Journal of Woman in Development and Politics

This study aimed to design a strategic plan for championship women's sports development in North Khorasan province. The present study was applied in terms of descriptive-survey research method in terms of purpose and mixed (quantitative and qualitative) in terms of data collection. The statistical population in the qualitative and quantitative part included the managers, deputies and experts (general sports and youth department of North Khorasan province, sports and youth department of Bojnord city, sports association of the province and sports clubs of the province) university professors in sport sciences of the province, championship sports coaches and female champion athletes of North Khorasan province. The statistical sample consisted of 14 members in the qualitative section and 23 members in the quantitative section. The sampling method in the qualitative and quantitative sections was purposeful. To collect data, a semi-guided exploratory interview method and a questionnaire were developed to obtain strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and to prioritize the developed strategies and statistical analysis from a framework called the Model Strategy Development Framework, SWOT-ANP model used. The results showed that the championship sport of the province women has 9 strengths, 16 weaknesses, 11 opportunities and 13 threats and a total of 17 strategies; competitive strategy was dominated strategy in this research.The most important strategy in the development of championship sports for the women of North Khorasan province is developing guidance and support programs for the development of women athletes from beginner to advanced, and it is suggested that the officials and custodians of sports in the province should pay special attention to the strategies obtained from this research.

Despite significant progress in promoting gender justice in the workplace, gender dynamics further affect women's career opportunities and advancement. This article highlights coaching strategies to help female clients navigate these dynamics and advance their careers. Drawing on research and best practices, this article builds on the recognition and understanding of gender differences while avoiding harmful stereotypes. In this research, women identified studies related to the areas of coaching strategies in the workplace by using the methods of review systems and by searching in databases and specifying indicators to get the opinion of the input researches, we analyzed the data using a narrative synthesis. The studies included in this review used different coaching interventions, including one-on-one coaching, group coaching, and mentoring programs. Several studies have focused on the impact of mentoring on gender-based biases, including perceptions of women in leadership positions and the impact of mentoring on men's attitudes toward female leaders. This systematic literature review highlights the effectiveness of coaching in addressing genderbased biases, identifying and overcoming barriers to advancement, and developing effective communication and leadership skills for women in the workplace. In this paper, we conclude that while progress toward gender equity remains a struggle, mentoring can play a critical role in helping women reach their full potential in the workplace.

Analyzing the relationship between gender and space elucidates the roles and needs of both men and women, particularly in urban spaces. This analysis aids in understanding how the constructive roles of women contribute to the production and reproduction of desirable social relations in urban spaces. The presence of women in public and urban spaces not only reflects but also narrates the desirable relationships within a society. The primary objective of this research is to identify the dimensions and components that influence the formation of desirable urban spaces for women using the meta-analysis method. The searches were conducted manually, focusing on the keywords "urban spaces, women." For sub-keywords, the terms "park, public space, single-gender spaces" replaced the first keyword. The study period spans from 2016 to 2022 in Persian sources and from 2016 to 2022 in English sources. SPSS software was employed to conduct meta-analysis tests, resulting in the production of forest, bubble, heterogeneity, and funnel (diffusion bias) diagrams. VOSviewer software was used to assess scientific databases for content production in this field. The results indicate that the main dimensions of the research encompass physical and functional dimensions, structural and spatial dimensions, individual and personality dimensions, and cultural and social dimensions in the design of urban spaces. The position of research in the field of urban space design for women holds significance in the global research literature.

Rural women's employment can be one of the ways to generate income, reduce the pressure on resources, and as a result, rural development. Meanwhile, the cooperative sector can play a significant role in the employment of rural women. But a vital issue that is important in this regard is the factors that influence the decision and intention of rural women who are members of local micro funds to start investing and working in cooperatives. In this regard, this research was designed to investigate factors affecting the behavioral intention of rural women members of Lorestan Province Micro Credit Funds towards self-employment in Cooperatives. The statistical population consisted of all rural women members of Lorestan Province Micro Credit Funds (N= 1087) who sampling of multistage quota proportional to the sample size through Krejcie and Morgan sampling table resulted in to select of 307 samples. Data collection in this study was conducted using a researcher-made questionnaire. After preparing the questionnaire and confirming its validity by the experts panel, its reliability was confirmed through a pilot study by calculating Cronbach's alpha values for the variables investigated. Structural equation modeling was used to determine factors influencing rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives through AMOS 24. The results revealed that the interests variable has the highest direct impact on rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives and self-efficacy has the highest indirect influence on rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives.

In today's world, where various scientific researches, particularly in the field of entrepreneurship, are taking place at a high rate, a meaningful engagement with observable, tangible, and practical outcomes for solving human challenges is challenging. One of these areas is the cultural approach to entrepreneurship, which, as a specific goal, can influence the development of social entrepreneurship among women through other variables. However, due to the multitude of studies, the researcher derives their findings scientifically from the results of these researches. Additionally, considering the broad field of cultural entrepreneurship studies, namely women's entrepreneurship, the researcher systematically analyzes and reviews the quantitative research of other researchers in a comprehensive manner using CMA2 software .Based on this model, the total number of relevant articles searched on this topic from 2010 to 2021 is 1547 articles. Out of this number, 305 articles were selected, and following the standard protocol, 17 articles were included in the analysis basket. This analysis basket has been transformed into comparable and aggregable values, with effect size being a crucial measure in interpreting the results. The results indicate a positive and significant impact of cultural attitudes on the development of women's social entrepreneurship, and the effect size is perceived as a strong influence according to Cohen's interpretation. Ultimately, the results of this research can be utilized in the field of entrepreneurial businesses and sociology.

The issue of women's political participation in developing countries is a complex phenomenon and is related to the dynamics and development of political systems. The purpose of this research is to understand and analyze the situation of women's political participation, which was done with qualitative methodology and Grounded theory method. For this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with seventeen women living in Tehran who were selected by purposeful sampling and a combination of snowball strategies and maximum changes. After data analysis, 85 primary codes, seven core categories, and one core category were extracted through the data coding system: Causal conditions (economic issues and challenges, egalitarian governance), background conditions (unequal political structure and patriarchal challenges), intervening conditions (personal-spiritual factors), strategies (merits and creating a platform for prosperity), and consequences (active political activism of women and rejection of passivity) political). Also, "women's political participation; Meaningful and multifaceted action" was counted as the core category and finally the paradigm model extracted from the data was established. The findings indicate that women are active actors and activists in political participation and take actions based on political issues; An action of the type of participation that identifies the obstacles and facilitating factors can open the way for their active political participation as effective citizens in the field of politics.

