Center for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411320130923Cultural globalization and social acceptance of the Body; Case Study: Women in Kermanshah CityCultural globalization and social acceptance of the Body; Case Study: Women in Kermanshah City2913143653010.22059/jwdp.2013.36530FABijanKhajenooriCorresponding author: Associate Professor of Sociology Department, Social Science College, Shiraz University, IranLeilaParnianM.Sc. in Women Studies, Social Science College, Shiraz University, IranJournal Article20131008This paper is to examine the relationship between cultural globalization and the social acceptance of the body in girls and women in Kermanshah city. Synthesized theoretical framework was formulated by following the theories of Giddens and Robertson. The method of this study was survey and the main research tool was questionnaire. The sampling method used in the survey was multi-stage share random sampling. Sample size estimated according to Lin Table was 600. The results show a significant relationship between the modernism, reflection, sex role attitude, foreign mass media and globalization consciousness (R<sup>2</sup>=28.8) with social acceptance of the body (total).This paper is to examine the relationship between cultural globalization and the social acceptance of the body in girls and women in Kermanshah city. Synthesized theoretical framework was formulated by following the theories of Giddens and Robertson. The method of this study was survey and the main research tool was questionnaire. The sampling method used in the survey was multi-stage share random sampling. Sample size estimated according to Lin Table was 600. The results show a significant relationship between the modernism, reflection, sex role attitude, foreign mass media and globalization consciousness (R<sup>2</sup>=28.8) with social acceptance of the body (total).https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_36530_7d0d1c39656d0b6dbc39505f182c0593.pdfCenter for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411320130923Surveying educational inequalities in among female and male high school students in Western Azerbaijan ProvinceSurveying educational inequalities in among female and male high school students in Western Azerbaijan Province3153323653110.22059/jwdp.2013.36531FAMohammadHassaniAssociate Professor in Educational AdministrationMaryamSameriPh.D. Students in Educational Administration, Urmia UniversityMirmohammadSeyedabbaszadehProfessor in Educational AdministrationMirnajafMousaviAssistant Professor in City PlaningJournal Article20131209This study examines educational inequalities between boys and girls in secondary schools by using context, space, human resources, education coverage, education process, outputs and outcomes as comparative indicators. The research study is a descriptive - analytical survey. The required data have been collected through both using documents and questionnaires. Using stratified random sampling, the questionnaires were distributed among a sample of 815 high school students (419 boys and 396 girls) in province of Western Azerbaijan. Validity of questionnaires has been confirmed by using factor analysis and reliability by using Cronbach’s Alfa. The findings suggest that in the context of inequality, except for educational sensitivity of parents no other variable showed a significant difference between boys and girls. Given the disparity in the space, human resources and educational coverage indicators,, a significant inequality is evident between boys and girls. As to the question of inequality in educational processes, apart from inequality in the justice treatment, there is no significant difference between boys and girls. For the question of inequality in outputs and outcomes, the educational success of female students as well as their higher percentage of passing the university entrance and developed motivation toward school, shows higher status of girls.This study examines educational inequalities between boys and girls in secondary schools by using context, space, human resources, education coverage, education process, outputs and outcomes as comparative indicators. The research study is a descriptive - analytical survey. The required data have been collected through both using documents and questionnaires. Using stratified random sampling, the questionnaires were distributed among a sample of 815 high school students (419 boys and 396 girls) in province of Western Azerbaijan. Validity of questionnaires has been confirmed by using factor analysis and reliability by using Cronbach’s Alfa. The findings suggest that in the context of inequality, except for educational sensitivity of parents no other variable showed a significant difference between boys and girls. Given the disparity in the space, human resources and educational coverage indicators,, a significant inequality is evident between boys and girls. As to the question of inequality in educational processes, apart from inequality in the justice treatment, there is no significant difference between boys and girls. For the question of inequality in outputs and outcomes, the educational success of female students as well as their higher percentage of passing the university entrance and developed motivation toward school, shows higher status of girls.