University of TehranWomen in Development & Politics2538-313213220150622A gender analysis on spending and saving money among families in TehranA gender analysis on spending and saving money among families in Tehran1511705598810.22059/jwdp.2015.55988FASoheilaAlirezanejadAssociate Professor, Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, IranSaharKhakpoorMA in Sociology, Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, IranJournal Article20150720Money and the way people spend it may cause lots of tension among family members; therefore, it is important to concentrate on money and the way it is spent. This article aims to address how women and men treat money as well as their differences and similarities. A mixed method (field research and survey) was designed to answer this question. Qualitative data was gathered by using semi structured interview and questionnaire was the data collection technique in survey. Findings showed that women, in comparison with men, usually spend money with special purpose. The same feature is seen about saving money- and even spending this saved money- women usually play the role of an executive function but men have strategic control over money. Women and men define their own personal expenses differently. The amount and pattern of saving money among women vary based on age but such trend is not observed among men.Money and the way people spend it may cause lots of tension among family members; therefore, it is important to concentrate on money and the way it is spent. This article aims to address how women and men treat money as well as their differences and similarities. A mixed method (field research and survey) was designed to answer this question. Qualitative data was gathered by using semi structured interview and questionnaire was the data collection technique in survey. Findings showed that women, in comparison with men, usually spend money with special purpose. The same feature is seen about saving money- and even spending this saved money- women usually play the role of an executive function but men have strategic control over money. Women and men define their own personal expenses differently. The amount and pattern of saving money among women vary based on age but such trend is not observed among men.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_55988_54debfdd4c1276aef4d3d44ac66eeccc.pdfUniversity of TehranWomen in Development & Politics2538-313213220150622Qualitative analysis of violent crimes committed by women: contexts and motivationsQualitative analysis of violent crimes committed by women: contexts and motivations1711925598910.22059/jwdp.2015.55989FASoheylaSadeghi FasaeiAssociate Professor of Sociology, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMarziyeEbrahimiPhD in Sociology, Investigation of Social Issues, University of Tehran, IranJournal Article20150921While men’s violence is assessed within their social life, women’s violence is attributed to personal factors, such as mental stress, aggression and/or womanish nervousness, regardless of social factors. Unlike such a common interpretation that tries to associate violence of women with interpretations of stereotypes and individual, in this article, violence of women will be explained in terms of life experiences. The present study is a qualitative study conducted by in-depth interviews with 30 women who have been in prison for committing violent crimes at the time of the interviews (between 2012 to 2014), it was found that women are mainly exposed to violence, and the interpretation of violent crimes of women is not possible regardless of structural inequalities, gender inequalities, marginalization and powerlessness. The story of the women interviewed shows that women’s violence reflects their lifestyle which is intertwined by the exclusions and discrimination of individual, family and community; in other words, women’s violence can be considered as a kind of opposition against the conditions that constantly put them into the victim position. Backgrounds and lifestyles of the women under study show that many of them experienced physical, emotional, mental violence and sexual abuse during their childhood, or they have constantly been exposed to mandatory and aggressive relationship due to forced and early marriage which in fact reflects the cultural definitions of the role of men.While men’s violence is assessed within their social life, women’s violence is attributed to personal factors, such as mental stress, aggression and/or womanish nervousness, regardless of social factors. Unlike such a common interpretation that tries to associate violence of women with interpretations of stereotypes and individual, in this article, violence of women will be explained in terms of life experiences. The present study is a qualitative study conducted by in-depth interviews with 30 women who have been in prison for committing violent crimes at the time of the interviews (between 2012 to 2014), it was found that women are mainly exposed to violence, and the interpretation of violent crimes of women is not possible regardless of structural inequalities, gender inequalities, marginalization and powerlessness. The story of the women interviewed shows that women’s violence reflects their lifestyle which is intertwined by the exclusions and discrimination of individual, family and community; in other words, women’s violence can be considered as a kind of opposition against the conditions that constantly put them into the victim position. Backgrounds and lifestyles of the women under study show that many of them experienced physical, emotional, mental violence and sexual abuse during their childhood, or they have constantly been exposed to mandatory and aggressive relationship due to forced and early marriage which in fact reflects the cultural definitions of the role of men.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_55989_2ad0cb2fc23a75d8911d04754de72b14.pdfUniversity of TehranWomen in Development & Politics2538-313213220150622Qualitative studies on smoking hookah among girls and young women (Case study: Shiraz city)Qualitative studies on smoking hookah among girls and young women (Case study: Shiraz city)1932245599010.22059/jwdp.2015.55990FAMehranSohrab ZadeAssociate Professor of Sociology, Kashan University, Kashan, IranLeilaParnianPhD Candidate in Sociology, Kashan University, Kashan, IranJournal Article20150926This article aims to study the causes, strategies and consequences of tobacco consumption among women and young girls. This research using qualitative methods, data-driven approach to theorizing (grounded theory) and a semi-structured interview technique was interactive. The population of the study included women and young girls, living in the city of Shiraz. Using purposeful and theoretical sampling, 37 girls and women who were involved in these types of using tobacco, were interviewed. The