Narratives of women faculty members of the university about the conditions that affect the balance between career and maternal roles

Abstract
Work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. University faculty members are faced with more difficulties to establish the balance between career and family roles, especially mothering, due to having a large amount of job duties. Various conditions are effective in the balanced performance of roles, and its identification can create the necessary grounds for solving the obstacles of establishing the balance between occupational and maternal roles and as a result, be useful for performing these roles as best as possible. In this regard the purpose of the present study was to identify the conditions that affect the balance between work and mothering among women university faculty members based on their lived experience.
The present research was conducted using a qualitative method. The target population are women who are faculty members of the universities of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, who have the experience of mothering and employment together. The selection of the participants was done with the purposeful sampling method and taking into account the maximum diversity. The information was collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Sampling and conducting interviews continued until data saturation was reached, and based on this, 20 faculty members of Tehran universities were interviewed. After converting the interviews into text, the interviews were coded using the summary content analysis technique and the conditions affecting the balance between the job role and mothering were extracted.
Based on the data analysis, the conditions affecting the establishment of balance include eight main categories: "attitude towards mothering and employment", "Quality of support and companionship by family", "Quality of support and companionship by university", "job requirements of faculty members", "personal characteristics", "children's childhood difficulties", "children's presence at home" and "access to material facilities" and each of them included several sub-categories. The category "attitude towards mothering and employment" includes a positive attitude towards mothering and a positive belief towards employment and mothering together, the category "Quality of support and companionship by family" includes the support and accompaniment by spouse, the lack of support and accompaniment by spouse, the support and accompaniment by one's own family and the spouse and Lack of support and companionship by one's family and spouse, the category "Quality of support and companionship by university" includes understanding the conditions and companionship of the member by colleagues and university officials, lack of understanding of the difficulties and requirements of the mothering role by the university officials, depriving the member of opportunities for Career success due to mothering and the lack of legal support for the role of mothering, the category of "job requirements of faculty members" includes the time urgency of some career activities, the need to focus strongly on career activities in the primary years, the impossibility of using the rules of hours of Breastfeeding and reduction of working hours, the impossibility of actually using maternity leave, the need to spend a lot of time continuously for work activities, the specific job conditions of the field of study, the need to spend a lot of time to achieve career success, the lack of a clear boundary between work and family life, the necessity of continuity of work activities at home, the requirements of career growth and promotion, and the quantity-oriented rules in evaluating the job success, the category of "individual characteristics" includes being hard-worker, perfectionism and scientific obsession, Being highly responsible in work and obsession in child rearing, the category of "children's childhood difficulties" includes breastfeeding difficulties, childhood mischief, dependence Child to mother and the difficulties of using kindergarten, the category of "children's presence at home", including the presence of children at home during summer vacations, the presence of children at home due to the closure of kindergartens and schools, and the presence of children at home due to illness, the category of "access to Material facilities" included the distance from work to home, financial ability and vehicle. Some conditions, such as the support and companionship of the spouse and the university, have a more prominent role in establishing balance, and in addition to helping women to successfully fulfill their career and motherhood duties, by reducing the tensions of fulfilling roles simultaneously and creating the Reassurance and calmness are effective in playing a balanced role of work and motherhood and it is necessary to pay special attention to them.

روایت زنان عضو هیئت‌علمی دانشگاه از شرایط اثرگذار بر برقراری تعادل بین نقش شغلی و مادری

چکیده
کار و خانواده دو نهاد مهم برای فرد و جامعه‌اند و برقراری تعادل بین نقش‌های شغلی و خانوادگی اهمیت بسزایی در پیشبرد موفق اهداف دارد. اعضای هیئت‌علمی دانشگاه به‌دلیل برعهده‌داشتن حجم زیاد وظایف شغلی با دشواری‌های بیشتری برای برقراری تعادل بین نقش شغلی و خانوادگی و به‌طور خاص مادری مواجه‌اند. شناسایی شرایط اثرگذار بر ایفای متعادل نقش‌ها می‌تواند نقش مهمی در ایجاد زمینه‌های لازم برای رفع مشکلات و موانع موجود در مسیر برقراری تعادل میان نقش‌های شغلی و مادری و درنتیجه ایفای هر چه بهتر این نقش‌ها داشته باشد. در این راستا هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی شرایط اثرگذار بر برقراری تعادل بین نقش شغلی و مادری است. پژوهش به روش کیفی انجام شده و با مصاحبه با 20 نفر از زنان عضو هیئت‌علمی دانشگاه‌های شهر تهران، به تحلیل محتوای کیفی مصاحبه‌ها پرداخته است. شرایط اثرگذار بر برقراری تعادل شامل «نگرش به مادری و اشتغال»، «چگونگی حمایت و همراهی خانواده»، «چگونگی حمایت و همراهی دانشگاه»، «اقتضائات شغلی اعضای هیئت‌علمی»، «خصوصیات فردی»، «دشواری‌های دوران خردسالی فرزندان»، «حضور فرزندان در منزل» و «دسترسی به امکانات مادی» بوده است. برخی شرایط از جمله حمایت و همراهی همسر و دانشگاه، نقش برجسته‌تری در برقراری تعادل دارند و علاوه بر کمک به زنان برای ایفای موفق وظایف شغلی و مادری، با کاهش تنش‌های ناشی از دغدغه‌های ایفای هم‌زمان نقش‌ها و ایجاد اطمینان خاطر و آرامش نیز در ایفای متعادل نقش شغلی و مادری مؤثرند و لازم است به‌طور ویژه مورد توجه قرار گیرند.

Analysis of the Situation of Presence of Women in Political Positions in the Contemporary World and Iran (from the third decade of the 21st century)

Abstract

Although in the history of mankind, various experiences of the presence of women in the fields of power and politics in various positions have been recorded, such as; the head of the tribe in matriarchal tribes, the viceroy, the ministry, even in some cases the queen & first person of the empire & becoming an admiral and becoming a general (for example in the Sasanian and Achaemenid periods) but until the 19th century and before the growth & expansion of democracy in the world; Most of the women were prevented from participating in various fields, as well as from effective and excellent participation in politics. From the middle of the twentieth century; due to the pervasiveness of the process of globalization & democratic political culture, the majority of people & women were able to participate effectively in politics & enter politics. Especially since the 21st century; the increasing presence of women in politics has been expanding as a pervasive process. According to this point that the arenas of human life include political, economic, social & cultural fields and considering that the most effective component of power is the political arena; it can be said: Politics is the most important field of human life and Politics affects the social, economic & even cultural fields. Because political power has the final role of determining, controlling, managing and making decisions. For this reason; participation in political power & attaining political positions have always been very important for people including women. So it should be noted that the presence of women in political positions (achieving political power) is very important. Women's presence on the political positions is strategic importance for considering women's rights at the time of legislation & policy-making and benefiting from female potential in the field of social political management. Therefore; this descriptive-analytical study by document collection method and analysis of some statistics and analogy; tries to answer this question “Given the global trend of women in political positions, What is the status of women in political positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran and What are the possibilities & opportunities for Iranian women to participate in political positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran?”. The results show that Iran is in a bad position in terms of the global sub-index (Sub-index of political empowerment) even compared to many countries in its region. Also, the research results show that in the future, due to the growing efforts of Iranian women for political participation at the level of the power elite) for example; increasing registration & application & candidacy in the elections of the Islamic Council, the elections of the Assembly Experts & the presidential elections(, considering to increase the level of education of Iranian women) to increase the ranking of Iran in the global index of Educational Attainment(and especially with regard to the globalization process & spreading democratic political culture in the age of communication; the demand of Iranian women to play an effective role in political power & attaining political positions will increase a lot. In order to respond to the demand of elite Iranian women to reach political positions, these important facilities should be emphasized: A history of suitable high university education of Iranian women in fields that related to social political management & political positions (political science, public administration, policy making, law, political sociology, etc.), Realization of the minimum political work experience of women to achieve political positions after four decades of the stability of the political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Accepting the presence of women in the field of political power by the transitioning society of Iran and The hidden potential of the ideal of the Islamic revolution about the opposition to the instrumental view of capitalism on female gender & the claim about paying special attention to the dignity of women in the main discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is necessary to reduced the impact of barriers for Iranian women to access political positions with some solutions, for example: political system support measures to increase the share of women in political positions & improve the international image of the Islamic Republic of Iran, culture-creating (culturalization) to show the political field with the image of female & male presence and increasing women's self-confidence.