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_36531_f8e129c278bf862a7f0d12efcfcb9003.pdfCenter for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411320130923Barriers of women's access to managerial positions from women managers' viewpoint; Case Study: Bandarabbas CityBarriers of women's access to managerial positions from women managers' viewpoint; Case Study: Bandarabbas City3333493653210.22059/jwdp.2013.36532FARezaAhmadi KahnaliAssistant Professor of management, Hormozgan universityMohammad RezaBehboudiAssistant Professor of l management, Hormozgan universityTahereJamjoorMA student of management in Hormozgan universityJournal Article20131125The recent increasing number of women in organizations has not been associated with their appropriate positions. Therefore, potential capacity of half of active workforce is not utilized fully in managerial positions for organizational success. This study investigates why women are less likely to achieve higher positions in organizations .The study identifies barriers of women's access to managerial positions through a qualitative research methods. The data are collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with female executives of governmental organizations located in Bandar Abbas. Qualitative data have been analyzed according to Colaizzi’s seven stages process with MAX QDA software. The results show that four categories of barriers including personal barriers (14 items including marriage and children, lack of support from family and husband, etc.), organizational barriers (19 items including negative mindset and viewpoint of decisions makers and managers, preference of men to women in equal conditions, etc.), social barriers (4 items including social culture and men-dominant culture, lack of believing the competency of women, etc.), and Legal barriers (5 items including pregnancy-leave law, obedience of wife from husband, etc.), are the main obstacles of women for achieving higher managerial positions in Iranian organizations. At the end, the study proposed some practical solutions such as identifying and introducing successful women mangers to overcome the obstacles.The recent increasing number of women in organizations has not been associated with their appropriate positions. Therefore, potential capacity of half of active workforce is not utilized fully in managerial positions for organizational success. This study investigates why women are less likely to achieve higher positions in organizations .The study identifies barriers of women's access to managerial positions through a qualitative research methods. The data are collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with female executives of governmental organizations located in Bandar Abbas. Qualitative data have been analyzed according to Colaizzi’s seven stages process with MAX QDA software. The results show that four categories of barriers including personal barriers (14 items including marriage and children, lack of support from family and husband, etc.), organizational barriers (19 items including negative mindset and viewpoint of decisions makers and managers, preference of men to women in equal conditions, etc.), social barriers (4 items including social culture and men-dominant culture, lack of believing the competency of women, etc.), and Legal barriers (5 items including pregnancy-leave law, obedience of wife from husband, etc.), are the main obstacles of women for achieving higher managerial positions in Iranian organizations. At the end, the study proposed some practical solutions such as identifying and introducing successful women mangers to overcome the obstacles.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_36532_758b314c4051c310f505a201c1286353.pdfCenter for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411320130923Transformations of women participation in urban public space; Case Study: Eal-Guly and Khaghani parks in TabrizTransformations of women participation in urban public space; Case Study: Eal-Guly and Khaghani parks in Tabriz3513763653310.22059/jwdp.2013.36533FAAhmadPourahmadFull Prof, in Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of TehranYousefAshrafiCorresponding author, Ph.D. Student in Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of TehranTalaRashidyM.A. in Urban planning, Arak Islamic Azad UniversityJournal Article20130917In recent decades, changes can be observed around the presence of women in urban public spaces. This paper investigates on the presence of women in these spaces in terms of selectivity or necessity. Method of research is survey and questionnaire is used to collect data. The statistical sample includes 128 male and 133 female residents of the city of Tabriz that are studied with random sampling. According to the research findings, freedom and independence of women for attending in public spaces is less than those of men. Family restrictions, female specific tasks and lack of performing suitable activities for women in public spaces such