results showed that the subjects turned to using water-pipe due to some factors including: friendship, equalitarian, modernization, enjoyment, change in leisure activity and pressure. Two factors (lack of barriers and adjacent areas) as well as the underlying cause (adjacent family) are intervening factors in smoking hookah. The strategy of girls and young women in using hookah include: continued use- hidden or in public, suggests abstinence from, intensification of and change in consumption pattern. Based on the current study, smoking tobacco has given rise to spread of disorder and damage, regret and guilty conscience, and social disrespect.This article aims to study the causes, strategies and consequences of tobacco consumption among women and young girls. This research using qualitative methods, data-driven approach to theorizing (grounded theory) and a semi-structured interview technique was interactive. The population of the study included women and young girls, living in the city of Shiraz. Using purposeful and theoretical sampling, 37 girls and women who were involved in these types of using tobacco, were interviewed. The results showed that the subjects turned to using water-pipe due to some factors including: friendship, equalitarian, modernization, enjoyment, change in leisure activity and pressure. Two factors (lack of barriers and adjacent areas) as well as the underlying cause (adjacent family) are intervening factors in smoking hookah. The strategy of girls and young women in using hookah include: continued use- hidden or in public, suggests abstinence from, intensification of and change in consumption pattern. Based on the current study, smoking tobacco has given rise to spread of disorder and damage, regret and guilty conscience, and social disrespect.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_55990_365a9ca3eb733b67a5b555d131cf2b9a.pdfUniversity of TehranWomen in Development & Politics2538-313213220150622What women and men Want: gender differences in mate preference of online dating servicesWhat women and men Want: gender differences in mate preference of online dating services2252445599110.22059/jwdp.2015.55991FAAliShakouriAssociate Professor, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranZeynabShafiyiPhD Student, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20150711This paper studies the effect of gender differences in mate preference in one of the major Iranian online dating services. To best of our knowledge, there are only few similar studies conducted with this objective focusing on Iran. A quantitative approach is used in this paper which is inferred from a database of approximately 84 thousands of users from various geographical locations inside Iran. Statistical analysis of this paper concentrates on two important criteria: (1) Personal/Parental qualities (which include: honesty, kindness, faith and trustworthiness, fidelity, being funny and loving travel) and (2) Attractiveness/Social Status (which includes: looks, education, income, family status and being born in Tehran). The study concludes that men tends to prefer qualities such as looks, honesty and fidelity while women mostly prefer qualities such as being born in Tehran, education, faith and trustworthiness, family status and income over other qualities.This paper studies the effect of gender differences in mate preference in one of the major Iranian online dating services. To best of our knowledge, there are only few similar studies conducted with this objective focusing on Iran. A quantitative approach is used in this paper which is inferred from a database of approximately 84 thousands of users from various geographical locations inside Iran. Statistical analysis of this paper concentrates on two important criteria: (1) Personal/Parental qualities (which include: honesty, kindness, faith and trustworthiness, fidelity, being funny and loving travel) and (2) Attractiveness/Social Status (which includes: looks, education, income, family status and being born in Tehran). The study concludes that men tends to prefer qualities such as looks, honesty and fidelity while women mostly prefer qualities such as being born in Tehran, education, faith and trustworthiness, family status and income over other qualities.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_55991_ae6b957b86cdb720f9bf23bddf00c42a.pdfUniversity of TehranWomen in Development & Politics2538-313213220150622Gender equality and fertility in IranGender equality and fertility in Iran2452625599210.22059/jwdp.2015.55992FAZahraAfshariProfessor of Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20150627Using cross-provinces and panel regressions, this paper investigates the interrelationship between gender equality and fertility in Iran for the period 2007-2012. The article attempts to explain the low fertility rate in Iran by distinguishing between two types of gender equity, i.e. gender equity in individual-oriented institutions and gender equity in family-oriented institutions. For this purpose, two models; i.e. fertility and gender equality, are estimated. The first model shows that as gender equality (in general, and gender equality in labor market) increases, fertility follows a U shape pattern. The second model confirms a U shape relationship between fertility increase and gender equality (in general and in education). The results show that the transition from very high fertility to replacement-level fertility in Iran has been associated with a rapid shift toward high levels of gender equity in individual institutions such as education but with low levels of equality in market employment, in combination with high level of gender equity within the family and low level of family-oriented institutions.Using cross-provinces and panel regressions, this paper investigates the interrelationship between gender equality and fertility in Iran for the period 2007-2012. The article attempts to explain the low fertility rate in Iran by distinguishing between two types of gender equity, i.e. gender equity in individual-oriented institutions and gender equity in family-oriented institutions. For this purpose, two models; i.e. fertility and gender equality, are estimated. The first model shows that as gender equality (in general, and gender equality in labor market) increases, fertility follows a U shape pattern. The second model confirms a U shape relationship between fertility increase and gender equality (in general and in education). The results show that the transition from very high fertility to replacement-level fertility in Iran has been associated with a rapid shift toward high levels of gender equity in individual institutions such as education but with low levels of equality in market employment, in combination with high level of gender equity within the family and low level of family-oriented institutions.