تحلیل وضعیت حضور زنان در مناصب سیاسی در جهان معاصر و ایران (از دهۀ سوم قرن بیست‌ویکم)

چکیده
از اواسط قرن بیست میلادی، به‌دنبال فراگیری فرایند جهانی‌شدن و فرهنگ سیاسی دموکراتیک، غالب مردم و زنان امکان مشارکت سیاسی مؤثر و ورود به سیاست را یافتند؛ به‌ویژه از قرن بیست‌ویکم، روند افزایش حضور زنان در سیاست به‌عنوان پدیده‌ای کلی در حال گسترش بوده است. با توجه به نقش مشارکت سیاسی زنان در سطوح عالی جهت اعتلای جایگاه و حقوق آنان، این پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی به شیوۀ گردآوری اسنادی و تحلیل و مقایسۀ برخی آمارها، درصدد پاسخگویی به این پرسش است که با عنایت به روند وضعیت جهانی حضور زنان در مناصب سیاسی، وضعیت حضور زنان در مناصب ایران و امکانات و موانع مربوط، چگونه است. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن است که ایران از نظر زیرشاخص توانمندسازی سیاسی، حتی نسبت به بسیاری از نظام‌های محافظه‌کار منطقه، در جایگاه نامناسبی قرار دارد و بنا به افزایش ثبت‌نام زنان ایرانی در انتخابات و افزایش سطح تحصیلات و تلاش ایشان برای ورود به سیاست و با توجه به فراگیری فرهنگ سیاسی دموکراتیک در عصر ارتباطات، با افزایش تقاضای زنان برای نقش‌آفرینی در عرصۀ سیاسی مواجه خواهیم شد. در این راستا، باید بر امکاناتی از قبیل تحصیلات تکمیلی زنان در رشته‌های مرتبط با مدیریت سیاسی، سابقۀ تصدی مناصب میانی و... تکیه کرد. همچنین باید با اتخاذ تدابیر حمایتی نظام در راستای افزایش سهم زنان در مناصب و بهبود وجه بین‌المللی کشور، فرهنگ‌سازی در راستای نمایاندن عرصۀ سیاست به‌عنوان عرصۀ حضور دو جنس و افزایش خودباوری زنان، از تأثیر موانع دستیابی زنان ایرانی به مناصب سیاسی کاست.

The effects of job empowerment on food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization

Abstract
The empowerment has been known as controlling decision making about his or her life and ability for interventions in all their life challenges (Baig et al., 2018). Women empowerment can improve sustainability in development fields (Akhter & Cheng, 2020). Empowerment conception not only comprises extrinsic control but it also is included the development of intrinsic capabilities (Abrar-ul-Haq, Jali, & Islam, 2018). It has been reported that the development of the empowerment in women is a pivotal actors for improving productivity and food security in rural areas (Sharaunga, Mudhara, & Bogale, 2016).Food security is the measure of the availability of food and individuals' ability to access it. According to the United Nations' Committee on World Food Security, food security is defined as meaning that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life. Female-headed households who live in rural areas are faced with serious challenges in their life, because they should manage their life and supply their life costs. In Iran, some supporting institutions support female-headed households but their pensions are not sufficient to manage their life. It was recently reported that 32% of Iranian families are living in food insecurity (Pakravan-Charvadeh et al., 2020).Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of job empowerment on food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization. Statistical population of the current study included 495 women based on the data collected from Statistical Center of Iran and 216 women were selected with the help of Cochran’s formula. Tehran province was divided into ten rural districts and each district was considered as a classification. A self-designed questionnaire consisting from 11 variables were used for job empowerment of women comprising grouping work and communication skills (n= 7 items), creativity and solving problem (n= 6 items), commitment and responsibility (n= 6 items), information and specific knowledge (n= 5 items) and technical skills and operational work (n= 5 items). A five-point Likert scale was considered for each variable ranging from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high). A standard questionnaire comprising accessibility (n= 6 items), availability (n= 6 items), utilization (n= 7 items) and stability (n= 4 items) was used for food security construct. A six-point Likert scale was considered for each variable ranging from 0 (any) to 5 (very high). The data were also collected for age, education, job, family size, and annual income. To investigate the effects of constructs of job empowerment on food security, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. The results showed that the age mean of the women-headed households in rural areas was 48.28 with standard deviation of 11.55 years. Mean and standard deviation for constructs were as follows; grouping work and communication skills (2.77 ± 0.88), creativity and solving problem (3.01 ± 0.90), commitment and responsibility (3.26 ± 1.02), information and specific knowledge (2.94 ± 0.94), technical skills and operational work (3.22 ± 1.00), access (2.23 ± 0.84), availability (2.42 ± 0.80), utilization (2.69 ± 1.10) and stability (2.57 ± 0.74). The results for model-fitting showed that job empowerment and food security had a good fit for the data with fit indices (χ2/df=1.85, CFI=0.92; NFI= 0.96; RMSEA=0.032). The results show that indices are appropriate and the model has a good fit. The results showed that job empowerment could determine 57.50% of food security variance. In conclusion, this study showed that factors of grouping work and communication skills, creativity and solving problem, commitment and responsibility and information and specific knowledge had significant effects on job empowerment of female-headed households in rural areas of Iran country. With regards to the effects of the factors on empowerment, policy makers must consider policies for improving job empowerment. To improve food security and job empowerment in rural region, we suggest establishing centers by supporting institutions for education of skills and also identification of creative women for improving their abilities. We also suggest education of new information and knowledge by media and other organizations for improving job empowerment. We also suggest education of technical skills for prevention of injures and improving abilities in female-headed households in rural areas. In sum, it is recommended to consider the job empowerment for improving food security for improving food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization.

تأثیر توانمندسازی شغلی بر امنیت غذایی زنان روستایی سرپرست خانوار تحت پوشش سازمان بهزیستی

چکیده
این مطالعه با هدف تأثیر توانمندسازی شغلی بر امنیت غذایی زنان روستایی سرپرست خانوار تحت پوشش سازمان بهزیستی انجام شد. تحقیق کاربردی و توصیفی است و در استان تهران در طول سال‌های 1398-1400 انجام گرفت. جامعۀ آماری این مطالعه شامل زنان سرپرست خانوار روستایی تحت پوشش سازمان بهزیستی استان تهران است که براساس فرمول کوکران 216 نفر انتخاب شدند. پرسشنامۀ محقق‌ساخته برای پنج متغیر مهارت‌های ارتباطی و کار گروهی (7 گویه)، خلاقیت و حل مسئله (6 گویه)، تعهد و احساس مسئولیت (6 گویه)، اطلاعات و دانش تخصصی (5 گویه) و مهارت‌های فنی و کار عملی (5 گویه) طراحی شد. همچنین پرسشنامۀ استاندارد برای امنیت غذایی با ابعاد فراهمی و دسترسی، ثبات و استفاده از مواد غذایی استفاده شد. تحلیل داده‌ها به کمک مدل معادلات ساختاری و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار AMOS24 صورت گرفت. براساس نتایج مطالعه، زنان روستایی سرپرست خانوار وضعیت متوسطی برای توانمندسازی شغلی و وضعیت ضعیفی برای امنیت غذایی دارند. نتایج حاکی از آن است که توانمندسازی شغلی 50/57 درصد از امنیت غذایی زنان سرپرست خانوار تحت پوشش سازمان بهزیستی را تبیین می‌کند. درمجموع توصیه می‌شود برای بهبود امنیت غذایی زنان روستایی سرپرست خانوار تحت پوشش سازمان بهزیستی، توجه ویژه‌ای به توانمندسازی شغلی صورت گیرد.

