Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tehran Woman in Development & Politics 2538-3124 13 4 2015 12 22 Conservative views and the effect of gender gaps (Case study: Students of University of Isfahan) Conservative views and the effect of gender gaps (Case study: Students of University of Isfahan) 455 468 58130 10.22059/jwdp.2015.58130 FA Mahhmoodreza Rahbarghazi Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran Hossein Masoudnia Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran Zahra Sadeghi Naghdali PhD., Department of Political Science, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2016 01 02 Investigations and studies in 1960’s and 1970’s indicate that in some political, cultural, and economic issues, as well as party identity, men think differently from women so that women have relatively strong conservative tendencies. But new findings indicate that since 1980’s women’s degree of conservatism has degreased. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the existence or inexistence of such differences among groups of women and men in the studied population. To do so, the research population includes all students of universities of in Isfahan City. From among them, 914 participants were selected using the cluster sampling method. The results of this research indicate that women in cultural and political domains are more conservative than men. But in economic issues, men supported free markets and privatizing the economy more than women. This issue indicates that women have less economic conservative tendencies than men. In addition, investigating findings more closely show that the effect size between the gender variable and conservative components are moderate only in terms of cultural conservatism, and in the rest of hypotheses, the effect size was small. Therefore, it can be concluded that except for cultural domains in which there are relatively profound gaps among men and women, in other domains of the society, these gender gaps have been relatively degreasing and fading. Investigations and studies in 1960’s and 1970’s indicate that in some political, cultural, and economic issues, as well as party identity, men think differently from women so that women have relatively strong conservative tendencies. But new findings indicate that since 1980’s women’s degree of conservatism has degreased. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the existence or inexistence of such differences among groups of women and men in the studied population. To do so, the research population includes all students of universities of in Isfahan City. From among them, 914 participants were selected using the cluster sampling method. The results of this research indicate that women in cultural and political domains are more conservative than men. But in economic issues, men supported free markets and privatizing the economy more than women. This issue indicates that women have less economic conservative tendencies than men. In addition, investigating findings more closely show that the effect size between the gender variable and conservative components are moderate only in terms of cultural conservatism, and in the rest of hypotheses, the effect size was small. Therefore, it can be concluded that except for cultural domains in which there are relatively profound gaps among men and women, in other domains of the society, these gender gaps have been relatively degreasing and fading.

https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_58130_12430a7b053c4fa1e5ed9b85dc45fcf5.pdf

Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tehran Woman in Development & Politics 2538-3124 13 4 2015 12 22 Qualitative content analysis of elementary textbooks based on gender orientation Qualitative content analysis of elementary textbooks based on gender orientation 469 485 58131 10.22059/jwdp.2015.58131 FA Rahmatallah Marzooghi Associate Professor, Curriculim Studis, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Sirus Mansoori PhD Student, Curriculum Studies, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Journal Article 2016 01 18 The aim of this study was the content analysis of elementary textbooks based on gender orientation. Method of research was qualitative content analysis. Statistical population was textbooks of the elementary. Statistical sample of research includes Heavenly gifts (Hediehaye Asmani), social studies, and Persian books. Components of the study were including personality characteristics, political and social patterns and professional roles. Results showed that women have emotional and the subordinate role and men have intellectual personality characteristics and directive. Relation to job roles, men had jobs outside the home and women were in jobs related to nursing home or maximum of teaching and nursing role. About the social and political patterns as well as men in the form of social and political leadership patterns, the peacemakers and owners but in contrast, the pattern for women embodied in the form of the mother and the husband. The aim of this study was the content analysis of elementary textbooks based on gender orientation. Method of research was qualitative content analysis. Statistical population was textbooks of the elementary. Statistical sample of research includes Heavenly gifts (Hediehaye Asmani), social studies, and Persian books. Components of the study were including personality characteristics, political and social patterns and professional roles. Results showed that women have emotional and the subordinate role and men have intellectual personality characteristics and directive. Relation to job roles, men had jobs outside the home and women were in jobs related to nursing home or maximum of teaching and nursing role. About the social and political patterns as well as men in the form of social and political leadership patterns, the peacemakers and owners but in contrast, the pattern for women embodied in the form of the mother and the husband.

https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_58131_2f19ceaa61af3332d0f2308c9926a30e.pdf

Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tehran Woman in Development & Politics 2538-3124 13 4 2015 12 22 Representation of women in Iranian newspapers (Kayhan, Iran and Shargh Newspapers) Representation of women in Iranian newspapers (Kayhan, Iran and Shargh Newspapers) 487 506 58132 10.22059/jwdp.2015.58132 FA Ahmad Naderi Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Scinces, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Ali Ghashami M.A in Communication Sciences, Media Researcher, Iran Journal Article 2015 12 17 Women as half of human societies have different roles in different areas of social life. So content analysis of the media is necessary in the about of women. This study uses two methods: content analysis and semiotics. So content analyzed a statistical week from the first six months of 1393 Kayhan, Iran and Shargh Newspapers. Then by using semiotics, printed images of women in these newspapers were analyzed. Number of Iran Newspaper writings was about one and half. The newspaper press releases about one and a half equal Shargh Newspaper writings. The number of Shargh Newspaper writings was twice equal of the Keyhan Newspaper. Iran Newspaper in front-page headlines and photographs of the position of women is better than the two other daily newspapers. In semiotics of women, representation of Iranian women in comparison with foreign women is not suitable and in front page and internal pages images of Iran Newspaper, reflection of foreign women were better than Iranian women. Of course, we can be considered the approach of Shargh Newspaper in intermediate in which images of foreign and Iranian women have been reflected suitable. Anyway, images of Iranian womens in Shargh were better than other two daily newspapers. Women as half of human societies have different roles in different areas of social life. So content analysis of the media is necessary in the about of women. This study uses two methods: content analysis and semiotics. So content analyzed a statistical week from the first six months of 1393 Kayhan, Iran and Shargh Newspapers. Then by using semiotics, printed images of women in these newspapers were analyzed. Number of Iran Newspaper writings was about one and half. The newspaper press releases about one and a half equal Shargh Newspaper writings. The number of Shargh Newspaper writings was twice equal of the Keyhan Newspaper. Iran Newspaper in front-page headlines and photographs of the position of women is better than the two other daily newspapers. In semiotics of women, representation of Iranian women in comparison with foreign women is not suitable and in front page and internal pages images of Iran Newspaper, reflection of foreign women were better than Iranian women. Of course, we can be considered the approach of Shargh Newspaper in intermediate in which images of foreign and Iranian women have been reflected suitable. Anyway, images of Iranian womens in Shargh were better than other two daily newspapers.

https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_58132_4378b834d3955b48d6d4aec9b9e007f7.pdf

Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tehran Woman in Development & Politics 2538-3124 13 4 2015 12 22 Representation the nature of power among women's principals: Developing a theoretical framework Representation the nature of power among women's principals: Developing a theoretical framework 507 523 58133 10.22059/jwdp.2015.58133 FA Khalil Gholami Assistance Professor of Education, University of Kurdistan, Iran Naser Shirbagi Associate Professor of Education, University of Kurdistan, Iran Delsuz Hosseini Master of Art in Education, University of Kurdistan, Iran Journal Article 2015 12 01 The present research investigated the nature of power among women's principals in order to develop a theoretical framework. Relying on critical epistemology and qualitative approach, we used grounded theory to study the problem. Using a purposeful and theoretical sampling, we selected women and men's principals as well as the men whose spouses were employed in schools. We collected data with semi-structured interview. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and after three stage of coding, institutional discrimination was considered as core category. In addition, political, cultural and mental structures were considered as casual conditions affected the core category. Family- official responsibilities, educational context and media were found to be the mediating factors that affected the hegemony of masculinity in society. The women enhanced a kind of epistemic hope in order to empower themselves and struggle with these hegemonic conditions. The present research investigated the nature of power among women's principals in order to develop a theoretical framework. Relying on critical epistemology and qualitative approach, we used grounded theory to study the problem. Using a purposeful and theoretical sampling, we selected women and men's principals as well as the men whose spouses were employed in schools. We collected data with semi-structured interview. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and after three stage of coding, institutional discrimination was considered as core category. In addition, political, cultural and mental structures were considered as casual conditions affected the core category. Family- official responsibilities, educational context and media were found to be the mediating factors that affected the hegemony of masculinity in society. The women enhanced a kind of epistemic hope in order to empower themselves and struggle with these hegemonic conditions.

https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_58133_f1942effc4f3d5a64cf2d4be5ab20f6f.pdf

Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tehran Woman in Development & Politics 2538-3124 13 4 2015 12 22 An investigation of relationship between religiosity, social and cultural capital and loneliness in Shiraz: A comparison between employed and nonemployed women An investigation of relationship between religiosity, social and cultural capital and loneliness in Shiraz: A comparison between employed and nonemployed women 525 548 58134 10.22059/jwdp.2015.58134 FA Maryam Soroush Research Associate Professor, Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR), Fars Branch, Iran Pegah Adibi Parsa M. A. in Psychology and Researcher of ACECR, Fars Branch, Iran Journal Article 2015 11 22 The objective of this article was to investigate the relationship between capitals, religiosity and loneliness among women in Shiraz, Iran. Using survey method, we chose 413 women between 19 to 65 years of age by cluster random sampling. Findings showed that being religious decrease emotional loneliness and more cultural and social capital decrease social loneliness. Employed women enjoyed more education and social capital in comparison to nonemployed ones and felt much less social loneliness. Emotional loneliness was not significantly different in two groups. Findings suggest that employment has many advantages for women. Employed women are more empowered so that they have more social and cultural capitals and they will not suffer of social loneliness especially when they come to age. The objective of this article was to investigate the relationship between capitals, religiosity and loneliness among women in Shiraz, Iran. Using survey method, we chose 413 women between 19 to 65 years of age by cluster random sampling. Findings showed that being religious decrease emotional loneliness and more cultural and social capital decrease social loneliness. Employed women enjoyed more education and social capital in comparison to nonemployed ones and felt much less social loneliness. Emotional loneliness was not significantly different in two groups. Findings suggest that employment has many advantages for women. Employed women are more empowered so that they have more social and cultural capitals and they will not suffer of social loneliness especially when they come to age.

