economics
saadolah darabi; Hossein Mahmoudian
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration ...
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The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration of job seekers aged 20 to 45 referring to employment centers across the country. This study has been carried out with the help of the statistical technique of survival background analysis, through the refinement and analysis of about two million data records (collected by job seekers across the country and under the supervision of the Ministry of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare). The findings of this study indicate that compared to men, women have longer periods of unemployment and less chance to get a job. In explaining this finding, it can be said; Probably, one of the reasons could be that there are more jobs for men that do not suit the conditions of women. And in other words, women are facing limited job variety. Marriage and having children and raising children by women can also be one of the reasons for increasing the length of their unemployment period compared to men, which can be justified according to gender theories. Because gender theories, especially in Iranian culture, consider the main duties of women to be mainly education and upbringing of children, while in this culture, providing the income needed by the family has been the responsibility of men, and therefore it is expected to impose such a duty on men. to reduce the period of unemployment for this group.Women and men looking for work in the age groups of 20 to 24 years have a lower average length of unemployment and more chances to get a job and get out of unemployment compared to other age groups. This finding can be explained with the help of job search theory. Because people aged 25 to 45, probably due to the improvement of their education level and skills, have more expectations for receiving high-paying jobs, and this causes them not to accept any job with any level of pay and therefore give up. They search for more jobs, which ultimately increases the length of the unemployment period among these people. Married, divorced and widowed job seekers (except for divorced and widowed men) have a lower risk of unemployment than single people. It seems that married, divorced and widowed people (especially among women) are under more pressure than single people to get a job in order to earn money and meet the needs of the family due to family responsibility and the burden of taking care of the family. They usually accept any job with any salary level. On the other hand, single people, due to having enough opportunity and without financial pressures, decide to accept or not accept the proposed job, and this may lead to an increase in the length of their unemployment period compared to married people. It is consistent with job search theory.In both groups of men and women, uneducated job seekers have the highest unemployment risk and people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest unemployment risk category. The chances of leaving unemployment are higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels. This finding can be explained based on the skill theory (education and training). According to this theory, training and skill training programs increase the chances of a job seeker to find a job. Participating in training programs can provide a positive sign to employers and also reduce uncertainty about the employability of job applicants. According to other findings of this study, people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest risk of unemployment. have. On the other hand, the chance of leaving unemployment is higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels, so it seems that Iran's labor market has not yet reached a stage of complexity and maturity. which wants people with education levels higher than diploma on a wide level. And almost the skill requirement of the labor market has remained at the same diploma and sub-diploma levels for most jobs, due to the lack of innovation and the very slow growth of skill-oriented jobs.Therefore, it is suggested to pay serious attention to the changes in the age and gender structure of the population in the policy making and management process of the country's labor market. Women are half of the country's population,t
Sociology
Mahdieh Akhondi; karam habibpour gatabi; zahra hazrati soomeae
Abstract
The issue of women's political participation in developing countries is a complex phenomenon and is related to the dynamics and development of political systems. Women and their participation, especially in politics, seem to have become an important issue in social life in recent decades. The development ...
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The issue of women's political participation in developing countries is a complex phenomenon and is related to the dynamics and development of political systems. Women and their participation, especially in politics, seem to have become an important issue in social life in recent decades. The development of political systems in a nation depends on the level of political participation of its citizens regardless of gender. The purpose of this research is to understand and analyze the situation of women's political participation, which was done with qualitative methodology and grounded theory method. For this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 women living in Tehran who were selected by purposeful sampling and a combination of snowball strategies and maximum changes. The interviews lasted between 30 minutes and 4 hours on average, and in some cases, the interviews continued in several sessions. The duration of the data collection process through interviews lasted about 6 months. the text of the interviews was read line by line and conceptualized. In the axial coding, these concepts were placed next to each other and based on the semantic overlap, they became central categories. Finally, the core category was obtained at a more abstract level than the previous two stages. It is necessary to mention that the data coding process started from the second interview onwards and until the end of the analysis, the interview and analysis proceeded simultaneously. In order to ensure the quality of the research, TConstructed concepts and research results were regularly shared with the participants during the work process and after the completion of data analysis. Also, a large part of the interviews was recorded (with the full consent of the participants) and the other part was recorded simultaneously during the interview due to the opinion of the participants regarding the lack of consent to audio recording. In terms of observing ethical considerations, participants' consent was obtained before starting the interview. Also, by explaining the purpose, topic and method of the research, the interviewees got to know the work process so that if they don't want to participate in the interview, they will be given sufficient choice. Protection of personal and private information of individuals is a very important dimension in research work, and for this reason, the researcher recorded, recorded and used the data with full consent and with the permission of each person participating in the research, and the individuals were assured that Information will be kept confidential. Among these measures, which were used to prevent the disclosure of the real identity of the participants, was the use of