Spatial pattern of the formation of female-headed households in Iran: The role of driving and pressure mechanisms

Abstract
Over the past decade, various and heterogeneous types of households have emerged in Iran, resulting from economic, social, and demographic changes. One of the most significant demographic changes in the country is the increase in the frequency of female-headed households. Comparing the establishment of female-headed families in developed and developing countries indicates that social, economic, and demographic factors have different effects on these types of households. Therefore, through a Critical study of all existing research, which has focused on central averages and disregards micro-level changes, it is possible to establish a clear foundation for policies affecting female-headed families. Focusing on female-headed families, as a distinct group, this study examined their similarities and differences in social, economic, and demographic aspects at the county level, and studied their distribution within the theoretical frameworks of second demographic transition and inequalities concerning drive and pressure mechanisms. Based on the current theoretical and experimental literature, this study classifies the existing components in terms of their role in the formation of female-headed families as "driver" and "pressure." Voluntary drivers of the feminization of household headship were analyzed using the second demographic transition theory and the forced pressures of feminization of household headship were investigated in the context of inequality theory.
This paper examines the role of driver and pressure mechanisms on the distribution of female-headed households in 429 Iranian counties in 2016 using data from the Statistical Center of Iran and spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I and Getis index), K-mean clustering and ordinary least squares regression methods. The results of spatial autocorrelation revealed that southeast counties have the highest concentration of female-headed households, while the lowest concentration is observed in northwest counties extending in a line to the center. According to the spatial clustering model and the hierarchical exploratory analysis method on the variables of the percentage of female-headed households, economic, demographic, and social status, the counties are divided into five clusters with the smallest difference from the central average in each cluster and the greatest difference with the next cluster in the best case: cluster 1 includes only three counties and is considered an outlier;  cluster 2 contains the north-west, south, and north-east counties and affected by economic drivers; cluster 3 contains central and northern counties and affected by social and demographic drivers; cluster 4 contains western and southwestern counties and affected by demographic and economic pressures; and cluster 5 contains southeastern and eastern counties and affected by social and economic pressures.
Furthermore, the results of ordinary least squares regression revealed that the covariates explain 75% of fluctuations in the frequency of female-headed families. The three economic components of the percentage of jobless families, employment rate of urban women, and economic participation rate had a positive and significant impact (at an error level of less than 0.001) on the development of female-headed households. The socio-demographic components of the percentage of widowed women, early marriage, percentage of divorced women, and the literacy rate of women had a positive and significant effect, and the two components of the percentage of the ever-married population and the percentage of the urban population had a negative and significant effect (at an error level of 0.001) on the formation of female-headed households in counties of Iran.
Generally, Social, economic, and demographic changes have a relatively strong impact on the formation of female-headed households via two driving and pressuring mechanisms. As a result, empowering women in the context of the second demographic transition can increase these households in districts (central and north counties) influenced by the driving mechanism.  Continued social, economic, and demographic pressures can increase these households in districted (southeast counties) affected by the pressuring mechanisms. Thus, policymaking based on the role of these mechanisms may help the state to empower and support these families.

الگوی فضایی شکل‌گیری خانوارهای زن‌سرپرست در ایران: نقش مکانیسم‌های محرک و فشار

چکیده
در دهۀ اخیر، به‌دلیل تحولات اقتصادی، اجتماعی و جمعیتی اشکال ناهمگونی از خانوارها در ایران شکل‌گرفته است. در این میان افزایش خانوارهای زن‌سرپرست یکی از تغییرات جمعیتی کشور به‌حساب می‌آید. این مقاله با بهره‌گیری از داده‌های تمام‌شماری شهرستانی مرکز آمار ایران و با استفاده از روش‌های خودهمبستگی فضایی، خوشه‌بندی میانگین کا و رگرسیون حداقل مربعات معمولی در چارچوب نظریه‌های گذار دوم جمعیتی و نابرابری، به ارزیابی نقش دو مکانیسم محرک اختیاری و فشارهای اجباری بر توزیع خانوارهای زن‌سرپرست در شهرستان‌های کشور در سال 1395 می‌پردازد. نتایج خودهمبستگی فضایی نشان می‌دهد تمرکز بالاترین مقادیر خانوارهای زن‌سرپرست در جنوب‌شرق کشور و تمرکز پایین‌ترین مقادیر خانوارهای زن‌سرپرست در شمال‌غرب و در امتداد خطی تا مرکز قابل‌مشاهده است. مدل خوشه‌بندی فضایی نیز مشخص کرد خانوارهای زن‌سرپرست در پنج خوشه قرار می‌گیرند که یکی از آن‌ها تنها شامل سه شهرستان و خوشه‌ای پرت است. سایر خوشه‌ها عبارت‌اند از: 1) شهرستان‌های شمال‌غرب، جنوب و شمال‌شرق و متأثر از محرک‌های اقتصادی؛ 2) شهرستان‌های مرکزی و شمالی و متأثر از محرک‌های اجتماعی و جمعیتی؛ 3) شهرستان‌های غربی و جنوب‌غربی و متأثر از فشارهای جمعیتی و اقتصادی؛ و 4) شهرستان‌های جنوب‌شرق و شرق و متأثر از فشارهای اجتماعی و اقتصادی. نتایج رگرسیون حداقل مربعات معمولی نشان داد 75 درصد از نوسانات فراوانی خانوارهای زن‌سرپرست به‌وسیلۀ متغیرهای مورد بررسی تبیین می‌شود. بدین‌ترتیب اجرای سیاست‌های حمایت مالی، فرهنگی و بنیادی سطح خرد با تأکید بر نقش مکانیسم‌های محرک و فشار امری ضروری است.

Identifying the challenges and opportunities of the digital economy in the development of rural women's home businesse

Abstract
The modern world has already taken the first step towards a fundamental technological reality, the digital economy. The modern global labor market is a complex multi-component and dynamic system that is constantly influenced by information technology and requires changes in the content of the work process, its organization, the structure of employment and social and labor relations. The use of digital technologies creates new opportunities for businesses, including businesses located in rural areas, to enhance business growth and economic development, businesses, especially small and medium-sized enterprises in rural areas often suffer from poor digital connectivity and digital exclusion, including lack of access Internet and low levels of digital literacy, they face problems. With this aim, this research has developed and validated a conceptual framework with thematic analysis method in a descriptive manner, through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The statistical population includes experts and experts and rural business owners, among whom 12 people were selected by purposeful sampling and participated in this study. The reliability of interview analysis is 79%. In order to ensure the validity of the research, it was tried to be a statistical sample of people who have the necessary knowledge and expertise in the context of the research, as well as to minimize the intervention of researchers in the research, and also to refer the coding result to a number of experts and obtain their final approval regarding the extraction framework. Findings of the study showed that, the challenges and opportunities of the digital economy in rural businesses, which include two comprehensive and central themes, 10 organizing themes and 52 basic themes. The opportunities facing the digital economy in rural businesses with 5 organizing themes and 21 basic concepts include things such as job value creation, convergence of technology with economic goals, global customer orientation, networking capability, business resilience, which can transform the capability into potential value in the implementation of the economy. They provide digital. It refers to the challenges and problems and factors involved in the implementation of digital technologies in rural businesses. It includes 5 organizing themes and 31 primary concepts, which are: digital process gaps, creating a black economy for rural businesses, adverse social effects, cultural aspects, technological risks that make the implementation of the digital economy more difficult. The results of the present study indicated that, The rapid growth of the digital economy, and especially the COVID-19 pandemic, has accelerated the spread of digital technology use, leading to an urgent need to align rural women's home businesses with government policies. Many rural women's home businesses have been digitally deprived due to the digital divide and the resulting limitations. They may face challenging business conditions to continue their careers. In addition, the female workforce in rural areas lacks the necessary flexibility in labor markets to adapt. This shows that rural women's home businesses should use technology and upgrade training programs to equip themselves with the right skill sets.. Therefore, during the rapid digital transformation, not only should immediate investment be considered in digital connectivity and networks for rural businesses that are underserved by digital services, but also digital skills and literacy should be increased and help absorb new digital innovations.

