economics
saadolah darabi; Hossein Mahmoudian
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration ...
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The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration of job seekers aged 20 to 45 referring to employment centers across the country. This study has been carried out with the help of the statistical technique of survival background analysis, through the refinement and analysis of about two million data records (collected by job seekers across the country and under the supervision of the Ministry of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare). The findings of this study indicate that compared to men, women have longer periods of unemployment and less chance to get a job. In explaining this finding, it can be said; Probably, one of the reasons could be that there are more jobs for men that do not suit the conditions of women. And in other words, women are facing limited job variety. Marriage and having children and raising children by women can also be one of the reasons for increasing the length of their unemployment period compared to men, which can be justified according to gender theories. Because gender theories, especially in Iranian culture, consider the main duties of women to be mainly education and upbringing of children, while in this culture, providing the income needed by the family has been the responsibility of men, and therefore it is expected to impose such a duty on men. to reduce the period of unemployment for this group.Women and men looking for work in the age groups of 20 to 24 years have a lower average length of unemployment and more chances to get a job and get out of unemployment compared to other age groups. This finding can be explained with the help of job search theory. Because people aged 25 to 45, probably due to the improvement of their education level and skills, have more expectations for receiving high-paying jobs, and this causes them not to accept any job with any level of pay and therefore give up. They search for more jobs, which ultimately increases the length of the unemployment period among these people. Married, divorced and widowed job seekers (except for divorced and widowed men) have a lower risk of unemployment than single people. It seems that married, divorced and widowed people (especially among women) are under more pressure than single people to get a job in order to earn money and meet the needs of the family due to family responsibility and the burden of taking care of the family. They usually accept any job with any salary level. On the other hand, single people, due to having enough opportunity and without financial pressures, decide to accept or not accept the proposed job, and this may lead to an increase in the length of their unemployment period compared to married people. It is consistent with job search theory.In both groups of men and women, uneducated job seekers have the highest unemployment risk and people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest unemployment risk category. The chances of leaving unemployment are higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels. This finding can be explained based on the skill theory (education and training). According to this theory, training and skill training programs increase the chances of a job seeker to find a job. Participating in training programs can provide a positive sign to employers and also reduce uncertainty about the employability of job applicants. According to other findings of this study, people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest risk of unemployment. have. On the other hand, the chance of leaving unemployment is higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels, so it seems that Iran's labor market has not yet reached a stage of complexity and maturity. which wants people with education levels higher than diploma on a wide level. And almost the skill requirement of the labor market has remained at the same diploma and sub-diploma levels for most jobs, due to the lack of innovation and the very slow growth of skill-oriented jobs.Therefore, it is suggested to pay serious attention to the changes in the age and gender structure of the population in the policy making and management process of the country's labor market. Women are half of the country's population,t
mahdi filsaraei
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of board gender diversity on a firm’s investment inefficiency. We document that firms with gender-diverse boards have significantly less investment inefficiency than firms without gender-diverse board and the fraction of female directors on the board is significantly ...
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This paper investigates the impact of board gender diversity on a firm’s investment inefficiency. We document that firms with gender-diverse boards have significantly less investment inefficiency than firms without gender-diverse board and the fraction of female directors on the board is significantly negative correlated with investment inefficiency. According to the analysis of past information, this research is a quasi-experimental type of research. Also, due to the fact that the results obtained from the research solve a specific problem or issue, in terms of practical purpose and in terms of method, it is of the type of correlation analysis with regression approach. Due to the fact that this research uses past information to test hypotheses, it is a type of post-event research. In terms of theory, the research is of the affirmative research type and in terms of reasoning, it is of the inductive type. On the other hand, this research is a type of quasi-experimental research in the field of financial and accounting research. In terms of the hypothesis testing model, the current research is considered one of the correlational researches (type of correlational research). The research data is also a type of composite data. The relationship between the independent and dependent variables of the research is investigated using the multivariate linear regression model.In order to that, the research hypothesis was based on a statistical sample consisting of 108 companies during the years 2017 to2021 and tested using multivariate regression models. The analysis of the research sample shows that there is a significant negative relationship between the gender diversity of the board of directors and investment inefficiency. The results also showed that board independence moderates the relationship between board gender diversity and investment inefficiency. But the CEO's tenure does not moderate the relationship between the gender diversity of the board and investment inefficiency. Research results show that gender diversity of the board of directors helps monitoring, especially when corporate governance is weak. Some researchers have found that women are more risk-taking and conservative in making investment decisions. Female directors are more likely to join supervisory committees, and boards with higher proportions of female directors use more equity-based compensation for their directors. In summary, the results show that the gender diversity of the supervisory board increases and reduces investment inefficiency. The presence of a female manager at the head of the organization as a managing director or as a member of the company's board of directors can have positive effects on improving the performance with more supervision from the female manager according to their personality characteristics and also improving the quality of providing financial reports, increasing the company's efficiency and increase productivity. Men and women, exposed to different moral development, tend to develop different values, which leads to different attitudes and behaviors. For example, men attribute value to money, progress, and power, while women are more concerned with social relationships and are interested in performing assigned tasks more effectively and are more likely to obey rules. In addition, compared to boards where all directors are men, women can present different views in the board of directors and make more informed decisions, leading to increased transparency at the level of the board of directors.
Women's Studies
Jamileh Alamolhoda; parastoo alikhani; morteza rezaeizadeh; esmaeal jafari
Abstract
Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and ...
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Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and cannot be considered as an intellectual foundation for the empowerment of Muslim women: Some of these reasons are: 1- Moral values and spiritual aspects of human life are not very relevant. 2- Emancipation and relativism in defining sexual identity can destroy the dignity of women. 3- Dominance of some special values by advanced countries should not be accepted without considering local culture and norms. As a result, it becomes necessary to identify a set of principles derived from divine perception to act as a foundation for empowering Muslim women. The current research sought to identify these principles.Research method: What principles govern the Islamic understanding of gender issues? In response to this question, the researchers committed to the interpretation paradigm; Because in order to derive principles about gender issues in Islamic perception, one should also refer to the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers. The research question was raised in 8 focus group meetings with 32 Muslim researchers and thinkers who sought to expand Islamic perception in the matter of empowering Muslim women in their research or social activities. The role of the researchers in the focus group meetings was limited to encouraging the members to ask each other or comment on the experiences and views raised. Through open coding, the spoken evidence of the sessions was analyzed and through the participant feedback method, the validity of the findings was increased.Findings: Six principles were found as the governing principles of Islamic understanding of the concept of gender, which were: complementarianism, dynamics in time and place, social emotion, selectivity, equality in opportunities for excellence, and competitiveness. There are internal relationships among these principles. For example, complementarianism is one of the effects of competition avoidance, or social affection is a prerequisite for providing equal opportunities for excellence.Conclusion: The six principles obtained have a greater capacity than the three dominant-egalitarian-liberating mentalities for empowering Muslim women. The importance of context and environment, in addition to the failure of non-divine intellectual foundations in empowering women, can be counted among the reasons for this. Of course, rethinking gender according to an Islamic understanding has been the focus of researchers such as Abbasi and Mousavi (2014) and Qasimpour and Aliabadi (2017) and they have emphasized on referring to religious texts and rereading them correctly. However, the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers have not been analyzed. Identifying these principles can guide economic, educational, social, cultural, social, and political empowerment and act as an umbrella for the empowerment of Muslim women. Of course, the findings of this research cannot be generalized due to its qualitative nature, and in order to formalize one or more Iranian-Islamic intellectual foundations, it requires qualitative and quantitative efforts by other researchers as well.Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and cannot be considered as an intellectual foundation for the empowerment of Muslim women: Some of these reasons are: 1- Moral values and spiritual aspects of human life are not very relevant. 2- Emancipation and relativism in defining sexual identity can destroy the dignity of women. 3- Dominance of some special values by advanced countries should not be accepted without considering local culture and norms. As a result, it becomes necessary to identify a set of principles derived from divine perception to act as a foundation for empowering Muslim women. The current research sought to identify these principles.Research method: What principles govern the Islamic understanding of gender issues? In response to this question, the researchers committed to the interpretation paradigm; Because in order to derive principles about gender issues in Islamic perception, one should also refer to the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers. The research question was raised in 8 focus group meetings with 32 Muslim researchers and thinkers who sought to expand Islamic perception in the matter of empowering Muslim women in their research or social activities. The role of the researchers in the focus group meetings was limited to encouraging the members to ask each other or comment on the experiences and views raised. Through open coding, the spoken evidence of the sessions was analyzed and through the participant feedback method, the validity of the findings was increased.Findings: Six principles were found as the governing principles of Islamic understanding of the concept of gender, which were: complementarianism, dynamics in time and place, social emotion, selectivity, equality in opportunities for excellence, and competitiveness. There are internal relationships among these principles. For example, complementarianism is one of the effects of competition avoidance, or social affection is a prerequisite for providing equal opportunities for excellence.Conclusion: The six principles obtained have a greater capacity than the three dominant-egalitarian-liberating mentalities for empowering Muslim women. The importance of context and environment, in addition to the failure of non-divine intellectual foundations in empowering women, can be counted among the reasons for this. Of course, rethinking gender according to an Islamic understanding has been the focus of researchers such as Abbasi and Mousavi (2014) and Qasimpour and Aliabadi (2017) and they have emphasized on referring to religious texts and rereading them correctly. However, the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers have not been analyzed. Identifying these principles can guide economic, educational, social, cultural, social, and political empowerment and act as an umbrella for the empowerment of Muslim women.