pseudonyms in the registration of their information.After analyzing the data, 85 primary codes, 7 core categories and one core category were extracted through the data coding system: Causal conditions (economic issues and challenges, egalitarian governance), background conditions (unequal political structure and patriarchal challenges), intervening conditions (personal-spiritual factors), strategies (meritism and creating a platform for prosperity) and consequences (active political activism of women and rejection of passivity) political). Also, "women's political participation; "Meaningful and multifaceted action" was counted as the core category and finally, the paradigm model extracted from the data was established. The paradigm model of the research shows the conditions (causal, contextual and intervening), strategies and consequences of women's political participation in Tehran. According to this model, economic conditions and its challenges and political and governance factors are among the important obstacles in women's political participation.The findings indicate that women are active actors and activists in political participation and take actions based on political issues; An action of the type of participation that by identifying the obstacles and facilitating factors can open the way for their active political participation as effective citizens in the field of politics. Finally, it should be mentioned that the present study was accompanied by several limitations and difficulties for interviewing and gaining the cooperation and trust of women who view the society with suspicion. Women who are considered by the family and society as the second gender and have come to believe that they are caught in a vicious cycle, that they do not find any other solution than migration or isolation, and on this basis, it cannot be claimed that the whole semantic constructions of the mentioned people about participation Politically, it has been completely narrated. However, the data and findings of the present research, which were extracted in a comparative manner with other participants and other researches, indicate issues that can be considered even to this extent.
Physical Education and Sports Science
marzieh movafagh; Rasool Nazari; Elham Moshkelgosha
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to provide a model and explain ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management. In terms of philosophy, the current research is interpretive type, in terms of approach it is establishment type, in terms of strategy it is of foundational data theory type, ...
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The purpose of this research was to provide a model and explain ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management. In terms of philosophy, the current research is interpretive type, in terms of approach it is establishment type, in terms of strategy it is of foundational data theory type, in terms of research selection it is of qualitative research type and in terms of time period it is cross-sectional type and to collect its data from The interview tool is used. The statistical community of this research was made up of experts in the fields of sports management and educational sciences, psychology and political sciences, and managers and experts of the General Department of Physical Education. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used and the sampling continued until the theoretical saturation limit was reached, so 15 interviews were conducted. To collect information, semi-structured interviews were used, and for data analysis, three overlapping processes of open coding, axial coding, and theoretical coding were used. By adapting the text of all the interviews in the open coding stage, 303 concepts or initial codes were identified, which were reduced to 23 codes after aggregating similar codes together. Then, in the axial coding stage, 10 main categories were determined by considering the semantic affinity of the identified concepts. Based on the results of the research, it was found that the selection criteria for management positions in sports organizations are not fair due to cultural and individual reasons. It should be hierarchically and starting from the middle level, with bills that lead to laws that make the presence of women in social and cultural fields, including sports activities, more prominent, and women are selected in the current positions and positions with an attitude of meritocracy and specialization. Also, the structural concepts in this field should be modified in order to change the attitudes towards women and their capabilities.Considering the current situation, the first suggestion is to make it hierarchical and starting from the middle level, with bills that will lead to laws that will make the presence of women in social and cultural fields, including sports activities, more prominent and take better advantage of them. come The second suggestion also suggests that women should be selected in the current positions and positions with an attitude of meritocracy and specialization, and women should gain the trust of the society with their successful performance. It should be noted that this research has faced limitations. It should be considered in generalizing the results. The first limitation is that this research has only covered the views of the participants in the research, i.e. experts in the fields of sports management and educational sciences, psychology and political sciences, and managers and experts of the General Directorate of Physical Education, so their opinions can be generalized to Not all the beneficiaries of sports are women. On the other hand, in this research, due to the qualitative nature of the research, it was not possible to determine which of the determinants play the greatest role in explaining the methods of reducing gender inequality in Iran's sports management, and how much their role is. Therefore, future researchers are suggested to examine the views of all the beneficiaries of women's sports regarding the issue of reducing gender inequality in their sports management and by presenting a comparative study of their differences and similarities, their opinions to study Also, future researchers are suggested to determine which of the factors is more important and preferable in future planning and allocation of resources by conducting a quantitative study while verifying qualitative structures using multi-criteria decision-making studies. Pay more attention to them.The general conclusion derived from the most important suggestions was that the explanation of the ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management is the basis of gender equality in sports, the existence of equal opportunities for women and men in the sports environment, equal access to sports opportunities, close relationship with They have equal presence in important departments, especially in decision-making mechanisms. In today's society, women have managed to get more education, but there is a problem why they have not received the same opportunities for career advancement as their male counterparts, and there is concern to conduct research due to the almost equal population of women compared to men and also the interest This research is due to the neglected capabilities of women in the management and development of sports, and the subject to be considered is why women have not been able to achieve their rightful position in management positions in sports.
