Ali Ruhani; Mohadeseh Abedi-Diznab
Abstract
The present study seeks to evaluate the trajectory of the formation of gender discrimination among middle-class women in Tabriz. Using a qualitative approach and grounded theory, a number of women in Tabriz were selected and studied using theoretical sampling. Theoretical sampling continues until data ...
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The present study seeks to evaluate the trajectory of the formation of gender discrimination among middle-class women in Tabriz. Using a qualitative approach and grounded theory, a number of women in Tabriz were selected and studied using theoretical sampling. Theoretical sampling continues until data saturation occurs. Data were collected and analyzed using open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The findings were presented in the form of story line (15 main categories and one core category) and paradigm model. In general, the results of the study showed that women are faced with dualism of discrimination and hope due to their culture. This duality is resulted from women's psychosocial subordination in addition to the rule of gender constraints. In such situations, coping strategies (retrospective utopian / psychosocial subordination / hyperactivity) are activated in women. However, these strategies are also associated with some consequences in these women. In fact, women, besides all the discrimination and the struggle to eliminate them, live their lives with duality of discrimination and hope to achieve their real place.
Women's Studies
Omid Qaderzadeh; Parivash Hoseini
Abstract
The scope of power of housewives is subject to limitations due to their fragile and vulnerable position in the economic and social structures. One of the areas on the basis of which women’s empowerment could be assessed is the decision-making process in everyday life. The purpose of this research ...
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The scope of power of housewives is subject to limitations due to their fragile and vulnerable position in the economic and social structures. One of the areas on the basis of which women’s empowerment could be assessed is the decision-making process in everyday life. The purpose of this research is to reconstruct the lived experience of married women in decision-making and explore the fields, consequences and the ways of women’s exposure to the phenomenon of decision-making through the perception and mental conceptualization of the actions that they exploit in their everyday life as a source of power to enhance their agency in the environment. The present study was carried out with a qualitative approach in the grounded theory. Target sampling with maximum diversity was used to select the samples; and semi-structured interview was used to collect the data. The results of interview with 28 samples of Sanandaj women indicate that self-esteem, re-conceptualization and risk-taking, family support, gender stereotypes, experience (of decision making), and resources available to women constitute the grounds for decision making of women. The semantic reconstruction of the experience and understanding of women of decision making shows the women appeal to such strategies as logical dialogue, due and timely fulfillment of responsibilities, financial independence and support, raising the expectations, and strike. The decision-making experience for women contributes to their sense of value, collective belonging, self-reliance, empowerment and self-esteem.
Mohammed Tavakol; Mohammad-Reza Javadi-Yeganeh; Seyyed Mohammad Hani Sadati
Volume 8, Issue 4 , February 2011
Abstract
Sociology of medical education is an area of sociology that could well
link the two fields of Medical Sciences and Social Sciences together. Sociologists believe that the scope of Medical Science deals with problems and realities much graeter than medical techniques and practices, of which sociology ...
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Sociology of medical education is an area of sociology that could well
link the two fields of Medical Sciences and Social Sciences together. Sociologists believe that the scope of Medical Science deals with problems and realities much graeter than medical techniques and practices, of which sociology of medical education, described as one of the effective institutions of society as well as medicine, is the most important one. Thus, this institution has its own features that can function properly or improperly depending on social realities within the medical sphere. In the light of this, the present study aims to probe into some aspects of Iran's medical education system. The review of literature and statistics reveals that women do not enjoy an equal status in the medical system as men naturally do. The available data consists of two sets of trends. The first one shows that females score a higher rate in university enrolment of medical sciences, however, another quite contradictory trend shows a declining trend where females have a lower rate in obtaining high ranking positions within the system. In other words, more girls enter the universities but less continue their studies and attain high ranking scientific and managerial positions in medical universities and higher education centers. This issue gains significance from the perspective of comprehensive development which tends to eliminate all kinds of discrimination and decrease inequalities in all spheres within the society. In this view, the main goal of development is to promote human development opportunities, and therefore the equality between men and women is one of its principles. The theoretical framework within which this study explains women's status in medical education system includes a combination of gender socialization and gender stereotype theories, such as Sandra Bem’s Gender Schema Theory, and Janet Saltzman Chafetz's Gender Equity Theory. Two main methods are available to study the inconsistency in the behavior of Iranian female students, one is either to study the concentration factor, and the other one is to study the voluntary factor. However, the latter is selected for the purpose of this study. The research has taken advantage of quantitative method. The statistical population of this research consists of 6146 female students, out of which 301, from the medical universities of Iran, Shahid Beheshti and Tehran, are selected as the population by multiple step cluster sampling. Moreover, some 107 male medical students are also selected to be used as the control group, making the total size of the population 408. Data collection makes use of survey technique and questionnaire. The findings show that gender stereotypes has a negative effect on girls tendency to continue their study, achieve managerial position, and finally obtain high ranking positions in medical education system. The findings of this research related to gender stereotypes in the society, higher education, senior managerial posts and also high ranking positions in the medical education system, support all the related studies conducted previously in this field.