Women's Studies
Amir Asgari; Sahebeh Masoudi; Maedeh Taghizadeh Tabarsi
Abstract
Women's empowerment is a topic included in a wide range of programs and policies implemented by different institutions around the world. However, cognitive characteristics and research in the field of cognitive sciences, specifically regarding cognitive abilities, have been neglected in many of these ...
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Women's empowerment is a topic included in a wide range of programs and policies implemented by different institutions around the world. However, cognitive characteristics and research in the field of cognitive sciences, specifically regarding cognitive abilities, have been neglected in many of these policies and implemented projects. Empowering women and promoting gender equality are recognized as important factors for achieving sustainable development and reducing poverty around the world. Despite significant progress over the years, gender inequality still exists in various areas of life, including education, employment, health, and political activities. In order to solve these inequalities, it is important to understand the effective factors in their occurrence and provide solutions for them. One of the research areas that has attracted a lot of attention in this field, especially in recent years, is called cognitive science. Recent research has shown that cognitive science, through examining the mechanisms of the formation of mental concepts, and by combining it with behaviorism through the simultaneous examination of the mind, language, social behavior, and social technical systems, not only provides a clearer understanding of the way humans encounter various phenomena, but also makes available ways to analyze and improve them in different contexts.In this regard, this research provides a framework for empowering women in governance based on cognitive science studies using a two-step method that involves scoping review and content analysis. The results of this research, including 18 key elements of women's empowerment based on cognitive studies, along with the presented conceptual framework, aid experts, researchers, and individuals interested in the fields of empowerment, governance, and women in reaching their answers for policy-making and decision-making processes. The achievements also help to build networks among various related concepts for designing further applied research. One of the key benefits of the research presented in this study is that it emphasizes the importance of incorporating cognitive science research into policy-making and decision-making processes for women's empowerment. By understanding the cognitive mechanisms that underlie gender inequality, policymakers and experts can design more effective interventions and programs that address the root causes of these inequalities. This can lead to more sustainable and long-term solutions that not only benefit women but also promote overall economic and social development. Furthermore, by integrating cognitive science research into governance studies, it is possible to establish a more comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between individual cognition and social behavior. This interdisciplinary approach can facilitate the development of more nuanced and sophisticated policies and programs that take into account the diverse contexts and experiences of women across different cultures and societies. Overall, this research highlights the immense potential of cognitive science research for achieving greater gender equality and empowering women around the world.The current research is also important in creating schemas of applied research with the aim of creating a connection between different fields of governance studies and cognitive science studies. It can open up conceptual gaps as well as paths for further studies for those interested in interdisciplinary studies, providing a wide range of topics and concepts
Women's Studies
Somaieh Saadatifar; Fatemeh Danafar
Abstract
Children are one of the most vulnerable groups in society, and the risk of aggression by various people in the family or community constantly threatens them. Studies from the childhood of imprisoned women show that the negative experiences of misbehavior, enduring adversities, family quarrels, experiencing ...
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Children are one of the most vulnerable groups in society, and the risk of aggression by various people in the family or community constantly threatens them. Studies from the childhood of imprisoned women show that the negative experiences of misbehavior, enduring adversities, family quarrels, experiencing poverty and emotional neglect, and violence are related to their health problems in adulthood, which range from depression to personality disorders and heart diseases. Therefore, this study wants to answer the question, what experiences have women prisoners had since childhood, and what contribution did their childhood period have in their imprisonment and the continuation of crimes in their adult lives?Method:The present study is a qualitative study using the phenomenology method. A depth interview was used to collect the data and information needed for this research. The field of study of this research is all female prisoners of Fardis Penitentiary, which is located in the south of Karaj. The samples of the study were collected by purposeful sampling and theoretical sampling. In the selection of the sample, attention was paid to the maximum variety in terms of the age of imprisoned women with different crimes (murder, theft, drug sales, prostitution), Level of Education, marital status (married and single), the number of times they were imprisoned, economic status, and the number of children the participants had, but to ensure saturation, more than 2 interviews were conducted, and depth interviews were conducted with 25 female prisoners.Findings: According to the research questions and analysis of the research data, after reducing and merging similar codes, 6 themes were obtained. Women have mentioned their accumulated memories of childhood and continuation in adulthood. The interviewees' perception of the lost childhood has been interpreted as an insecure childhood, a regretful childhood, and a helpless childhood, which are described by 3 main themes and 11 sub-themes, as well as the continuation of the effects of childhood trauma in women's adulthood in the form of 3 main themes and 10 sub-themes were extracted. Therefore, all the concepts are related to each other and it has revealed a pattern of the meaning of their lived experience since childhood and the continuation of its effects in adulthood.Discussion: The findings of the research showed that the imprisoned women experienced a childhood in a state of insecurity, helplessness, regret, and loss and faced various threats, humiliation, repression, and failure. They believe that their childhood and negative experiences play a significant role in their imprisonment and that they have not achieved their right in life and have not received what others have earned. Prisoner women believe that insecurity in the family always takes its victims from children, who are forced to endure unfavorable conditions due to their inability and lack of self-defense, and sexual, physical, and sexual insecurity during childhood. From the point of view of some participants, livelihood issues, lack of job and unemployment, lack of capital and financial problems, and inability to meet the expenses, have been one of the main effective factors of their family problems, which regret many children's demands in Food, clothing, toys, and entertainment have been placed in their hearts. Family poverty means that there are no more funds to invest in children's education or this investment is not done in an appropriate way. According to the narratives of the imprisoned women, their family was a family that did not provide financial support, neglected the educational role, was violent, did not have emotional interactions, did not show affection, was weak, and was unjust. , effective and healthy relationships were not established in it, they did not pay attention to the needs and deviation education was unintentionally in their program In parallel with unfavorable family conditions, women prisoners are faced with traumas such as psychological adversities, deprivation of interaction, feelings of loneliness, depression, and the bias of lowering cultural self-esteem. According to the self-statement of the imprisoned women, due to the negative events of their childhood, today they are still affected by the disturbing events of those days, and the continuation of many of these negative experiences has caused them to have conflicts related to crimes, false thoughts, and defective self-concept, and even managed to break relationships. affect them socially and emotionally in their family life in adulthood.