شناسایی چالش‌ها و فرصت‌های اقتصاد دیجیتال در توسعۀ کسب‌وکارهای خانگی زنان روستایی

چکیده
دنیای مدرن در حال حاضر اولین گام را به‌سوی یک واقعیت اساسی فناوری، یعنی اقتصاد دیجیتال برداشته است. بازار کار جهانی مدرن، یک سیستم پیچیدۀ چندجزئی و پویا تحت تأثیر دائمی فناوری اطلاعات است و مستلزم تغییراتی در محتوای فرایند کار، سازمان‌دهی آن، ساختار اشتغال و روابط اجتماعی و کار است. با توجه به اهمیت این موضوع، شناسایی فرصت‌ها و چالش‌های اقتصاد دیجیتال در مشاغل روستایی حائز اهمیت است. این پژوهش با این هدف به شیوۀ توصیفی، از طریق مصاحبه‌های عمیق نیمه‌ساختارمند به تدوین و اعتباریابی چارچوبی مفهومی با روش تحلیل مضمون پرداخته است. جامعۀ آماری شامل خبرگان و صاحب‌نظران و صاحبان مشاغل روستایی هستند که از بین آن‌ها دوازده نفر به روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند و در این مطالعه مشارکت کردند. میزان پایایی تحلیل مصاحبه ۷۹ درصد است. برای تأمین روایی پژوهش نیز نمونۀ آماری از افرادی انتخاب شدند که از دانش و تخصص لازم در بستر پژوهش برخوردار باشند. همچنین مداخلۀ محققان در تحقیق به حداقل برسد و نیز نتیجۀ کدگذاری به تعدادی از خبرگان ارجاع و تأیید نهایی آن‌ها در خصوص چارچوب استخراجی اخذ شود. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد مفاهیم در قالب دو مضمون اصلی فرصت‌ها و چالش‌ها است که فرصت‌ها با پنج مضمون شامل قابلیت شبکه‌سازی، همگرایی فناوری با اهداف اقتصادی، مشتری‌محوری جهانی، ارزش‌آفرینی شغلی، تاب‌آوری مشاغل و چالش‌ها در قالب پنج مضمون شامل شکاف‌های فرایندی دیجیتال، ایجاد اقتصاد سیاه برای مشاغل روستایی، اثرات نامطلوب اجتماعی، جنبه‌های فرهنگی، مخاطرات فناورانه و فرصت‌ها دسته‌بندی شده‌اند.

presence of women in the board of directors and audit committee on financial irregularities

Abstract
Based on the theory of gender socialization, women and men show different values when exposed to different moral development. Gender diversity expresses the differences in the moral and personality characteristics of men and women, and people's actions are a reflection of their inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, the presence of women in the composition of the audit committee and the board of directors makes the organization more effective and reduces the representation costs of companies, and this also reduces financial irregularities in companies through the opportunistic behavior of managers. The development of the capital market and the rules established by the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization in line with the regulatory environment in accepted companies have increased the level of management in companies. However, due to information asymmetry between shareholders and managers, accounting irregularities also exist. However, according to the fuzzy management theory, when the firm's performance is poor, managers tend to provide information in a vague and complex manner because the market may react to the information disclosed in a complex manner with a delay. The purpose of this research is the effect of the presence of women in the board of directors and the audit committee on accounting irregularities. In terms of purpose, the current research is an applied research, and in terms of the method of data collection, it is a post-event semi-experimental research in the field of accounting proof research, that is, it is based on the analysis of past information. In terms of data analysis method, it is correlation research. The current research is an applied research in terms of its purpose, and in terms of the method of data collection, it is a post-event semi-experimental research in the field of accounting proof research, that is, it is based on the analysis of past information. In terms of the data analysis method, it is correlational research, because the current research seeks to find the relationship between research variables in a statistical community. The research data were collected from the compact discs of the statistical and image archive of the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization, the Tehran Stock Exchange website, Rahvard Navin software. Finally, according to the volume of samples, the 13th version of Eviews software and Stata were used for data analysis. Based on the theory of gender socialization, men and women show different values when exposed to different moral development. Gender diversity expresses the differences in the moral and personality characteristics of men and women, and people's actions are a reflection of their inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, the presence of women in the composition of the audit committee and the board of directors increases the effectiveness of the organization and reduces the costs of representing companies. The findings of the research indicate that the presence of women in the audit committee reduces financial irregularities in companies. Also, the findings indicate that the presence of women in the board of directors can have a negative and significant impact on financial irregularities through monitoring the opportunistic behavior of managers.

تأثیر حضور زنان در هیئت‌مدیره و کمیتۀ حسابرسی بر بی‌نظمی مالی

چکیده
براساس نظریۀ جامعه‌پذیری جنسیتی، زنان و مردان در مواجهه با رشد اخلاقی گوناگون، ارزش‌های متفاوتی از خود نشان می‌دهند؛ بنابراین حضور زنان در ترکیب کمیتۀ حسابرسی و هیئت‌مدیره موجب اثربخشی بیشتر سازمان می‌شود و این امر نیز با رفتار فرصت‌طلبانۀ مدیران موجب کاهش بی‌نظمی‌های مالی در شرکت‌ها می‌شود. در این راستا هدف از این پژوهش، تأثیر حضور زنان در هیئت‌مدیره و کمیتۀ حسابرسی بر تخلفات حسابداری است. پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی، و از نظر روش گردآوری داده‌ها نیمه‌تجربی پس‌رویدادی در زمینۀ تحقیقات اثباتی حسابداری است. داده‌های پژوهش از لوح‌های فشرده، آرشیو آماری، تصویری و سایت بورس اوراق بهادار تهران و نرم‌افزار راهورد نوین جمع‌آوری شده است. درنهایت با توجه به حجم نمونه‌ها، از نسخۀ سیزدهم نرم‌افزار EViews و Stata برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده شد. یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از آن است که حضور زنان در کمیتۀ حسابرسی سبب کاهش تخلفات مالی در شرکت‌ها می‌شود. همچنین یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد حضور زنان در هیئت‌مدیره با نظارت بر رفتار فرصت‌طلبانۀ مدیران می‌تواند تأثیر منفی و معناداری بر تخلفات مالی داشته باشد. با توجه به اینکه تنوع جنسیتی بیانگر تفاوت ویژگی‌های اخلاقی و شخصیتی زن و مرد است و اعمال افراد بازتابی از افکار و احساسات درونی آن‌ها است، حضور زنان در ترکیب کمیتۀ حسابرسی و هیئت‌مدیره سبب کاهش هزینه‌های نمایندگی شرکت‌ها و درنتیجه افزایش اثربخشی سازمان می‌شود.