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_55992_4151ae89dd1b4f15714d99a8b5f7ff8c.pdfUniversity of TehranWomen in Development & Politics2538-313213220150622Assessment of the relationship between gender, culture and distribution of power in the organizationAssessment of the relationship between gender, culture and distribution of power in the organization2632895599310.22059/jwdp.2015.55993FARezvanHossein GholizadehAssistant Professor, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranZahraGhasemiM.A. Student of Educational Management, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranSajedehNaseri SadeghM.A. Student of Educational Management, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranArezooAhmad AbadiM.A. Student of Educational Management, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20150617Despite the presence of women in higher education and qualification levels of public decency, a small number of women have been appointed to management positions; therefore, they are less powerful than men in organizational decision-making processes. In this research, organizational culture and consequently gender as the most important factor influencing corporate power distribution is considered. The study is descriptive correlational. The target population included all staff of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (1250 subjects). The sample size was selected to be 300. A questionnaire was used to collect the required data; the results showed that there is a significant relationship between organizational culture and distribution of power. Organizational culture predicts the distribution of power within the organization. There was a significant difference in terms of distribution of power between the two groups. According to the mean values of the two groups of men and women, it can be concluded that distribution of power for men in the organization is significantly more compared to women. .Despite the presence of women in higher education and qualification levels of public decency, a small number of women have been appointed to management positions; therefore, they are less powerful than men in organizational decision-making processes. In this research, organizational culture and consequently gender as the most important factor influencing corporate power distribution is considered. The study is descriptive correlational. The target population included all staff of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (1250 subjects). The sample size was selected to be 300. A questionnaire was used to collect the required data; the results showed that there is a significant relationship between organizational culture and distribution of power. Organizational culture predicts the distribution of power within the organization. There was a significant difference in terms of distribution of power between the two groups. According to the mean values of the two groups of men and women, it can be concluded that distribution of power for men in the organization is significantly more compared to women. .https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_55993_0c3ebe2268ee170a117718411418d7b2.pdfUniversity of TehranWomen in Development & Politics2538-313213220150622Assessment of the impact of family power structure on fertility rate in Tehran CityAssessment of the impact of family power structure on fertility rate in Tehran City2913085599410.22059/jwdp.2015.55994FAZeynabKaveh FirouzAssistant Professor, Demography, Kharazmi University, IranFaribaKaramiM.A. in Sociology, Kharazmi University, IranJournal Article20150907In the last few decades, Iran has experienced sharp fertility decline. Studies indicate that women have a major role in childbearing; therefore, their empowerment and autonomy will lead to changes in their fertility behavior. This paper examines the relationship between family power structure and fertility behavior in the Tehran city. The data is collected from around 400 women in Tehran who are married and have at least one child. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there is an insignificant relationship between fertility and access to valuable resources (education, employment, and economic capital), women autonomy, division of household labor, attitudes to gender inequality and family power structure. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicated that among all different variables, access to valuable resources and division of household labor are the strong determinants of dependent variable; as fertility rate reduces with the rise in access to valuable resources and decline in partnership in division of household labor. Women’s autonomy is another important variable affecting fertility rate; as fertility rate reduces with the rise in women’s autonomy. Given the results of this study, population policies in Iran in order to facilitate childbearing for couples should provide opportunities by which women can continue their economic activity, have their social participation, maintain and strengthen their power in family as well as promote childbearing.In the last few decades, Iran has experienced sharp fertility decline. Studies indicate that women have a major role in childbearing; therefore, their empowerment and autonomy will lead to changes in their fertility behavior. This paper examines the relationship between family power structure and fertility behavior in the Tehran city. The data is collected from around 400 women in Tehran who are married and have at least one child. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there is an insignificant relationship between fertility and access to valuable resources (education, employment, and economic capital), women autonomy, division of household labor, attitudes to gender inequality and family power structure. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicated that among all different variables, access to valuable resources and division of household labor are the strong determinants of dependent variable; as fertility rate reduces with the rise in access to valuable resources and decline in partnership in division of household labor. Women’s autonomy is another important variable affecting fertility rate; as fertility rate reduces with the rise in women’s autonomy. Given the results of this study, population policies in Iran in order to facilitate childbearing for couples should provide opportunities by which women can continue their economic activity, have their social participation, maintain and strengthen their power in family as well as promote childbearing.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_55994_4e6745e2e9f7a4d41adf9bb584b94a4d.pdfUniversity of TehranWomen in Development & Politics2538-313213220150622English AbstractsEnglish Abstracts175721910.22059/jwdp.2015.57219FAJournal Article20160417https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_57219_194461594f0cba2c6360ee150313184f.pdf