Women's Studies
Hamideh Dabbaghi; kosar Mohammadi; Somayeh Jamshidy
Abstract
The division of domestic labor or the distribution of responsibilities and necessary tasks for maintaining the home and family members has historically evolved since the industrialization period and has had important as a social phenomenon in academic discussions since the 1970s. Social and economic ...
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The division of domestic labor or the distribution of responsibilities and necessary tasks for maintaining the home and family members has historically evolved since the industrialization period and has had important as a social phenomenon in academic discussions since the 1970s. Social and economic contexts have always influenced the relationships and interactions between men and women and their gender roles in the family. They have regulated the relationships between them throughout the history of family development. This paper describes the women's experience of domestic labor division with their husbands in the family. In addition, analytical concepts such as gender equality in the division of domestic labor, economic dependency, and gender deviation neutralization (in gender roles) under the theory of relative resources have been used. Also, the thematic analysis method and semi-structured interviews with 15 women, including employed women and housewives in the age groups of 20 to 60 years used in this paper. Then interviews were analyzed by Max QDA 2018 software to extract the relationship pattern of couples in the division of domestic labor. The findings indicate the extraction of 2 main themes of non-participation in the division of domestic labor and participation in the division of domestic labor, seven sub-themes including stubborn femininity, hegemonic masculinity, favorable or unfavorable obvious challenge, economic triangulation, passive/hidden resistance, gradual participation of men. and equality in relations, and 228 concepts. stubborn femininity or hidden feminism theme refers to the power and dominance of women in the family. The second theme refers to self-sufficiency because of absence of a man at home, the man's imprisonment, the man's incapacity, or the death of a man are forced to take care of and breadwinner. In relationships based on persuasion, women accept more tasks because of some reasonable evaluation of men’s function during other areas. The economic triangulation of women is a form of the relationship between men and women when they are equal in strength and power. Women’s hidden and passive resistance gradually causes men to participate in household chores. In gradual participation, men learn to participate in household chores through socialization from the group of relatives and friends and the assignment of partial and incremental tasks from the woman to the man. The last theme of couples' relationships is based on the understanding or extensive participation of men and women in household chores which ends to equal involvement. Both men and women try to participate intellectually, emotionally, psychologically, and behaviorally and experience gender roles as much as possible. The variety of types introduced in the Iranian family shows the change and evolution in the traditional Iranian society and the agency and rethinking by women in gender roles and the division of conventional domestic work.However, regarding the causes and contexts of the formation of this ideal relationship between the studied couples, it is not possible to refer to foreign studies and the experiences of women in other countries, such as Eastern European countries and France, which are based on egalitarian ideas through the promotion of women's participation in the workforce or countries with family policies such as Norway and gender ideology, he said. Instead, the ethnic, cultural, and social diversity under the macro-policy strategies in the field of the Iranian family under Islamic thought and influenced by the characteristic of collectivism in the Iranian culture creates a different experience for Iranian women and can be a debatable issue in future studies. But what can be accepted without a doubt is that Iranian women are entering a process of rethinking the division of work and power in the family and the beginning of the process of redistributing family responsibilities.
Women's Studies
Ahmad Kalateh sadati; Fatemeh Adelkhah; Faezeh Shamsaddin Qotrom
Abstract
Puberty is a biological, complex and a social constract phenomena which is experienced diffently among girls. Daughters with Single Fathers can have a different experience of puberty. This issue can be related to the quality of the father's and other family members' interaction with the girl's puberty. ...
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Puberty is a biological, complex and a social constract phenomena which is experienced diffently among girls. Daughters with Single Fathers can have a different experience of puberty. This issue can be related to the quality of the father's and other family members' interaction with the girl's puberty. In the absence of mothers, daughters of Single Fathers have several problems. They don’t have a clue and a pattern of female for a successful passage through puberty. The main question of the current research is to explore the experience of puberty among daughters of Single Fathers. For this purpose, the challenges of the health behaviors of these groups’ daughters during menstruation, their understanding of puberty and their experience about the subject were also studied under the main objective. This is a qualitative study that was conducted in 2022-2023 in Yazd. The participants are 10 girls aged 13-16 from Yazd who have lived with their father for more than 6 months. Sampling was done purposefully in schools. The participants cooperated with us voluntarily, in order to achieve maximum diversity, the samples were selected from different schools. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews in the teachers’ room. Using thematic analysis method for data analysis. Using the theme analysis method, the patterns and themes in the qualitative data were identified. The explored themes of the research showed that puberty and its experience among the daughters under fathers’ custody is a masculine thing which is related to the way the father behaves. The experience of puberty is closely related to the father's behavior. This means that the father's attitude and behavior in this field can bring different experiences for the participants. Fathers who try to understand the issue correctly and accept it and are in line to support their daughter, help a lot to accept the issue in their youth. Unlike those fathers who are indifferent to the issue and neglect it, he has turned puberty into a problematic phenomenon in which the girl experiences a sense of shame and secrecy, and in some cases, a decrease in self-confidence and disgust from this natural phenomenon. The three themes which explored are: supportive father, neglectful father and problematic puberty. The experience of puberty among girls with fathers’ custody is more related to the father's point of view and the role of fatherhood. This shows that in these cases puberty experience is more social than biological. In fact, the girl's puberty experience is a social, masculine and paternal thing that is related with social and cultural values. The problematization of puberty and menstruation in families where the mother is not present and the society is taboo is more, which is the result of lack of knowledge about the natural mechanism of the body, necessary care during menstruation, etc. It is suggested that due to the expansion of single-parent families especially fathers, education about puberty and menstrual health should be promoted in schools, educational booklets for girls and fathers about menstruation should be published, and open and honest communication between fathers and daughters should be encouraged.
Women's Studies
parvaneh allaei; maryam hokmabadi goshuni
Abstract
In recent years, due to the decrease in the rate of childbearing, efforts have been made in the policy system, among which we can mention the plan for the youth of the population and support for the family approved in March 2019. In the articles of this plan, the limitation of screening is mentioned. ...
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In recent years, due to the decrease in the rate of childbearing, efforts have been made in the policy system, among which we can mention the plan for the youth of the population and support for the family approved in March 2019. In the articles of this plan, the limitation of screening is mentioned. In general, it should be said that the impact of disabled children on the family system has attracted the attention of experts as a serious problem for years.Screening tests are one of the ways that can be used to detect a fetus with disabilities or genetic problems before birth. Screening tests are a set of tests that are performed in order to check the health of the fetus and to screen children at risk in terms of infectious diseases, Down syndrome and some other genetic defects and physical abnormalities in different months of pregnancy. The purpose of this research is to identify the individual-social considerations of Elimination of prenatal screening of pregnant mothers. It seeks to answer the question of what difficulties and problems people with disabilities and families with disabled children face. The research method is qualitative and its approach is phenomenology. The phenomenological approach is a suitable method for investigating people's lived experiences. The research sample in this article are mothers who have a disabled child and have referred to the rehabilitation center for speech therapy and occupational therapy classes. Based on this, the lived experiences of 13 mothers were collected. Respondents were selected by purposive sampling and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Narratives of the investigated samples were categorized into two main dimensions:1. Individual issues include educational problems, lack of information and ignorance, feelings and emotions, and communication issues. Regarding educational issues, it can be said that they mean the problems that mothers face in the way of their children's learning in educational centers. Some issues and problems are directly related to the quality of providing services in rehabilitation and educational centers. Others are related to the mental problems of such children. Lack of information in any field is harmful. The mothers said that if they themselves and those around them had the necessary knowledge about child birth and post-birth care, they would probably experience a better situation. These Families experience diverse and different emotions. Most mothers complain to God about having a sick child and feel that it is a sign of God's injustice. The presence of a sick child in the family disturbs the communication of family members both inside and outside the family. Economic problems are one of the most important concerns of such families, because whatever they earn, they spend on doctor's visits, medicine, occupational therapy classes, and special nutrition for children, and thus. Their welfare decreases2. The social part includes issues of social labeling and social support, each of which includes subsets. Social label and social support. Social label issues are those issues and problems that families inevitably endure from others. Social support is discussed in two parts: problems of facilities and medical support.It can be concluded that the presence of a sick child in the family has many effects on all aspects of the life of the family members, especially the mother. The results of this research can be useful in the legislative process for population increase and challenges related to prenatal screening of pregnant mothers and reducing the birth of sick children. The simultaneous analysis of the categories shows a general picture of the phenomenon of the presence of a sick child in the family, which can be said to be fundamentally different from a normal family.This conclusion has two very important benefits; 1. A more effective step can be taken to reduce the problems of such families, in this way, both public education and public awareness are necessary to reduce social factors, and it is necessary to pay attention to the Psychotherapy of family members, to reduce individual factors. 2. By identifying all the challenges that a family faces after the birth of a sick child, the necessity and importance of preventing the birth of such babies is felt, which according to the aforementioned discussions, prenatal screening of pregnant mothers can be the most important and efficient measure in this field. So that the effort of the government and the people is to increase the healthy population of the country.