as park are the most important limiting factors for the presence of women in public spaces. The presence of women in this sphere has been intensively increased. With regard to the extensive presence of women in academic, educational and working centers, part of this increase is inevitable. Another reason is related to the reduction of men and households' resistance against women for their presence in public spheres. In other words, social attitudes (including both groups of women and men) have been transformed toward urban public spaces and participation of women in these spaces.In recent decades, changes can be observed around the presence of women in urban public spaces. This paper investigates on the presence of women in these spaces in terms of selectivity or necessity. Method of research is survey and questionnaire is used to collect data. The statistical sample includes 128 male and 133 female residents of the city of Tabriz that are studied with random sampling. According to the research findings, freedom and independence of women for attending in public spaces is less than those of men. Family restrictions, female specific tasks and lack of performing suitable activities for women in public spaces such as park are the most important limiting factors for the presence of women in public spaces. The presence of women in this sphere has been intensively increased. With regard to the extensive presence of women in academic, educational and working centers, part of this increase is inevitable. Another reason is related to the reduction of men and households' resistance against women for their presence in public spheres. In other words, social attitudes (including both groups of women and men) have been transformed toward urban public spaces and participation of women in these spaces.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_36533_9d0650fba6ad19a0efd6ea724a2af7a5.pdfCenter for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411320130923The effect of economic– social variables on burgess female suicide of Iran (2006-2009)The effect of economic– social variables on burgess female suicide of Iran (2006-2009)3773923653410.22059/jwdp.2013.36534FAZahraNasrolahiAssociate Professor, Department of Economic, Faculty of Economic, Management and Accounting, Yazd University, YazdEzatollahLotfiMSc Student, Department of Economic, Faculty of Economic, Management and Accounting, Yazd University, YazdAtiehHonardoustMA Economic, Mofid University0000-0002-2632-5044Journal Article20131222The rate of suicide globally and in Iran is increasing. Suicide destroys human capital and poses huge obstacles for the improvement of women’s health and for the wider public health agenda. The main objectives of this paper is to review the available evidence on suicide in Iran as well as to explore the underlying causes and reasons for suicidal tendencies among Iranian women. The paper tests whether economic inequality, unemployment, urbanization and the rate of divorce is related to suicide mortality. Using an unbalanced panel of 30 cities for the period 2006-2009 allows us to control for the effect of unobserved factors that may have an impact on suicide rates. The results show that unemployment, inequality, urbanization and divorce rate is significantly associated with female suicide rates. Our results indicate that there is a statistically insignificant positive effect of unemployment, inequality, urbanization and divorce rate on the incidence of suicide. Finally, suicide rates were not sensitive to income levels, divorce rates. The paper suggest the need for further and deeper investigation on other effective indicators.The rate of suicide globally and in Iran is increasing. Suicide destroys human capital and poses huge obstacles for the improvement of women’s health and for the wider public health agenda. The main objectives of this paper is to review the available evidence on suicide in Iran as well as to explore the underlying causes and reasons for suicidal tendencies among Iranian women. The paper tests whether economic inequality, unemployment, urbanization and the rate of divorce is related to suicide mortality. Using an unbalanced panel of 30 cities for the period 2006-2009 allows us to control for the effect of unobserved factors that may have an impact on suicide rates. The results show that unemployment, inequality, urbanization and divorce rate is significantly associated with female suicide rates. Our results indicate that there is a statistically insignificant positive effect of unemployment, inequality, urbanization and divorce rate on the incidence of suicide. Finally, suicide rates were not sensitive to income levels, divorce rates. The paper suggest the need for further and deeper investigation on other effective indicators.