Faculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312414420161221Contexual causes of women’s sexual life in gyms and clubs in Esfahan CityContexual causes of women’s sexual life in gyms and clubs in Esfahan City3974306096210.22059/jwdp.2016.60962FASeyed AliHashemianfarAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Esfahan University, IranNafisehChiniPhD Student, Department of Sociology, Dehaghan University, IranMaryamMaktoubianM.A. in Sociology, Esfahan University, IranJournal Article20160815By converting the concept of sexual instinct to sexual pleasure, we are faced with entrance of sexual discourses into social life crossing the line between private and public atmosphere. In this research, one aspect of entrance of the sexual discourses into public field is observed in women's gyms and clubs. Therefore, this current research is conducted aiming to understand female sexual life in gyms and clubs by in-depth review, during 18 months. Data was collected by using observation, participant observation and semi-structured interviews methods with 21 female athletes in Esfahan. For data analysis, grounded theory approach and coding strand of Strauss were used. Data analysis in three phases of open, axial and core coding shows that in understanding female's sexual life in gyms and clubs, altered sexual pleasure is a casual condition and Swinger culture is a contextual condition. The fantasy of beauty in frames of strategies, psychological and social consequences is outstanding. Creating new concepts for developing new norms or replacing past insufficient norms can reduce the abnormal sexual life and help bring order to this basic need.By converting the concept of sexual instinct to sexual pleasure, we are faced with entrance of sexual discourses into social life crossing the line between private and public atmosphere. In this research, one aspect of entrance of the sexual discourses into public field is observed in women's gyms and clubs. Therefore, this current research is conducted aiming to understand female sexual life in gyms and clubs by in-depth review, during 18 months. Data was collected by using observation, participant observation and semi-structured interviews methods with 21 female athletes in Esfahan. For data analysis, grounded theory approach and coding strand of Strauss were used. Data analysis in three phases of open, axial and core coding shows that in understanding female's sexual life in gyms and clubs, altered sexual pleasure is a casual condition and Swinger culture is a contextual condition. The fantasy of beauty in frames of strategies, psychological and social consequences is outstanding. Creating new concepts for developing new norms or replacing past insufficient norms can reduce the abnormal sexual life and help bring order to this basic need.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_60962_868b4a7339f27b5cabdd432198ce74c2.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312414420161221Problems of social interactions of women head of household (Qualitative study amongst Shahin-Shahr women)Problems of social interactions of women head of household (Qualitative study amongst Shahin-Shahr women)4314506096310.22059/jwdp.2016.60963FAHosseinAfrasiabiAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Yazd University, IranSanazJahangiriM.A. in Sociology, Yazd University, IranJournal Article20160905The current study aims to explore problem of everyday social interactions amongst women head of household in Shahin-Shahr. The research was done based on qualitative approach using grounded theory method for data collection and analysis. The purposeful and theoretical sampling method was used for selection of the participants. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 35 women head of household. By data analysis in open, axial, and selective coding, 8 categories were constructed and presented in a paradigm model. Women head of household have experienced their social interactions in the form of unsafe privacy. Finally, a paradigmatic model of “unsafe limits” is the central concept obtained from the current study.The current study aims to explore problem of everyday social interactions amongst women head of household in Shahin-Shahr. The research was done based on qualitative approach using grounded theory method for data collection and analysis. The purposeful and theoretical sampling method was used for selection of the participants. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 35 women head of household. By data analysis in open, axial, and selective coding, 8 categories were constructed and presented in a paradigm model. Women head of household have experienced their social interactions in the form of unsafe privacy. Finally, a paradigmatic model of “unsafe limits” is the central concept obtained from the current study.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_60963_1502fefb1dc6ec340158a9b3e1efa240.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312414420161221Women's employment, marital happiness and tendency to divorce (Case study: Married people in Tehran)Women's employment, marital happiness and tendency to divorce (Case study: Married people in Tehran)4514756096410.22059/jwdp.2016.60964FAFatemeModiriAssistant Professor of Sociology, Department of Family Studies, Marriage and Divorce, National Population Studies & Comprehensive Management Institute, IranAliRahimiM.A. in Demography, Department of Family Studies, Marriage and Divorce, National Population Studies & Comprehensive Management Institute, IranJournal Article20160809This paper aims to study the effect of women's employment on family stability, and compares Dual-worker family with Single-worker family. Statistical population of cross-sectional survey consistes of married people in Tehran. 1736 samples were selected and analyzed. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used and due to the different economic and social classes of people, 50 domains were selected in Tehran. A questionnaire was employed using Pearson correlation, variance analysis, and mean difference. The results show that men's marital happiness in dual-worker families are more than single-worker families. In men single-worker families, high income and occupational status is associated with lower marital happiness, while in women single-worker families, high income is associated with higher marital happiness. Correlation between marital happiness and tendency to divorce in women dual-worker families is more than single-worker families and in men is less. Shared spending money in dual-worker families is more than single-worker families and conflict between work and family is less. In general, it can be said that there is no evidence showing women's employment is in conflict with family stability but women's employment provides resources that can be used in dealing with unhappy marriage. The implementation of appropriate employmen policies can help stability of the family. The findings confirm theories of exchange, economic opportunity and new home economics.This paper aims to study the effect of women's employment on family stability, and compares Dual-worker family with Single-worker family. Statistical population of cross-sectional survey consistes of married people in Tehran. 1736 samples were selected and analyzed. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used and due to the different economic and social classes of people, 50 domains were selected in Tehran. A questionnaire was employed using Pearson correlation, variance analysis, and mean difference. The results show that men's marital happiness in dual-worker families are more than single-worker families. In men single-worker families, high income and occupational status is associated with lower marital happiness, while in women single-worker families, high income is associated with higher marital happiness. Correlation between marital happiness and tendency to divorce in women dual-worker families is more than single-worker families and in men is less. Shared spending money in dual-worker families is more than single-worker families and conflict between work and family is less. In general, it can be said that there is no evidence showing women's employment is in conflict with family stability but women's employment provides resources that can be used in dealing with unhappy marriage. The implementation of appropriate employmen policies can help stability of the family. The findings confirm theories of exchange, economic opportunity and new home economics.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_60964_e6733aee7443c91160827a9e81b76bcc.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312414420161221Discursive space of Iranian women's physical activityDiscursive space of Iranian women's physical activity4774916096510.22059/jwdp.2016.60965FABatoolArabnarmiAssistant Professor, Department of Sport Science, School of Humanities, Damghan University, IranJournal Article20170108This article examines women's discursive space of physical activity in order to answer an important question: Why most women have problems with regular physical activity and cannot permanently benefit from a long-term regular exercise program. The analysis was performed with concepts discussed in the discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe (1995). There are two main discourses in women's physical activity, fear of fat as a big discourse and healthism as a small discourse. The result introduces a hypothesis: long-term goals and regular attendance in physical activity is related to goals created by healthism discourse and personal responsibility about health behaviors, also irregular attendance activity is related to priorities and goals created by fear of fat discourse. Identifying and categorizing topics show each of physical, mental and social targets achieve meaning from the fear of fat discourse because of its dominance and superiority. Future planning of physical activity for women should be established while taking into account the dominant discourses in these spaces.This article examines women's discursive space of physical activity in order to answer an important question: Why most women have problems with regular physical activity and cannot permanently benefit from a long-term regular exercise program. The analysis was performed with concepts discussed in the discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe (1995). There are two main discourses in women's physical activity, fear of fat as a big discourse and healthism as a small discourse. The result introduces a hypothesis: long-term goals and regular attendance in physical activity is related to goals created by healthism discourse and personal responsibility about health behaviors, also irregular attendance activity is related to priorities and goals created by fear of fat discourse. Identifying and categorizing topics show each of physical, mental and social targets achieve meaning from the fear of fat discourse because of its dominance and superiority. Future planning of physical activity for women should be established while taking into account the dominant discourses in these spaces.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_60965_6e1bbe0ce09fb5d23c9ed720f44c6fa3.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312414420161221Risky society and the mean age at first marriage of women and men in IranRisky society and the mean age at first marriage of women and men in Iran4935126096610.22059/jwdp.2016.60966FAFatemehTorabiAssistant Professor, Department of Demography, University of Tehran, Iran0000-0003-4311-1889SajadMesgarzadehM.A. in Demography, University of Tehran, IranJournal Article20160614Increased rate of unemployment and growth of divorce are instances of a risky society that can affect women and men’s decisions about family formation. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the indicators of risky society and the mean age at first marriage among women and men in Iran. The paper uses the district-level data from the 2011 Iranian census. The results show that these indicators explain a considerable proportion of district-level differences in age at marriage (51% of the variation in the mean age at first marriage of men and 38% of the variation in the mean age at first marriage of women). In particular, economic indicators (i.e. unemployment rate and unemployment rate among highly educated people) have the greatest positive impact on the mean age at first marriage among both men and women. Furthermore, among factors measuring the risk of marriage breakdown, the percentage of divorced men has a positive impact on the mean age at first marriage among both sexes. Thus, actions towards job creation and higher stability of marriage can be expected to reduce the risk factors associated with marriage and facilitate its formation.Increased rate of unemployment and growth of divorce are instances of a risky society that can affect women and men’s decisions about family formation. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the indicators of risky society and the mean age at first marriage among women and men in Iran. The paper uses the district-level data from the 2011 Iranian census. The results show that these indicators explain a considerable proportion of district-level differences in age at marriage (51% of the variation in the mean age at first marriage of men and 38% of the variation in the mean age at first marriage of women). In particular, economic indicators (i.e. unemployment rate and unemployment rate among highly educated people) have the greatest positive impact on the mean age at first marriage among both men and women. Furthermore, among factors measuring the risk of marriage breakdown, the percentage of divorced men has a positive impact on the mean age at first marriage among both sexes. Thus, actions towards job creation and higher stability of marriage can be expected to reduce the risk factors associated with marriage and facilitate its formation.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_60966_42eade81783680af10fe27ca7061c169.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312414420161221Femininity typology and girl students (Case study: Students of Guilan University)Femininity typology and girl students (Case study: Students of Guilan University)5135336096710.22059/jwdp.2016.60967FAAliYaghoobiAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Guilan University, IranHaniyehMoghaddas YazdiM.A. in Sociology, Guilan University, IranJournal Article20160911The concept of femininity is similar to a social structure with varied notions in different time and backgrounds. This article aims to develop a typology of girl students of Guilan University. In the current study, semi-organized interviwes aiming for tageted sampling and qualitative methods are employed. For this reason, thirty people were interviewed. Then, the interviews were examined using theme analysis method. On the basis of the obtained conversations, women are classified into three classes including agreementative, combined, and refractory clearly depicting Cannel's theory in compatible, combined and refractory femininty. The findings show that the main reason of feminine changes is growth of media and social network usage.The concept of femininity is similar to a social structure with varied notions in different time and backgrounds. This article aims to develop a typology of girl students of Guilan University. In the current study, semi-organized interviwes aiming for tageted sampling and qualitative methods are employed. For this reason, thirty people were interviewed. Then, the interviews were examined using theme analysis method. On the basis of the obtained conversations, women are classified into three classes including agreementative, combined, and refractory clearly depicting Cannel's theory in compatible, combined and refractory femininty. The findings show that the main reason of feminine changes is growth of media and social network usage.https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_60967_7082cd64e32e1a7bb4aab5191912206b.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences University of TehranWoman in Development & Politics2538-312414420161221The resiliency, hardiness, life satisfaction and body image in high school female students of SabzevarThe resiliency, hardiness, life satisfaction and body image in high school female students of Sabzevar5355526096810.22059/jwdp.2016.60968FAAli MohammadNaemiAssistant Professor, Department of Educational Science, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar Branch, IranJournal Article20161005The current study aims to investigate the relationship between resilience, hardiness and life satisfaction with body image of high school students of Sabzevar in 2014. This study was correlational. The population of this study included 1578 high school girls of Sabzevar and 311 persons were selected through Multistep cluster sampling method. The data was collected using Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale, Kobasa Hardiness Scale, Diener life satisfaction scale and Fisher body image Scale. Pearson correlation and stepwise regression were used for data analysis with SPSS18. The results showed that there were significant and positive correlation between resilience, hardiness and life satisfaction with body image. In addition, it was found that resilience, hardiness and life satisfaction could explain 25 Percent of body image variance among students. The results showed that increasing resilience, hardiness and life satisfaction can decrease dissatisfaction of body image among female students and can improve their mental health and wellbeing .The current study aims to investigate the relationship between resilience, hardiness and life satisfaction with body image of high school students of Sabzevar in 2014. This study was correlational. The population of this study included 1578 high school girls of Sabzevar and 311 persons were selected through Multistep cluster sampling method. The data was collected using Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale, Kobasa Hardiness Scale, Diener life satisfaction scale and Fisher body image Scale. Pearson correlation and stepwise regression were used for data analysis with SPSS18. The results showed that there were significant and positive correlation between resilience, hardiness and life satisfaction with body image. In addition, it was found that resilience, hardiness and life satisfaction could explain 25 Percent of body image variance among students. The results showed that increasing resilience, hardiness and life satisfaction can decrease dissatisfaction of body image among female students and can improve their mental health and wellbeing .https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_60968_5245255a582560de1f444b9eca90c0d9.pdf