Geography
aboozar vafaei; Kamran Dolat Yarian
Abstract
Parks and green public spaces are parts of the ecological fabric of cities to the extent that environmental life and the sustainability of cities depend on them. The aim of this research is to measure the level of citizens’ satisfaction with the quality of urban parks. The example studied is Women's ...
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Parks and green public spaces are parts of the ecological fabric of cities to the extent that environmental life and the sustainability of cities depend on them. The aim of this research is to measure the level of citizens’ satisfaction with the quality of urban parks. The example studied is Women's Laleh Park in the city of Noorabad. To this end, efforts were made to evaluate and analyze the success or the failure of the quality of the park from the point of view of women. The current research is a quantitative research in terms of its purpose in the field of applied research and has deployed a descriptive-analytical approach based on the nature of the data.The statistical population of this research included all women who came to Laleh Park in a span from May to December 2022. The sample size included 200 women; this sample was assessed using Sample Power software with a confidence level of %95, a possible error of %5, and an alpha value of 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05. For data analysis, SPSS26 software was used due to its statistical capabilities, and AMOS24 software was deployed for structural equation modeling. To answer the hypotheses of the research, at the first stage, criteria and sub-criteria that explained the satisfaction of the multiple dimensions of women's park were compiled through documentary and library studies. Then, a questionnaire, consisting of 66 questions in the form of a five-point Likert scale, was designed and distributed among the women who came to Laleh Park. The distribution of the questionnaire was also done using a systematic sampling method during the peak hours of women’s visiting of this public space. It should be noted that the measuring scales included 6 general questions, 10 questions on safety and security, 10 social-cultural questions, 10 physical questions, 10 questions about health and environment, 10 questions about the furniture and environment of the park, and 10 questions about physical and mental health.In total, the results obtained from the current research are as follows. In an overall evaluation of the quality of Laleh Park, the findings showed that most of the studied sites were of low quality, and there were many weak points. The results also showed that the condition of Laleh Park was favorable in terms of quality in 3 items. 18 items were semi-optimal, and other 38 items had unfavorable status. Also, the results of the analysis of the second-order factor model showed that according to the women, participating in the research, satisfaction with physical-physical factors with a factor load of 0.86 had the highest priority and had the first place. After the physical-physical factor, the health and environmental index came second with a factor load of 0.78. The third rank belonged to park furniture index with a factor weight of 0.73. Further, it was found that safety and security index with a weight of 0.68 was in the fourth place, the health index with a weight of 0.58 came fifth. The cultural and social index was in the sixth place with a weight of 0.48.
ahmad dorahaki; Masoumeh Akhavan Armaki
Abstract
Motherhood is an important aspect of women's life, which manifests itself with the two important functions of giving birth and nurture children. With the advent of modernity, becoming a mother and motherhood as the pre-defined main role of women has been questioned and redefined. Investigating the relationship ...
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Motherhood is an important aspect of women's life, which manifests itself with the two important functions of giving birth and nurture children. With the advent of modernity, becoming a mother and motherhood as the pre-defined main role of women has been questioned and redefined. Investigating the relationship between changes in the attitude towards maternal identity and women's fertility can be helpful in understanding the change of fertility in Iran. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the attitude towards maternal identity and the number of intended fertility of married women aged 18-44 in the urban areas of Kashan city and with a quantitative approach and a descriptive-correlational nature. In this regard, a sample of 385 women with at least one child (with motherhood experience) referring to the health service centers of urban areas of Kashan were selected and investigated by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The validity of the research items was obtained through formal and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the conceptual variables of the research was also confirmed with Cronbach's alpha. The results of the research show that the average of intended fertility is 2.2 in the women of the study. The score of the attitude towards maternal identity of the study women is higher than the expected average. This issue indicates the existence of a desire and a pleasant feeling towards the motherhood identity, in other words, it shows the priority and importance of the role of a motherhood compared to other roles of the women in the study. The results of multivariate analysis show that by controlling all the variables, the variable of attitude towards maternal identity positively and attitude towards gender equality and education have a negative effect on women's intention fertility. The lower the score of the attitude towards maternal identity (importance and priority of the mother's role) and the higher the score of the attitude towards gender equality, the less the number of intended fertility. Also, women with university education have less intend fertility. On the other hand, the findings indicate a statistically significant and effect relationship of gender equality variables and education on the attitude towards maternal identity of the studied women. According to the results of the research path analysis model, it can be said that the attitude towards maternal identity is related to the number of children intended by women in two direct ways and also as a mediator of the effect of gender equality variables and education. Therefore, according to the changes that are taking place in the mentioned components, it is suggested that the policy makers consider the expansion of facilities and support programs that lead to the reduction of the conflict between the components of empowerment and independence of women with maternal identity in the new demographic policies. Facilitation and support programs in the field of maternal identity are a way of valuing the authentic cultural foundation of Iranian society in this relation.
economics
Amran Gheisar; Sima Eskandari Sabzi; ali salmanpour; Seyed Yosef Hajiasghari
Abstract
The trend of population growth in the last three decades will cause extensive changes in the age structure of Iran's population. So that it can be one of the most important challenges of the country in the coming decades. This development will have different effects and consequences in the process of ...
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The trend of population growth in the last three decades will cause extensive changes in the age structure of Iran's population. So that it can be one of the most important challenges of the country in the coming decades. This development will have different effects and consequences in the process of social, economic and political development. In this research, with the aim of dynamic analysis of the economic effects of the structural changes of the age groups (the age group of the workforce) of Iran's population in the coming decades until 1455, and then the role of women's labor force in the process of gross domestic product is studied and review puts. Therefore, this research aims to understand more about the structural changes of the population in four age groups (under 15 years, between 15 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years and over 65 years) in the past decades, the present and its future forecast; Using the global model "World3" modeling of dynamic systems to simulate the country's population trend from 1355 to 1455, with "Vensim" software, it has predicted the structural changes of the population. Forecasts show that based on the probable fertility rate of 1.6 (announcement of the researches of the Statistics Center), the growth trend of the entire country's population will be increasing until 1425, and the trend will decrease from this year onwards. Also, until 1455, the growth trend of the population in the age group below 15 years will be decreasing, and the growth trend in the age group of the workforce (between 15-44 years, 45-64 years) will increase until 1415, and from this year onwards, the trend will decrease. According to the forecast, the growth trend in the age group above 65 years will increase. The findings show that the demographic trend of working age will happen about 10 years earlier than the decreasing trend of the total population. Therefore, to compensate for the deficit of economically active labor and improve the production process and increase per capita; Considering the existing capacity in the country, increasing the employment of women will be one of the most effective solutions in this crisis. In the following, a dynamic economic model is presented using Solow's growth model. To show how the effects of changes in the labor force pattern will be on the growth process of gross domestic production. Then the operational scenarios related to increasing the employment of women in the growth of production and the growth and development of the country; Provided. Also, practical and operational suggestions have been presented regarding how to reduce the side effects of population structural changes and its negative effects on the growth of domestic production (GDP) by establishing women's employment in the country's economic cycle.