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_36534_b6f24d1166f6dd4cee9898d093a35587.pdfCenter for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411320130923Gender approach in measuring emotional intelligence and students’ entrepreneurship competenciesGender approach in measuring emotional intelligence and students’ entrepreneurship competencies3934103653510.22059/jwdp.2013.36535FARohollahRezaeiAssistant professor, University of ZanjanMohammadBadsarAssistant professor, University of ZanjanNafisehSalahi MoghadamMSc Student, University of ZanjanJournal Article20131124There are new evidences to suggest that personality and emotional intelligence play a significant role in origin of entrepreneurship. However, few studies are carried out in this area particularly with regard to gender differences among individuals. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence on students’ entrepreneurship competencies in agricultural fields of Zanjan University and to examine the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurship competencies. The target population of the study contained all M.Sc. students in agriculture faculty of Zanjan University (n=366). According to Krejcie and Morgan table, a sample size of 280 was selected using a stratified random sampling method (n=280). A questionnaire was used to collect the data. A panel of faculty members in University of Zanjan confirmed the content validity of the questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted to establish the reliability of the instrument. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the main scales of questionnaire was at appropriate level. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) multivariate technique. The results showed that emotional intelligence had a positive and significant effect on dependent variable of entrepreneurship competencies explaining about 35 percent of its variances. Also, the result indicated that gender had a moderating effect on the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurship competencies; so that the relationship was non-significant for male students, whereas it was positive and significant for female students.There are new evidences to suggest that personality and emotional intelligence play a significant role in origin of entrepreneurship. However, few studies are carried out in this area particularly with regard to gender differences among individuals. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence on students’ entrepreneurship competencies in agricultural fields of Zanjan University and to examine the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurship competencies. The target population of the study contained all M.Sc. students in agriculture faculty of Zanjan University (n=366). According to Krejcie and Morgan table, a sample size of 280 was selected using a stratified random sampling method (n=280). A questionnaire was used to collect the data. A panel of faculty members in University of Zanjan confirmed the content validity of the questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted to establish the reliability of the instrument. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the main scales of questionnaire was at appropriate level. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) multivariate technique. The results showed that emotional intelligence had a positive and significant effect on dependent variable of entrepreneurship competencies explaining about 35 percent of its variances. Also, the result indicated that gender had a moderating effect on the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurship competencies; so that the relationship was non-significant for male students, whereas it was positive and significant for female students.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_36535_5b15f641a089ba4838591513b582f9b3.pdfCenter for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411320130923Assessment of female-headed household’s food security and the affecting factors; Case Study: Women in Razan CityAssessment of female-headed household’s food security and the affecting factors; Case Study: Women in Razan City4114263653610.22059/jwdp.2013.36536FAHeshmatollahSaadiAssociate Professor, Agricultural Extension & Education Department, Bu Ali Sina UniversityHajarVahdat MoaddabMs.c student of rural development, Bu Ali Sina UniversityJournal Article20131005Female heads of households are responsible for the material and spiritual needs of the families because of a deceased, missing, separated, divorced, addicted, disabled (permanent or temporary), imprisonment, ill or military deployed male head of households. Survey research was employed in the study. The target population includes rural women heads of households Razan city. Following Cochran’s formula, a sample of 92 participants was randomly selected. After an extensive literature review, a standardized questionnaire for measure of household food insecurity was used. The questionnaire reliability which is estimated by Cronbach’s Alpha was 89.5.Findings of research indicated that food security for 25 percent of women in over and 75 percent of them are different degrees of food insecurity. So food security have significant relationship with factors such as education, the number of children under 18 years old, supervisory status, and home ownership.Female heads of households are responsible for the material and spiritual needs of the families because of a deceased, missing, separated, divorced, addicted, disabled (permanent or temporary), imprisonment, ill or military deployed male head of households. Survey research was employed in the study. The target population includes rural women heads of households Razan city. Following Cochran’s formula, a sample of 92 participants was randomly selected. After an extensive literature review, a standardized questionnaire for measure of household food insecurity was used. The questionnaire reliability which is estimated by Cronbach’s Alpha was 89.5.Findings of research indicated that food security for 25 percent of women in over and 75 percent of them are different degrees of food insecurity. So food security have significant relationship with factors such as education, the number of children under 18 years old, supervisory status, and home ownership.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_36536_ea63b19ff83e86f28d0fcddd520717ea.pdfCenter for women's and family Studies ,University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312411320130923The study of effects of women's employment on family and social relationships among women working in Aran & BidgolThe study of effects of women's employment on family and social relationships among women working in Aran & Bidgol4274513653710.22059/jwdp.2013.36537FAAsad AllahBabaei FardAssistant Professor of Sociology, Kashan UniversityJournal Article20131027This study investigates the effect of women's employment on <em>F</em><em>amily</em> and <em>S</em><em>ocial</em> <em>R</em><em>elations</em> in the city of Aran & Bidgol. The theoretical framework of research is Role Conflict theory. Survey methods is used in this study and the statistical population included all women working in the city of Aran & Bidgol. Using Cochran's formula and <em>S</em><em>imple</em><em> R</em><em>andom Sampling</em>, 250 married women were selected as research sample. Statistical tests show that there is meaningful and direct relationship between <em>C</em><em>onflict</em><em>in</em><em> S</em><em>ocial</em><em> R</em><em>elations</em>, <em>C</em><em>onflict</em><em> in H</em><em>ousekeeping</em>, <em>C</em><em>onflict in Spouse</em><em> H</em><em>andling</em>, <em>Conflict in Children Handling</em>,<em> Age</em>, <em>N</em><em>umber of Children </em>and <em>Work P</em><em>ressures</em>. There is also an inverse relation between <em>E</em><em>ducation</em> and <em>W</em><em>orking Pressure. </em>In the <em>M</em><em>ultivariate</em><em> A</em><em>nalysis</em> and <em>P</em><em>ath </em><em>A</em><em>nalysis</em> among the four first variables, only two variables, namely <em>C</em><em>onflict</em><em>in</em><em> S</em><em>ocial</em><em> R</em><em>elations </em>and <em>C</em><em>onflict</em><em> in H</em><em>ousekeeping</em>, entered into the regression equation and other variables are out of the equation. As a result, <em>Work P</em><em>ressure</em> on employed women creates effects on their <em>S</em><em>ocial</em><em> R</em><em>elations and</em> <em>H</em><em>ousekeeping</em> that in trurn, creates new conflicts for them. The paper argues how <em>R</em><em>ole</em><em> C</em><em>onflicts</em>, in particular<em> Work P</em><em>ressures</em>, can create risks for physical and mental health of working women.This study investigates the effect of women's employment on <em>F</em><em>amily</em> and <em>S</em><em>ocial</em> <em>R</em><em>elations</em> in the city of Aran & Bidgol. The theoretical framework of research is Role Conflict theory. Survey methods is used in this study and the statistical population included all women working in the city of Aran & Bidgol. Using Cochran's formula and <em>S</em><em>imple</em><em> R</em><em>andom Sampling</em>, 250 married women were selected as research sample. Statistical tests show that there is meaningful and direct relationship between <em>C</em><em>onflict</em><em>in</em><em> S</em><em>ocial</em><em> R</em><em>elations</em>, <em>C</em><em>onflict</em><em> in H</em><em>ousekeeping</em>, <em>C</em><em>onflict in Spouse</em><em> H</em><em>andling</em>, <em>Conflict in Children Handling</em>,<em> Age</em>, <em>N</em><em>umber of Children </em>and <em>Work P</em><em>ressures</em>. There is also an inverse relation between <em>E</em><em>ducation</em> and <em>W</em><em>orking Pressure. </em>In the <em>M</em><em>ultivariate</em><em> A</em><em>nalysis</em> and <em>P</em><em>ath </em><em>A</em><em>nalysis</em> among the four first variables, only two variables, namely <em>C</em><em>onflict</em><em>in</em><em> S</em><em>ocial</em><em> R</em><em>elations </em>and <em>C</em><em>onflict</em><em> in H</em><em>ousekeeping</em>, entered into the regression equation and other variables are out of the equation. As a result, <em>Work P</em><em>ressure</em> on employed women creates effects on their <em>S</em><em>ocial</em><em> R</em><em>elations and</em> <em>H</em><em>ousekeeping</em> that in trurn, creates new conflicts for them. The paper argues how <em>R</em><em>ole</em><em> C</em><em>onflicts</em>, in particular<em> Work P</em><em>ressures</em>, can create risks for physical and mental health of working women.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_36537_e59a0d557806dd026ab8baa47bf1ac85.pdf