https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_58134_5bce392ab7d26c3b402e4d3387211ad5.pdf

Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tehran Woman in Development & Politics 2538-3124 13 4 2015 12 22 investigating factors related to rural womens’ participation in family poultry activities in Maragheh County investigating factors related to rural womens’ participation in family poultry activities in Maragheh County 549 566 58135 10.22059/jwdp.2015.58135 FA Ali Shams Assistant Professor, Agricultural Extension and Education, University of Zanjan, Iran Halimeh Razmi MSc. Student of Agricultural Extension and Education, University of Zanjan, Iran Mohammad- Hossein Shahir Associate Professor, Poultry Nutrition, University of Zanjan, Iran Journal Article 2015 11 09 Production of family poultry is one of the activities which women in the villages participate and several factors effect on their participation in these activities. The purpose of this descriptive- correlational study was to investigate factors related to the participation level of rural women in family poultry activities. The Statistical population consisted all rural households in Maragheh County (N=22564) which 224 of them were selected based on Cochran sampling formula and using multi-stage randomized sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-constructed questionnaire whose validity verified by a panel of experts in the related field and to check its reliability. A pretest conducted and Cronbach's Alpha coefficient were higher than 0.7 for different parts of the questionnaire. The results showed that all family members are involved in family poultry activities, but the participation of women was higher than other family members. On average, women participated 77.35 percent in activities and incubator related activity and nesting activities had lower and higher rate of participation, respectively. The participation level of women had a negative meaningful correlation with their age, education, husband's education, households’ numbers, the size of poultry folk and their knowledge but a positive meaningful correlation with their attitudes and women's share of income gaining from poultry and products selling. Production of family poultry is one of the activities which women in the villages participate and several factors effect on their participation in these activities. The purpose of this descriptive- correlational study was to investigate factors related to the participation level of rural women in family poultry activities. The Statistical population consisted all rural households in Maragheh County (N=22564) which 224 of them were selected based on Cochran sampling formula and using multi-stage randomized sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-constructed questionnaire whose validity verified by a panel of experts in the related field and to check its reliability. A pretest conducted and Cronbach's Alpha coefficient were higher than 0.7 for different parts of the questionnaire. The results showed that all family members are involved in family poultry activities, but the participation of women was higher than other family members. On average, women participated 77.35 percent in activities and incubator related activity and nesting activities had lower and higher rate of participation, respectively. The participation level of women had a negative meaningful correlation with their age, education, husband's education, households’ numbers, the size of poultry folk and their knowledge but a positive meaningful correlation with their attitudes and women's share of income gaining from poultry and products selling.

https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_58135_70eb95bccdbcc85cb8c7f762e031822b.pdf

Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tehran Woman in Development & Politics 2538-3124 13 4 2015 12 22 Compare married and single women teachers of social anxiety and psychological Compare married and single women teachers of social anxiety and psychological 567 579 58136 10.22059/jwdp.2015.58136 FA Seyed Ali Azadmanesh MSc., Member of the Group and Consultation under the Guidance of Scientific Heat Payame Noor University, Bukan Center, Iran Chyman Mostafapour MSc., Counseling, Islamic Azad University of Abhar, Iran Luqman Ahmadipour PhD Student in Counseling, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2015 10 22 Today, marriage is one of the main challenges in Iranian society. Youth for various reasons attempt to avoid marriage and the phenomenon of delay in age at marriage not as a problem but as a problem of social and personal problems. The current study aims to investigate the effects of prolongation of celibacy period on social anxiety and psychological capital of female teachers in Boukan. As causal-comparative study (after an event), the population consisted of two groups of married and unmarried female teachers aged 45 to 25 years in 1393 were 94 school year. Married between the two groups of teachers (80) and single (80) and a total of 160 people were randomly chosen. The data of psychological capital questionnaire Mk‌Gy (2011) and social phobia list Conover and colleagues (2000) were used. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between two groups of female teachers aged 25 to 45 years old, married and single social anxiety and the psychological capital. So, it can be concluded that married people more than single people are above the psychological level of capital, and less social anxiety. Today, marriage is one of the main challenges in Iranian society. Youth for various reasons attempt to avoid marriage and the phenomenon of delay in age at marriage not as a problem but as a problem of social and personal problems. The current study aims to investigate the effects of prolongation of celibacy period on social anxiety and psychological capital of female teachers in Boukan. As causal-comparative study (after an event), the population consisted of two groups of married and unmarried female teachers aged 45 to 25 years in 1393 were 94 school year. Married between the two groups of teachers (80) and single (80) and a total of 160 people were randomly chosen. The data of psychological capital questionnaire Mk‌Gy (2011) and social phobia list Conover and colleagues (2000) were used. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between two groups of female teachers aged 25 to 45 years old, married and single social anxiety and the psychological capital. So, it can be concluded that married people more than single people are above the psychological level of capital, and less social anxiety.

https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_58136_2249d501d68888a6abfed449bb298075.pdf