Psychology
Marzieh Salarvand; Farah Naderi
Abstract
The trend towards nose surgery has increased in the world, and Iran is ranked seventh in the world. The huge treatments of this type of surgery in Iran — from the subsets of cosmetic surgery — services are not covered by health insurance, and real and not imaginary complications appear for ...
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The trend towards nose surgery has increased in the world, and Iran is ranked seventh in the world. The huge treatments of this type of surgery in Iran — from the subsets of cosmetic surgery — services are not covered by health insurance, and real and not imaginary complications appear for this type of surgery and investigate the trend factors among older women. In the position of the key pillar of the family, the woman gives more attention to the conformity and harmony of her appearance with the body image influenced by social and cultural norms. Investigating the factors that make this choice painful, complicated and sometimes unnecessary, this research examines these changes. (2) Psychological capital and its high level make the body satisfactory. (3) Changes in spiritual well-being and its high level create a kinder and respectful relationship with the body and the absence of the external body, and (4) social conformity, as in some researches, it is considered the most important factor for performing nose surgery. It is the factor, change in beliefs and association with the recommendations and norms of a society. In general, based on the conceptual model designed in this research, social conformity mediates another research. The main goal of this research was the causal model of the metacognitive evaluation of the body based on psychological capital and spiritual well-being in women's surgery with regard to the mediating role of social conformity, and a descriptive method of correlation type and structural equation modeling was used The statistical population of this research is all women applying for rhinoplasty who refer to doctors specializing in cosmetic and nose surgery and rhinoplasty who refer to Top Clinic, Dr. Najaf Beigi Clinic, Tehran Beauty Clinic, and Designer Medical Clinic located in areas 1 and 2 of Tehran, in autumn and winter. They formed in 2023. In the research sample, 300 of these women were selected by purposive and available sampling method, and among the research tools, questionnaires for metacognitive assessment of body deformity, Luthans psychological capital, spiritual well-being and L-72 conformity were taken. Also, structural equation modeling and SPSS and Amos software are used in data analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the causal model of the metacognitive assessment of body deformity based on psychological capital and spiritual well-being in the case of nose surgery with the mediation of social conformity with the data had a good goodness of fit, and no paths were removed from the model. The results showed that social conformity negatively and significantly mediates the effect of psychological capital and spiritual well-being on the metacognitive evaluation of body deformity in women undergoing surgery, and also the direct effect of psychological capital on the evaluation of body deformity is non-significant and these hypotheses are also proved. Psychological capital is negatively and meaningfully related to social conformity. Social conformity has a positive and significant effect on the metacognitive evaluation of body deformity. Spiritual well-being has a negative and significant effect on social conformity. Spiritual well-being is negatively and meaningfully based on the metacognitive evaluation of body deformity; social conformity negatively and significantly mediates the effect of spiritual well-being on the evaluation of body deformity in women's surgery, and social conformity negatively and significantly mediates the effect of psychological capital on the metacognitive evaluation of body deformity. And finally, spiritual well-being is negatively and significantly effective for the metacognitive evaluation of deformity in rhinoplasty women.
Women's Studies
Hossein Moshkabadi Mohajer; zeinab Moshkabadi Mohajer
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of some socio-economic factors on income, savings and employment status during the outbreak and spread of covid-19 based on gender segregation, between two groups of women and men using data from Mashhad-Iran. In this article, the data was collected by questionnaire ...
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This study investigates the effect of some socio-economic factors on income, savings and employment status during the outbreak and spread of covid-19 based on gender segregation, between two groups of women and men using data from Mashhad-Iran. In this article, the data was collected by questionnaire method and the regressions related to the status of income, savings and employment were analyzed using SPSS software. The statistical population of the research includes 1093 people, of which 523 are women and 570 are men. We aim to fill this gap in the literature and examine the effects of Covid-19 on gender inequality in income, savings and employment status using rich micro-data from a survey. This survey was conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic in September 2021. Considering that such a research has not been done in Iran so far, and in similar foreign researches, the effect of variables such as loans and socio-economic class has not been examined, in this respect the present research is innovative. Due to the fact that this disease has caused the most damage to the service sector, especially tourism services, and the economy of Mashhad is also dependent on this sector, therefore, in a case study, the effects of Corona on the economy of Mashhad city were investigated. It was given so that by identifying the effective factors in the reduction of income, savings and the worsening of the job situation and providing solutions, it is possible to get out of the existing situation in times of crises such as the Covid-19 pandemic provided in the shortest possible time. The results after the regression analysis at the 95% confidence level indicate that older people, tenants and households with more members have experienced a decrease in income and savings, and men are more affected than women. By improving the income class, education and socio-economic status, it is possible to reduce the damage caused by Corona, and in this context, the reduction in the damage of women is more than that of men. Therefore, it is in line with the researches of Palano et al. (2020), McGee et al. (2022), Biland et al. (2022), Dang (2020), Chi Bucari et al. (2020) and Ehlert (2021). Among different jobs, self-employed jobs were more damaged by Corona than government and salaried jobs. These results are supported considering that the major part of Mashhad's economy is services and generally tourism services, because according to the announcement of the relevant institutions, such as the Central Bank and the Tourism and Cultural Heritage Organization, this sector is the most damaged. It has suffered from the corona epidemic. Therefore, it is logical that the people who have been working in this sector, which are generally related to freelancers and salaried workers in the private sector, have experienced the most damage. The great desire to be employed in government jobs can be for the same reason. This issue is another innovation in the current research that was not observed in similar foreign researches, and due to the importance of employment in the private and public sector in Iranian society, it was discussed in this field. In this regard, occupational injuries and losses have been more in women than in men. Therefore, it can be stated that working women have more vulnerable jobs than working men, and when crises such as the Covid-19 epidemic crisis occur, they will suffer more occupational damage than men.
Women's Studies
Negin Fallah Haghighi; Zeinab Sharifi; Hamin Ahmadi
Abstract
Nowadays, economic development is not possible without women's economic participation. Nevertheless, women in society face obstacles and challenges in terms of economic participation. According to Statistical Center of Iran, the economic participation rate of women in Iran is 13.3 percent. Meanwhile, ...