The role of women in policy-making and decision-making in European national and regional parliaments

Abstract
In today's modern world, one of the most important prerequisites for the development and stability of countries is the optimal use of all human resources, especially understanding the relevance of women's role in social and political affairs. Although equal participation and leadership of women in political and public life is necessary to achieve the goals of sustainable development in the world; However, the available evidence and data indicate that women are underrepresented at all levels of decision-making around the world, and the achievement of gender equality in political and social life is still out of reach. In the meantime, Europe is the only region in the current era that, within the last two decades and in the light of relatively appropriate policies in the field of women, have had this relative opportunity to increase their political participation at the national and regional levels, while trying to increase their competence and credibility. Defend at the highest political, legislative and judicial levels. The present article, by applying the theory of feminism and benefiting from Jones' policy model, tries to answer the central question that the experience of women's presence in the field of policy and decision-making in the European continent, especially in the parliamentary field, refers to what issues and considerations and its output. What dimensions and consequences did it include? The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of women in policy-making and decision-making in European national and regional parliaments. And the research method is qualitative and using library documents and resources.The research findings show that the discussion of gender equality as one of the main indicators of feminism in the European Union has found its real place and women have taken steps on an equal footing with men in political and economic decision-making. In Europe, in the last decade, many women have taken the most important positions of power. This shows that Europe is moving faster in gender equality in the political field. Europe has been pursuing gender equality in a targeted way for years. Therefore, in the field of politics, by paving the way for women, they tried to make the voice of half of the society heard. By assuming executive and legislative positions, women have found an opportunity to show their political expertise and competencies. Women politicians who may have gender biases support policies and policies that remove formal and informal obstacles from their path in order to involve and participate more women and play a role model for the future generation of women provides. The presence of women in the political positions of the presidency, prime minister and ministerial positions, along with the approval of laws such as the abortion law, family support and child protection, women's leave and child care, health and treatment, policies related to workers' compensation and social welfare budget.; Among the determining factors and effective legislative measures, which gradually provided a suitable platform to stabilize the position of women in accepting high political and parliamentary responsibilities.

نقش زنان در سیاست‌گذاری و تصمیم‌گیری در پارلمان‌های ملی و منطقه‌ای اروپا

چکیده

در جهان مدرن امروز، یکی از مهم‌ترین پیش‌شرط‌های توسعه و ثبات کشورها، استفادۀ بهینه از همۀ ظرفیت‌های نیروی انسانی، به‌ویژه درک موضوعیت نقش زنان در امور اجتماعی و سیاسی است. اگرچه مشارکت و رهبری برابر زنان در زندگی سیاسی و عمومی برای دستیابی به اهداف توسعۀ پایدار در جهان ضروری است، بااین‌حال، شواهد حاکی از آن است که زنان در تمام سطوح تصمیم‌گیری در سراسر جهان کمتر حضور دارند و دستیابی به برابری جنسیتی در زندگی سیاسی و اجتماعی را همچنان دور از دسترس می‌بینند. در این میان، اروپا تنها منطقه در عصر کنونی است که ظرف دو دهۀ گذشته و در پرتو سیاست‌گذاری‌های نسبتاً مناسب در حوزۀ زنان، از این فرصت نسبی برخوردار شده است تا ضمن تلاش برای افزایش مشارکت سیاسی زنان در سطوح ملی و منطقه‌ای، از شایستگی و اعتبار زن در مراتب عالی سیاسی، تقنینی و قضایی دفاع کند. نظر به این مهم، مقالۀ حاضر با کاربست نظریۀ فمینیسم و بهره‌مندی از مدل سیاست‌گذاری جونز در پاسخ به سؤال پژوهش به این نتیجه رسید که حضور زنان در مناصب سیاسی ریاست جمهوری، نخست‌وزیری و پست‌های وزارتی، در کنار تصویب قوانینی همچون قانون سقط‌جنین، همیاری خانواده و حمایت از کودکان، مرخصی زنان و مراقبت از کودکان، بهداشت و درمان و بودجۀ رفاه اجتماعی، از جمله عوامل تعیین‌کننده و اقدام‌های مؤثر تقنینی بوده است که به‌تدریج، بستر مناسب برای تثبیت جایگاه زنان در پذیرش مسئولیت‌های بالای سیاسی و پارلمانی را فراهم آورده است.

The effect of the dynamics of women's education on macroeconomic variables with the approach of DSGE models

Abstract
The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development without expert and efficient human resources. Many factors are effective in the empowerment of human resources, among which education is one of the most important. Gender differences and gaps in education can be introduced as one of the basic obstacles to economic growth and development, and it may prevent women from participating in society. The majority of social experts believe that Iranian society has undergone many social, cultural, political, and educational changes in the last few decades, especially after the Islamic revolution. One of the most important developments, like many developing countries, has been the expansion of education at various levels. This event has been associated with the significant participation of women and girls in education. In order to investigate the impact of these changes in this research, has been investigated, the impact of the positive momentum of women's education and technology on macroeconomic variables such as production, investment, and employment in Iran. The Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model has been used to achieve the research goals. In this model, the economy is divided into three sectors: households, firms, and the government. Households include people (women and men) who gain utility from consuming goods and services and keeping money and lose utility from working and have the goal of maximizing their utility according to the constraints of the household budget. Firms are producers of intermediate and final goods. A continuum of monopolistically competitive firms produces intermediate domestic goods using labor and capital. There is perfect competition in the production of final goods, with the output of intermediate firms as inputs and according to a production function with constant returns to scale. The imperfect competition in the goods market is introduced by assuming that each firm produces a differentiated good for which it sets the price. Some constraints are imposed on the price adjustment mechanism by assuming that only a fraction of firms can reset their prices in any given period. In particular, a model of staggered price setting due to Calvo (1983) and characterized by random price durations is adopted. Finally, the central bank and the government implement monetary and financial policies. The obtained results from impulse response functions show positive impulse of women’s education increases production and investment, as well as employment. According to the results of the research, it is recommended to pay more attention to appropriate investments in the field of women's education by using appropriate policies in order to obtain as many benefits as possible for scientific development and higher economic growth. In such a way that practical training in jobs related to women increases female labor force participation and creates new job opportunities.

تأثیر پویایی‌های تحصیلات زنان بر متغیرهای کلان اقتصادی با رویکرد الگوی تعادل عمومی پویای تصادفی

چکیده
هدف این پژوهش، بررسی تأثیر تکانۀ مثبت تحصیلات زنان و فناوری بر متغیرهای کلان اقتصادی از جمله تولید، سرمایه‌گذاری و اشتغال در ایران است. برای بررسی تأثیر این تکانه‌ها، از الگوی تعادل عمومی پویای تصادفی (DSGE) استفاده شد. الگوهای تعادل عمومی پویای تصادفی، توانایی بررسی تأثیر یک متغیر بر چندین متغیر را دارند. کارگزاران اقتصادی در مدل شامل خانوارها، تولیدکنندگان، دولت و بانک مرکزی هستند که با بهینه‌یابی رفتار آن‌ها در قالب این الگو به بررسی تکانه‌های آموزش زنان پرداخته شده است. نتایج حاصل از توابع واکنش آنی تکانه‌های بهبود سطح تحصیلات زنان و بهبود فناوری نشان می‌دهد تکانۀ مثبت آموزش زنان سبب افزایش تولید و سرمایه‌گذاری می‌شود. همچنین این تکانه، اشتغال را نیز افزایش می‌دهد. همچنین تکانۀ فناوری موجب افزایش تولید و سرمایه‌گذاری و کاهش اشتغال شده است. با توجه به نتایج پژوهش، توصیه می‌شود با اتخاذ سیاست‌های مناسب به‌منظور دستیابی هرچه بیشتر منافع توسعۀ علمی و نیل به رشد اقتصادی بالاتر، سرمایه‌گذاری‌های مناسب در زمینۀ آموزش زنان مورد اهتمام بیشتری قرار گیرد؛ به‌نحوی‌که آموزش‌های کاربردی در مشاغل مرتبط با زنان نه‌تنها موجب ایجاد رقابت در تصاحب فرصت‌های شغلی نشده است، بلکه عاملی در جهت ایجاد اشتغال و فرصت‌های شغلی جدید نیز محسوب می‌شود.

