources Available to Women on
Decision-making Power in the Family
(Case study: Babol)The Effect of Resources Available to Women on
Decision-making Power in the Family
(Case study: Babol)1351523548510.22059/jwdp.2013.35485FAHooshangNayebiAssistant professor of social science, university of TehranMeimanatGolshaniMaster of women`s studiesJournal Article20121009This research is related to power conception and aims to investigate factors affectingwomen`s decision-making power in families. To do this, the Resources theory has been reliedon in this research. Based on the Resources theory, occupation, education, income, job statusand property are the factors related to women`s decision-making power in families. In thisinvestigation, data was collected through the survey method and questionnairemethod.Thesamples were 350 jobless and employed married women in Babolwhich was taken by themulti-stage cluster sampling. The results showedthat women`s power is generally high infamilies and some variables such as job, educationand assetare the factors increasingwomen`s power. However, there is no relationship between income and job status andwomen`s power in families.This research is related to power conception and aims to investigate factors affectingwomen`s decision-making power in families. To do this, the Resources theory has been reliedon in this research. Based on the Resources theory, occupation, education, income, job statusand property are the factors related to women`s decision-making power in families. In thisinvestigation, data was collected through the survey method and questionnairemethod.Thesamples were 350 jobless and employed married women in Babolwhich was taken by themulti-stage cluster sampling. The results showedthat women`s power is generally high infamilies and some variables such as job, educationand assetare the factors increasingwomen`s power. However, there is no relationship between income and job status andwomen`s power in families.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_35485_c45ff238efdaeb27177502d90e93f60b.pdf