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Nowadays, economic development is not possible without women's economic participation. Nevertheless, women in society face obstacles and challenges in terms of economic participation. According to Statistical Center of Iran, the economic participation rate of women in Iran is 13.3 percent. Meanwhile, in many developed countries, nearly 50 percent of the economically active population is made up of women. Furthermore, based on the latest statistics, Yazd province ranks second in terms of female unemployment rate. Therefore, this research aimed at analyzing the barriers to women's economic participation in Yazd province. Qualitative research method was used in this study. The target population of the research was the selected groups including senior and executive managers, human resources managers, business elites and entrepreneurs, employers, specialists and human resources experts, students and graduates in Yazd province. Sampling was purposeful and continued until reaching theoretical saturation. Data collection tools included interviewing, observing, recording data and recording audio or video. The interview question was: What are the barriers to women's economic participation in Yazd province? To ensure the validity and reliability of the data, the researcher used various methods during data collection, such as reviewing documents, interviewing, taking photos and videos, and recording audio. Coding was applied to analyze the data. The results showed that in the first step, 19 main concepts were extracted in open coding including "Ignoring the women's abilities", "Limiting women's economic participation", "Limiting women to housework and childbearing duties", "The existence of wrong culture regarding the women's employment", "The existence of negative attitude towards women's employment", "Traditional and reductionist attitude towards women", "The existence of a traditional view of women's employment", "Gender attitudes in employment", "Successful global experience of women's economic activity", "Women's employment only for the purpose of exploiting", "Lack of equal gender opportunities for employment", "Ignoring women's rights in economic fields", "The low level of women's employment in managerial and administrative fields, "The low level of women's economic participation", "Women's conditional employment", "Modernity in child rearing", "Attitudinal changes caused by being in society", "Conflict between social and family roles", "Failure to develop self-confidence and independence in women". In the second step, axial coding was conducted and out of 19 concepts (open coding), 3 subcategories were identified, including the attitude towards the role of women in the business environment, the exploitation of women's labor force, and the individual, family and cultural effects of women's employment. Finally, the paradigm model including causal conditions, contextual conditions, consequences, intervening conditions and strategies was depicted. According to the results, it was recommended that culturizing and creating a positive attitude towards women's employment and economic participation should be addressed through mass media. Furthermore, it is suggested that legislators should eliminate gender discrimination in salaries and benefits as much as possible through the amendment of laws.
Management
razieh aghababaei
Abstract
AbstractIncreasing research is being done on women as part of the workforce of the society, these researches support the fact that the empowerment of women plays an essential and important role in the development of societies because women have the right to choose and they can have a significant impact ...
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AbstractIncreasing research is being done on women as part of the workforce of the society, these researches support the fact that the empowerment of women plays an essential and important role in the development of societies because women have the right to choose and they can have a significant impact in advancing the society and developing its capacities. The results of the more research show that the absence of women in executive positions and senior decision-making ranks in organizations is a global phenomenon and gender is still considered an obstacle to women's career advancement in international arenas. The lack of career advancement of women in organizations can lead to several negative consequences such as organizational obstruction, organizational silence, and so on. This lack of career advancement of women in organizations is known as the glass cliff phenomenon. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of the glass cliff phenomenon on the formation of organizational obstruction and organizational silence with the moderating role of perceived organizational support. The type of research was descriptive, correlational, and the statistical population consisted of 412 female employees of Tehran University, that through Morgan's table and simple random sampling 204 one were selected as a sample. In order to collect data, four questionnaires of glass cliff, organizational silence, organizational obstruction and organizational support were used. The validity of questionnaires was checked in form face, construction, convergent & divergent. Through Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the reliability of the glass cliff questionnaire was estimated 0.89, organizational silence 0.85, organizational obstruction 0.72, and perceived organizational support 0.77. Research data analysis was done using SPSS 26 and Smart PLS software’s at two descriptive & inferential levels. The results showed that the mean of glass cliff, organizational obstruction and organizational silence was higher than average and the mean of perceived organizational support was lower than average. According to the results, the glass cliff has a positive and significant effect on organizational obstruction and organizational silence. Also, perceived organizational support has a negative & significant effect on organizational silence and organizational obstruction. In addition, the moderating role of perceived organizational support in the effect of the glass cliff on organizational obstruction and organizational silence was confirmed. In fact, when women receive more organizational support from the organization, they get out of withdrawal and passivity and show more participation in the organization's affairs. Thus managers of organizations should be aware of phenomena such as the glass ceiling and the glass cliff, and in general, gender discrimination institutionalized in the culture of the formation of organizations, which can be achieved through training courses for managers in in-service training programs. Key words: Glass Cliff, Organizational Silence, Organizational Obstruction, Perceived Organizational Support, Woman
Women's Studies
Zahra Sadat Mirhashemi
Abstract
IntroductionThe family is the most sacred institution in terms of the holy law, whose members are under the umbrella of mental and physical security, and the woman is considered the most important member of this institution. In the culture and customs of many societies, women spend all or a large part ...
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IntroductionThe family is the most sacred institution in terms of the holy law, whose members are under the umbrella of mental and physical security, and the woman is considered the most important member of this institution. In the culture and customs of many societies, women spend all or a large part of their time and energy on doing household chores and managing and raising children.Carrying out such activities based on Sharia and law is not part of their duties and assignments, but normally, no salary is set for it. Therefore, there is no direct financial benefit for them from this way, for this reason, in many cases, due to this lack of financial independence and the lack of earning economic income independently, women are in need to meet their smallest financial needs outside the scope of alimony, and in many cases In these cases, no answer is given, or if they do, they face threats from the couple.On the other hand, based on the economic thinking that governs today''s world society that values people based on earning more, in the discussed issue, housewives do not have income despite doing household activities, and in some cases even with neglect and lack of income. Appreciation of other family members and society is faced, which causes lack of self-confidence and lack of value and induces the absurdity of activities. This is reflected in some field research. While in our jurisprudence and law, the right to demand wages is considered for doing the work that a woman does at home, so that if this ruling is implemented, the financial independence of the wife will be realized. But unfortunately, in the traditional culture, the demand for wages is not only not implemented, but its demand is not considered acceptable.According to Islamic jurisprudence, a woman''s work at home is not a duty, but rather a virtue that if she provides to the family for free, it will be rewarded, and if she wants to receive a wage for it, the law has given her the right to demand; But in traditional culture, women''s rights are ignored, and in some cases, demanding it is considered ugly; Therefore, the current research has been carried out with the aim of explaining the effect and relationship of policy making in order to implement the decree of receiving the wages of female housewives with the development of family strength and solving the problems of lack of financial independence and the absurdity of the activities of housewives. With regard to the ruling of the holy Shariah regarding the possibility of demanding exemplary wages, the question arises as to the role of politics in supporting the full implementation of Sharia rulings, especially the issue of exemplary wages, in solving the problems caused by the absurdity of activities and the relative lack of financial independence of housewives and solving What are the consequences? In order to answer the question, it is necessary and necessary to first examine the position of policy making in support of the Shari''a ruling of paying the ideal wage in solving the problems of the absurdity of the activities of housewives and solving the problem of women''s lack of financial independence and its consequences.Research method In this research, by using the method of describing and analyzing and collecting materials in a library form, the relationship between the ruling on demand for exemplary wages and the philosophy and policy of Islamic jurisprudence in the implementation of the ruling on exemplary wages in preventing and solving the problems presented is examined and the necessary suggestions are made in order to achieve It will be designed as desired.Research findingsIn Islamic texts, the activity of housekeeping is valuable, and according to Islamic jurisprudence, a woman''s work at home is not a woman''s duty, but rather a virtue that if she wants to provide for her husband and children for free, it will be rewarded by God, and if she wants, like other economic activities in If he receives a salary in return, the Shariah has given him the right to claim under the name of salary for the days of marriage.Among the women''s financial rights in Islam, the implementation of the ruling on women''s domestic work provides financial independence for women.In spite of the importance of housekeeping in Islam, unfortunately, housekeeping activities are considered worthless in the traditional culture and despite the right to demand wages from the Sharia, demanding it is considered ugly and indecent.Carrying out housework without pay by housewives has caused problems such as feelings of insignificance and emptiness and fatigue and desire to engage in economic activities outside the home environment and mistrust of their work in the society, and as a result, their mental and physical health is at risk. falls down. Therefore, according to research reports, the rate of depression in housewives is higher than that of working women.conclusionIf housekeeping is valued as it is valued in Islam, the major mental and physical problems of women in housekeeping will be solved.It seems that the philosophy of the ruling on demanding the ideal wage in the Shariah is in accordance with the needs of women and is a reason to prevent the problems of housewives, in addition to this, relative financial independence has been achieved for women and as a result, they feel empty financially and psychologically. and with material and spiritual support from the wife and the government, they act more effectively in the direction of strengthening the family foundation.Housewives turn to economic activities and employment outside the home to fill the gaps caused by the lack of importance and material and spiritual value to housework, which will reduce the fertility rate. While with the full implementation of the policy that the legislator of Islam (Sharia) has taken to include the right to claim the ideal wage, the problems of women''s lack of financial independence in the family and the absurdity of the activities of housewives are prevented, and through this way, independence and security Finances will be provided for women and it will increase women''s focus on family and raising children.