Theoretical and practical requirements about justice: justice and women

Abstract
The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization or trend-setting structures have not been raised and strengthened in this approach. Except for some of the books and articles that have been published in the last two decades and presented good comparative studies that can inspire new researches, most of these studies are still involved in issues such as knowing or not knowing the rules of justice, justice as a criterion for Friday and congregational imamate., the difference between the sharia and customary meaning of justice, criticism of women's rights and duties with the measure of justice and the like. Therefore, a research that proposes to strengthen those theoretical dimensions of justice that leads to pragmatism and structuring about it is necessary. Therefore, this article aims to strengthen this dimension and to present the necessities that are necessary in organizing a pragmatic theory of justice, and because in the last century, one of the challenges of justice, especially its Islamic approach, rights and benefits Social is for women, the field of investigation and comparisons has been placed on the issue of justice for women. Weighing each ruling with justice means to consider justice as the criterion of all of them or the legislative goal of all of them. Although such a statement is not approved, it is necessary to fill the empty space of mandatory rules with fair laws and legislate fair laws in the administration of the country and governance. As some authors believe, if the rulings in the laws of the Islamic Republic are in accordance with the explicit text of the Qur'an and frequent hadiths, they are the same revelation and cannot be criticized by the standard of justice, but in the case of other laws, if the revelation is silent, they are evaluated by the standard of justice. As a result, if justice is a criterion in some of the laws of the country, among the most important topics in this regard is the processing of the theory of justice, which includes clear theoretical and practical aspects as a strategy for managing society. Although these dimensions have been the focus of domestic researchers in the studies of the last two decades, they need to be explored more and focused on micro-issues. In the path of transition from the praise of justice in its religious studies to practical theoretical processing, one should know what is the most important theoretical and practical challenge of justice in this field. This is the main question in this article. To answer this question, the author's effort is to present one theoretical consideration and two practical considerations in the theorizing of justice centered on women. The theoretical consideration deals with the challenge of the inequality criterion, and the practical consideration deals with the two issues of perception measurement and indexing for justice, and in all cases, it focuses on the issue of women. After collecting the necessary data, the method of the article is content analysis and a documentary and fundamental article.

ضرورت‌های نظری و عملی دربارۀ عدالت: عدالت و زنان

چکیده
با وجود اهمیت عدالت در فقه سیاسی-اجتماعی، نظریه‌پردازی‌ها باید به نظام‌سازی یا ساختارهای روندساز منجر شوندف اما در رویکرد اسلامی مطرح و تقویت نشده‌اند. از جمله مهم‌ترین مباحث عدالت، پردازش نظریه‌ای است که شامل ابعاد نظری و عملی روشن به‌مثابۀ راهبرد ادارۀ جامعه است. این ابعاد اگرچه در مطالعات دو دهۀ اخیر حوزۀ عدالت مورد توجه پژوهشگران داخلی قرار گرفته‌اند، نیازمند کاوش بیشتر و تمرکز روی موضوعات خرد هستند. این مقاله با هدف تقویت این ابعاد و ضرورت‌ها به طرح ایدۀ خود می‌پردازد و به‌دلیل اهمیت حقوق و مزایای اجتماعی زنان، میدان بررسی و تطبیقات خود را در موضوع عدالت برای زنان قرار داده است. پرسش اصلی مقاله ناظر به مهم‌ترین چالش نظری و عملی عدالت است که در پاسخ ملاحظۀ نظری به چالش معیار نابرابری و ملاحظۀ عملی به دو بحث ادراک‌سنجی و شاخص‌سازی برای عدالت پرداخته است. روش مقاله پس از جمع‌آوری داده‌های لازم، تحلیل محتوا، و مقاله اسنادی و بنیادی است. گفتنی است این مقاله برگرفته از یک کلان طرح دربارۀ عدالت جنسیتی است. مطابق نتایج، نابرابری به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین مسئله در مطالعات عدالت، نیازمند تعیین معیار است. چندمعیارگی در نظریۀ عدالت اسلامی قابل‌دفاع است. تفاوت میان مردان و زنان به‌عنوان بخشی از معیارها با سیاست‌های جانب‌دارانه در راستای حمایت از خانواده، مادرانگی، زنانگی و فردیت زنان مورد توجه قرار می‌گیرد. عدالت، امری راهبردی برای تنظیم روابط افراد با یکدیگر از حوزۀ خانوادگی تا حوزۀ اجتماعی است و نیازمند طراحی معیارها، اصول و اهداف، شاخص‌سازی و ادراک‌سنجی است.

The intergenerational perception of loyalty and mechanisms used in the face of disloyalty (Daughters and their mothers lived experience in Tehran)

Abstract
The primary goal of this study is to observe conceptual changes in loyalty. The research questions are as follows: What is the difference between girls' and their mothers' understanding of loyalty? And what is their reaction to the disloyalty of their spouses? Through reviewing related studies, the most important innovative aspect of this study is that it attempts to analyze the experience of two generations of daughters and mothers in the field of loyalty understanding. Also, another innovative aspect of this study is that it intends to deal with their strategies for achieving loyalty and confronting disloyalty. Theoretical concepts such as Bowman's "Liquid Love," Giddens' "Pure Relationship Theory," Illouz's "Emotional Capitalism," Badiou's "In Praise of Love," and "Ideal Types of social actions" were used to raise theoretical sensitivities. The research method is thematic analysis. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview technique. The samples were Tehranin married daughters aged 23-33 and their mothers (13 mothers and 13 daughters). Based on the primary and the secondary objectives, we grouped 15 main categories into three demeans.
The first dimension is the semantic conception of loyalty, including multiple elements of loyalty meaning, intergenerational interpretation of loyalty concept, liberating loyalty, loyalty as the commitment to housekeeping roles, and commodified love and loyalty; the second dimension contains strategies which include: the restorative insight of mothers, daughters' eliminative reaction, effective persuasion, legitimation strategy, a ternary mixture of "conversation, counseling, friendship-basis," and reconsideration in the relationship; We named the final dimension as intervenors, which includes: the shadow of the paternal family and mothers being as referent, religious-moral beliefs and guarantees of loyalty, fear of disputes escalation in case of family intervention, and the importance of the chosen strategies in crucial situations.
The findings show a diversity of meanings related to loyalty among participants.

A) The dominant concept of loyalty in both generations is sexual and emotional betrayal.
b) Another common meaning is that loyalty is a kind of relationship based on adherence to commitment, roles, and responsibilities.
c) Another meaning of generally emphasized loyalty, is loyalty as a kind of inner emotional bond, a high level of intimacy, love, and the expression of love.
d) Loyalty is one of the most important moral and religious principles emphasized by mothers.
e) Loyalty is meaningful as long as it does not hinder their freedom as seen in daughters.