Fatemeh Jafari Naeimi; Ali Ruhani; Maliheh Alimondegari
Abstract
From spirituality to rationality:, exploring the paths of adaptation and survival of marginalized immigrant women in Yazd cityThe mobility and movement of the population shows the dynamics and effort of people who consider the field of effort limited for themselves in a geographical place. Therefore, ...
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From spirituality to rationality:, exploring the paths of adaptation and survival of marginalized immigrant women in Yazd cityThe mobility and movement of the population shows the dynamics and effort of people who consider the field of effort limited for themselves in a geographical place. Therefore, they migrate as a rational natural process (Akbari et al., 2020). Coleman states that one of the most important features of the third demographic transition is the increase in immigration (Coleman, 2006). Also, Castells and Miller, consider the feminization of immigration as one of the characteristics of the era of immigration (Mushfiq & Khazaei, 2015). Research shows changes in the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of women's migration. As in the quantitative dimension, women make up almost half of the immigrants, and in the qualitative dimension, they are no longer just dependent immigrants, but play a very decisive and active role in the migration flows (Radowicz, 2021: 39). In 2020, the ratio of immigrant women to the world's female population was 3.5% and the ratio of immigrant men to the world's male population was 3.7% (United Nation, 2022). Surveys in Iran also indicate an increase in the presence of women in migration flows, including a higher percentage of intra-provincial migrations of women than men. According to the net migration in the periods of 2006-2011 and 2011-2016, Yazd province is one of the first four provinces of the country that accept immigrants and is a desirable and suitable immigration destination for both sexes (Mahmoudian & Mahmoudiani, 2018:60). This research tries to answer these basic questions: How do marginal and low-income immigrant women survive in Yazd city? Are their actions based on rationality or spiritual ? What is the trajectory of their life from the origin to the destination and how are their activities formed? In the current research, qualitative methodology and grounded theory approach with the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin (2008) have been used. The participants in this research were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling. The inclusion criteria of the participants were as follows: they must be female and have immigration experience (independent/subordinate). In the selection of samples, an effort has been made to include diversity such as women's age, marital status, literacy level, job field and the type and reason of migration (independent-subordinate) and the diversity of the provinces of origin. In order to find reliable data, the interviews continued until data saturation was reached. In this regard, in the period from July to October 2022, with 21 women who immigrated to Yazd from different provinces of the country and the duration of their stay in this city is more than two years and they had the mentioned characteristics; the interview took place. The data collection tool in this research was a semi-structured interview. Data analysis in a consistent, orderly and continuous process led to the formation of the core category of survival from spirituality to rationality. The findings showed that origin bonds, incapacity at the origin, unlived life, fear of migration, generational gap and persistent tension have played a role in the formation of the central phenomenon of survival from spirituality to rationality as causal conditions. Among the personal and social characteristics of the participants, which have influenced the phenomenon and also influenced the strategies, are the categories of individualism, self-defeating and fatalism. In this regard, structural and macro conditions such as the lack of security at the origin, the vortex of origin, normative-hegemonic pressures against women and policy errors as interfering conditions have facilitated or limited the implementation of the strategy. Substitution of goals in children, assimilation tendencies and standing and constructive hope are the strategies that immigrant women have adopted in order to maintain survival due to the intervening conditions and background conditions affecting the phenomenon. The consequences of adopting the strategies have been transformation in the destination, fear of life in the destination, institutionalized mistrust, solidarity of poverty and misery. In the real world, due to the connection of survival with material things, humans are forced to adopt rational strategies to ensure and facilitate it. Therefore, the ever-increasing repulsions of the origin, such as the attitude changes of girls and women of the new generation, contrary to their predecessors, especially mothers, in not accepting fate and political errors in the form of unequal distribution of resources in the country and the abandonment of some platforms by the government as conditions that threaten survival and achieving It makes a good life impossible, forces women to adopt a rational way and eventually migrate for their survival and that of their children. On the other hand, women with a purely rational action, such as the mere fatalism of their predecessors, are not able to bear the harsh conditions of migration, such as breaking away from their attachments in their hometown, overcoming the fear of migration and the fears of living in a new city. Although materialism is still considered the main inducement in this path, spirituality in immigrant women with the function of generating hope and healing, reduces the psychological damage resulting from this great change, and also increases the adaptability of immigrant women and provides a support for their efforts to Ensuring and facilitating survival. Despite the increasing migration of women; There are few studies in this field. The different aspects of women's migration require more extensive research in quantitative and qualitative dimensions, especially interdisciplinary. This leads to a better understanding of the migration process of this group and the adoption of more suitable policies to facilitate their lives in the destination, and it can ultimately lead to a more appropriate integration of them by reducing the social anomalies resulting from the increasing challenges of their lives in the new city.Funding : There is no funding support. Authors’ contribution : All the authors have contributed and played a constructive role in the preparation of this research. Conflict of interest : Authors declared no conflict of interest.Key words : Women, Internal migration, Marginalization, Adaptation and survival-oriented action, Yazd city.
Women's Studies
Faeze Zamanian; Majid Vesalinaseh; Elham Forouzandeh
Abstract
Introduction: Female athletes often experience significant challenges and tensions with their identity as both athlete and female. Especially if they participate in sports that are more masculine. One of the most challenges for female athletes is related to their body. The body has an important place ...
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Introduction: Female athletes often experience significant challenges and tensions with their identity as both athlete and female. Especially if they participate in sports that are more masculine. One of the most challenges for female athletes is related to their body. The body has an important place in the athletic context because of the accurate execution of skills. In men's sports, an ideal athletic body should be bigger and stronger, which is very different from today's ideal body standards for female beauty. While female gender roles in Iran emphasize wifehood, motherhood, dignity, soft-speaking, gentle behavior, feminine dress and appearance along with chastity, female soccer players try to prevent opponents from advancing and creating opportunities for score goals. therefore, they do aggressive and violent actions such as cutting passes (tackle) and physical contact with the soccer players. soccer is known as a sport that inherently has a high risk of injury. Hence, masculine values and characteristics such as muscular body along with the characteristics of physical strength, competitiveness, violence and hardness and even simple appearance and masculine clothing are being strengthened in female soccer players. The requirements of soccer make female athletes perform behaviors that are historically associated with the male gender roles. Therefore, women who participate in male sports are sometimes assumed to be abnormal in society and transgressing social expectations of female gender roles. Since the gender roles of femininity and the athletic role of women in soccer are different, they may perceive incongruence or conflict of their athletic and feminine identities. Studies have shown that female athletes have perceived conflict in relation to their body image and investing in their appearance. The sport of soccer presents a unique context in which to study body management in the paradox between femininity and athletic identity, as soccer has been perceived as a masculine sport. Therefore, it seems female soccer players experience the tensions and challenges related to their body and muscular structure. female athletes try to make appearance changes to gain social acceptance by their bodies. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the body management in female soccer players’ negotiation of their athletic and feminine identities in and outside of sport. Method: In this research, the qualitative research method of phenomenological analysis was used. The constructions of athletic, femininity and the body are in the form of female lived experience. according to the religious, cultural and traditional context of Iran, these constructions are unique. Therefore, the hidden layers of women's attitudes and experiences in this regard should be explored by using the qualitative methods in which way women can be heard. To collect data, an in-depth and semi-structured interview was conducted by eight female soccer players (19-27 years old) on Iranian super league. At first, the sampling started by the familiar people, and after the emergence of the basic concepts, it was continued by the theoretical sampling method until the theoretical saturation was reached. All interviews were recorded and then handwritten line by line. Analysis of findings was done during data collection and after that. The interviews lasted an average of 60 minutes. The information obtained from the written interviews was analyzed. Findings: Data analysis revealed the categories and concepts in two general sections after coding including: 1- The attitude of the female athlete about body, 2- body management inside and outside the context of soccer. Some participants perceived their athletic and feminine identities to be compatible in both athletic and social contexts. In this group, a type of experience emerged as the perception of compatible identities in which revealing both athletic identity and feminine identity in both contexts. These group of female soccer players create kind of body management as “athletic femininity” both in and outside of soccer context. Other participants experienced that femininity and athleticism are incompatible. Three general experiences are used to deal with this incompatibility which is visible through their body management. 1- revealing the athletic identities in sport contexts, and their feminine identities in social contexts. 2- highlighting the feminine identity in both contexts. 3- highlighting the athletic identity in both contexts. Conclusion: In general, participants tried to reduce the pressure caused by the perceived incompatibility between their athletic body and the femininity body by choosing these kinds of body management that obtained in the present study. “Bem's gender roles” support these four “gender body management experiences” which perceived by female soccer players in the present study. In addition, the female athletes in this study may have experienced satisfaction with their athletic performance due to their body shape to similar norms of the ideal athletic body. However, they had perceived dissatisfaction experience because of femininity performance, especially in shape of upper body. furthermore, the type of body management that they chose was influenced by the feedback were received from the community, soccer team, romantic partner, family, significant others, sports model, coach, and media. It is suggested that the coach, significant others, role models and media to provide the most appropriate physical feedback for female athletes, to reduce the double pressures on them in relation to their bodies. Also, the female athletes who have perceived an athletic femininity congruent should be presented as a suitable role model for athletic body management. Data analysis in this study appeared that Female soccer players manage their feminine or athletic identity through appearance and body management such as clothing, makeup, hair and body manipulation, behavior, tone of voice, and gender role tasks for decrease the negative tensions and pressures from this conflict. In addition, it revealed an overlap between perceptions of the (in)congruence of their athletic and feminine identities and the type of body management in which used by female soccer players. Applying this strategy regardless of whether it is positive or negative is a way to reduce the pressures of conflicts of identity incompatibility. This study provides useful information to practitioners, sports experts, sport psychologists and sociologists to be aware of the psychological and sociological pressures caused by incompatibility between the athletic body and the femininity body for female athletes and to help them remain in professional sports.
Women's Studies
Mohammad Reza Ghaeminik; hoda mostafaei
Abstract
The changes and developments of women's identity have been one of the most important issues of Iranian society after facing the modern western civilization. To understand these developments, we can analyze the developments that tried to establish social order. In the contemporary period of Iran, although ...
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The changes and developments of women's identity have been one of the most important issues of Iranian society after facing the modern western civilization. To understand these developments, we can analyze the developments that tried to establish social order. In the contemporary period of Iran, although Reza Khan's idea of forced modernization started in the early 1300s, but almost with the beginning of the construction (development) programs (1327) during the period of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the peak of their implementation since 1341(third program), the social order Western capitalism is expanding significantly in Iran. In this article, we have tried to show, relying on the analysis of development programs especially since 1341, that the social order of Iranian society has faced many challenges and under these challenges, women's identity has also been subjected to these changes. Furthermore, we have used to the critical theory of the Frankfurt school, which was formulated in Europe at the same time as the implementation of the capitalist development programs in Iran, for analyzed the social condition resulting from the implementation of these programs in Iran and have paid attention the cultural situation regarding the female identity. However, our usage from this theory, due to the fact that it takes place in the historical context of Iranian society, is only focused on the relationship between cultural developments and the capitalist order; With considering the role played by religious forces in Iran, the response of Iranian society to this identity challenge is different from the response of the Frankfurt school to the same phenomenon in Europe. From this point of view, in this article, we will pursue the analysis of women's identity with the focus on cultural components under the cultural aspect of capitalist development programs. This attention will help us to find out how the cultural politics of the second Pahlavi tried to advance the hard and physical politics of Reza Khan Pahlavi with more success; This is despite the fact that most of the researches that have been carried out about women's identity in contemporary Iran have focused on Reza khan’s policy of unveiling and have not considered the policies of Pahlavi II. For this purpose, the representation of women's identity through the influence of cinematographic works as a part of cultural policies was researched in this article. In order to advance the goals of the article, the method of discourse analysis has been used with laclau and mouffe's approach. This method was chosen because, on the one hand, it is compatible with the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, and on the other hand, it can show the mutual relationship between the historical background affected by the development of capitalism in this period and the text of the movies. laclau and mouffe's approach was also adopted due to the consideration of social phenomena and the possibility of analyzing this phenomenon. In this approach, it considers not only language but all social phenomena in the discourse, and because of its abstract level, it has more constructivism and provides the possibility of analyzing this phenomenon in the historical period in question. We followed up the findings of this research in three historical stages; First, the formation of the second Pahlavi government and the coming to power of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi until the beginning of the first construction program (1327), second, the historical period of the implementation of construction (development) programs from 1327 to Mehrdad Pahlbod's ministry in the Ministry of Culture and Arts in 1343 and the period after that, the period of 1343 until the Islamic Revolution. After these cases, we also analyzed the new wave of Iranian cinema according to the topic. In the first period of time, the development programs were not yet discussed in its codified form, and during this period, due to the impact of the Second World War and the resulting conditions for the country, most foreign films were screened in order to protect the interests of the United States and England and in competition with the Germans. During these years, the establishment of cinemas increased and it was used to maintain and stabilize the government with advertising programs. These cases and other conditions that need more time to mention show the great impact of western culture on Iranian society through the cinema industry. It was after this period that development programs were begin and during these programs, cultural development was pursued through the promotion of some mentioned components through effective media such as cinema. By analyzing other historical periods, we found that in these cinema works, the government tried to use women and female identity as a tool, in the form of addressing sexual character or physical attractiveness and embodiment, in the form of the central discourse sign of "reducing the female identity to body and her appearances" and "inducing being modern with the disclosure of sexual appearances" will eliminate the traditional resistance of Iranian society against the imported culture of the Western bloc. During the formation of the new wave of Iranian cinema, which was influenced by the new wave of French cinema, changes were made in the style of films in opposition to Persian-films. Although Iranian new wave cinema was not able to break the common atmosphere of Iranian cinema, at least in terms of female identity, it tried to provide a broader meaning of female identity and based on more humane concepts. Therefore, it is possible to imagine the discourse sign of "the development of female identity in a new formulation" for new wave cinema. Overall, in terms of discourse analysis, a direct quantitative and qualitative relationship can be seen between the implementation of the capitalistic construction (development) programs of the Pahlavi period and the growing expansion of this representation of female identity. In other words, with the implementation of the development and construction programs of the Pahlavi period, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the representation of western female components in the cinema of this period increased and was defined in opposition to the components of Iranian Muslim female identity. In fact, the implementation of capitalistic development programs during the Pahlavi period was accompanied by the expansion of the representation of western female components and the destruction of traditional Islamic-Iranian female components and strengthened each other. In other words, the representation of female identity in the cinema of this period, from the beginning to the years leading to the Islamic Revolution, has been in an increasing trend towards reducing the identity of women to the body and her appearances, but the second Pahlavi state, especially in the Ministry of Culture and Art, this new female identity, which is influenced by the identity of the western woman, is drawn as a progressive identity and in line with development in a western way.