The results show that the meaning of loyalty largely depends on the age of participants, mothers commonly percept disloyalty as betrayal, and daughters who are closer to their mothers in terms of age have a similar definition, but in younger daughters, the definition of loyalty is more biased to concepts such as love, intimacy, and liberation. Religious beliefs influence the choice of strategies, especially in mothers; The academic capital of mothers and daughters affects the way they interpret loyalty, and those with higher academic capital, even in more socially prestigious areas, have newer and more modern perceptions of loyalty, which has been mentioned in the previous chapters; The cultural capital, primarily academic capital, in the family, especially in mother, play a very important role helping daughter in choosing strategies while facing challenges, when cultural capital is high, her experience and guidance, make solving daughter's marital issues easier, directing daughters to the efficient family consultations, sticking to conversations instead of spreading issues to the families, are some of such strategies. On the other hand, when the cultural capital is low, facing issues incorrectly by both parties, disloyalty, or even a sense of it, lead to divorce; age also has an impact on choosing strategies. The restorative strategies are more common to mothers, while eliminative one, commodified emotional relationships, and consultation are more common among daughters. Mothers rarely use consultation, sometimes with an incorrect imagination of it because of encouraging youth to divorce; Low economic capital affects chosen strategies in both daughters and mothers. Those from weaker economic backgrounds often opt for restorative and legitimation strategies over eliminative ones. An eliminative strategy is more common among economically independent people

فهم نسلی وفاداری و سازوکارهای مواجهه با بی‌وفایی (تجربۀ دختران تهرانی و مادران آن‌ها)

چکیده

هدف پژوهش حاضر پاسخ‌دادن به این پرسش است که دختران و مادرانشان چگونه وفاداری را فهم و معنا می‌کنند. به عبارتی میان فهم و درک دختران و مادرانشان از وفاداری چه تفاوتی وجود دارد؟ همچنین در امتداد آن، این سؤال مطرح می‌شود که راهبرد این دو گروه هدف در مواجهه با بی‌وفایی چیست. در خلال پاسخ به این پرسش‌ها و رصد تحولات معنایی و ارزشی مفهوم وفاداری، تفاوت معنادهی، مواجهه و راهبرد‌های به‌کاررفته توسط دختران متأهل و مادرانشان در مواجهه با فقدان وفاداری مورد مداقه قرار گرفت. از مجموعۀ مفاهیم نظری «عشق سیال» باومن، «رابطۀ ناب» گیدنز، «سرمایه‌داری عاطفی» ایلوز، «ستایش عشق» بدیو، «انواع کنش‌های معنادار» وبر، مفهوم مدارای اجتماعی و مواردی از این قبیل برای ایجاد حساسیت نظری در کار پژوهش استفاده شد. به کمک مصاحبۀ نیمه‌ساختاریافته و با استفاده از نمونه‌گیری هدفمند، داده‌ها از 24 مصاحبه با دختران 23-33 سالۀ (متأهل) شهر تهران و مادرانشان جمع‌آوری شد. با استفاده از روش تحلیل تماتیک، 15 مضمون اصلی به‌دست آمد که آن‌ها را در سه محور دسته‌بندی کردیم. محور اول تصور معنایی از وفاداری است، محور دوم شامل راهبرد‌ها و محور پایانی مداخله‌گرها است.

Virtual networks and the breakup of married life: a qualitative study of the lived experience of divorced women of Ilam

Abstract
Marriage is one of the three milestones in human life, i.e. birth, marriage, and death. Marriage is related to changes in a person's view of himself, his wife, and the world. A person who gets married is affected by changes in personal and social fields. Therefore, if an important disturbance occurs in a person's marriage, all his personal, interpersonal, and social processes will be affected. The social developments of the past decades at the global level have faced the family system with new and diverse changes, challenges, issues, and needs. During this period, the family has been increasingly under threat due to multiple and complex factors. When the functions of the family, such as biological, social, cognitive, and emotional functions are damaged one after another, its members gradually lose their sense of satisfaction. The gradual decrease in the satisfaction of the family members first causes psychological dissociation, then social dissociation, and finally, a legal event, which is called divorce. Divorce is one of the factors of breaking up and disintegrating the family unit, which can have many consequences for people in society. Nowadays, virtual social networks play a role as one of the most important factors in many divorces and disturbances in couples' relationships. The purpose of this research is to study how marital life changes and breaks up through virtual social networks from the perspective of divorced women in Ilam City. The research paradigm is constructive and interpretive; The research approach is qualitative and the research strategy is phenomenology. Thematic analysis and Brown and Clark's framework have been used for data analysis. Of course, it should be mentioned that two types of methods in phenomenology, i.e. interpretation and explanation, have been used to analyze the results. The studied community includes all the divorced women of Ilam City who have had the experience of using virtual social networks. How to choose the subjects to be studied are based on purposeful sampling. The number of samples until the theoretical saturation stage was estimated to be 15 people. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. This research was done to answer three important questions. How do divorced women understand, define, and interpret family and marital relations? How do virtual networks become the basis for breaking up and transforming marital relations? What are the most important virtual social networks used by women that have been effective in breaking up relationships? In this research, the understanding, definition, and subjective meaning of divorced women from family and marital relationships in the form of 4 categories "family as a system", "unfavorable image of family", "difference between previous interpretations and existing reality" and "fatalistic attitude" became. The results of the research showed that the evolution and breakup of married life can be analyzed and investigated from the point of view of divorced women in the form of main themes including "creating cocoons of loneliness", "separation from kinship networks", "individual injuries", "destructive", "Instrument of family dysfunction", "consumption display", and "virtual networks as the transformation of value system".In this research, the most important social networks used by divorced women, which have been effective in creating coldness and eventually breaking the relationship in these families, are, respectively: Instagram, WhatsApp, Telegram, and YouTube. In the current research and based on the statements of divorced women, it can be concluded that virtual social networks have played a role in marital dissatisfaction. The Elamite society and culture and consequently the people in the family institution have been affected by these communication technologies. It seems that virtual social networks cannot be interpreted as inherently bad or good, but their impact on the private and social life of people depends on the amount and time of their use, because as the results and women's conversations show, extreme use and In a way, the addiction to these spaces has been effective in changing and breaking relationships between the members of these families. If a context is provided so that family members can find out how to use these spaces to strengthen their family cohesion and bonds, it will also have positive results, but non-interactive uses of this space will lead to rejection and social isolation of people in the family and Society has created. At the end of the research and according to the obtained results, research and practical suggestions have been presented.

شبکه‌های مجازی و گسست زندگی زناشویی: مطالعۀ کیفی تجربۀ زیستۀ زنان مطلقۀ ایلام

چکیده
طلاق از جمله عوامل گسیختگی و ازهم‌پاشیدگی کانون خانواده است که عواقب بسیاری برای افراد جامعه دارد. امروزه در بسیاری از طلاق‌ها و نابسامانی‌ها در روابط زوجین، شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی به‌عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل نقش‌آفرینی می‌کنند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، مطالعۀ چگونگی تحول و گسست زندگی زناشویی از طریق شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی از دید زنان مطلقۀ شهر ایلام است. پارادایم پژوهش برساختی و تفسیری است. رویکرد پژوهش کیفی است و راهبرد پژوهش از نوع پدیدارشناسی است. از تحلیل تماتیک و همچنین چارچوب براون و کلارک برای تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده شده است. جامعۀ مورد مطالعه شامل تمامی زنان 22 تا 37 سالۀ مطلقۀ شهر ایلام است که از مدت طلاقشان 5 تا 7 سال گذشته است و تجربۀ استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی را در طول شبانه‌روز بین 5 تا 10 ساعت داشته‌اند. سوژه‌های مورد مطالعه برمبنای نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. تعداد نمونه تا مرحله اشباع نظری 15 نفر برآورد شد. گردآوری داده‌ها با مصاحبۀ نیمه‌ساختاریافته صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد تحول و گسست زندگی زناشویی از دید زنان مطلقه در قالب مضمون‌های اصلی شامل «ایجاد پیله‌های تنهایی»، «انفصال از شبکه‌های خویشاوندی»، «آسیب‌های فردی»، «ساختارشکنی»، «ابزار ناکارآمدی خانواده»، «نمایش مصرف» و «شبکه‌های مجازی به‌مثابۀ استحالۀ نظام ارزشی» قابل‌تحلیل و بررسی است.