Accounting
mahdi filsaraei
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of board gender diversity on a firm’s investment inefficiency. We document that firms with gender-diverse boards have significantly less investment inefficiency than firms without gender-diverse board and the fraction of female directors on the board is significantly ...
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This paper investigates the impact of board gender diversity on a firm’s investment inefficiency. We document that firms with gender-diverse boards have significantly less investment inefficiency than firms without gender-diverse board and the fraction of female directors on the board is significantly negative correlated with investment inefficiency. According to the analysis of past information, this research is a quasi-experimental type of research. Also, due to the fact that the results obtained from the research solve a specific problem or issue, in terms of practical purpose and in terms of method, it is of the type of correlation analysis with regression approach. Due to the fact that this research uses past information to test hypotheses, it is a type of post-event research. In terms of theory, the research is of the affirmative research type and in terms of reasoning, it is of the inductive type. On the other hand, this research is a type of quasi-experimental research in the field of financial and accounting research. In terms of the hypothesis testing model, the current research is considered one of the correlational researches (type of correlational research). The research data is also a type of composite data. The relationship between the independent and dependent variables of the research is investigated using the multivariate linear regression model.In order to that, the research hypothesis was based on a statistical sample consisting of 108 companies during the years 2017 to2021 and tested using multivariate regression models. The analysis of the research sample shows that there is a significant negative relationship between the gender diversity of the board of directors and investment inefficiency. The results also showed that board independence moderates the relationship between board gender diversity and investment inefficiency. But the CEO's tenure does not moderate the relationship between the gender diversity of the board and investment inefficiency. Research results show that gender diversity of the board of directors helps monitoring, especially when corporate governance is weak. Some researchers have found that women are more risk-taking and conservative in making investment decisions. Female directors are more likely to join supervisory committees, and boards with higher proportions of female directors use more equity-based compensation for their directors. In summary, the results show that the gender diversity of the supervisory board increases and reduces investment inefficiency. The presence of a female manager at the head of the organization as a managing director or as a member of the company's board of directors can have positive effects on improving the performance with more supervision from the female manager according to their personality characteristics and also improving the quality of providing financial reports, increasing the company's efficiency and increase productivity. Men and women, exposed to different moral development, tend to develop different values, which leads to different attitudes and behaviors. For example, men attribute value to money, progress, and power, while women are more concerned with social relationships and are interested in performing assigned tasks more effectively and are more likely to obey rules. In addition, compared to boards where all directors are men, women can present different views in the board of directors and make more informed decisions, leading to increased transparency at the level of the board of directors.
Women's Studies
Jamileh Alamolhoda; parastoo alikhani; morteza rezaeizadeh; esmaeal jafari
Abstract
Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and ...
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Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and cannot be considered as an intellectual foundation for the empowerment of Muslim women: Some of these reasons are: 1- Moral values and spiritual aspects of human life are not very relevant. 2- Emancipation and relativism in defining sexual identity can destroy the dignity of women. 3- Dominance of some special values by advanced countries should not be accepted without considering local culture and norms. As a result, it becomes necessary to identify a set of principles derived from divine perception to act as a foundation for empowering Muslim women. The current research sought to identify these principles.Research method: What principles govern the Islamic understanding of gender issues? In response to this question, the researchers committed to the interpretation paradigm; Because in order to derive principles about gender issues in Islamic perception, one should also refer to the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers. The research question was raised in 8 focus group meetings with 32 Muslim researchers and thinkers who sought to expand Islamic perception in the matter of empowering Muslim women in their research or social activities. The role of the researchers in the focus group meetings was limited to encouraging the members to ask each other or comment on the experiences and views raised. Through open coding, the spoken evidence of the sessions was analyzed and through the participant feedback method, the validity of the findings was increased.Findings: Six principles were found as the governing principles of Islamic understanding of the concept of gender, which were: complementarianism, dynamics in time and place, social emotion, selectivity, equality in opportunities for excellence, and competitiveness. There are internal relationships among these principles. For example, complementarianism is one of the effects of competition avoidance, or social affection is a prerequisite for providing equal opportunities for excellence.Conclusion: The six principles obtained have a greater capacity than the three dominant-egalitarian-liberating mentalities for empowering Muslim women. The importance of context and environment, in addition to the failure of non-divine intellectual foundations in empowering women, can be counted among the reasons for this. Of course, rethinking gender according to an Islamic understanding has been the focus of researchers such as Abbasi and Mousavi (2014) and Qasimpour and Aliabadi (2017) and they have emphasized on referring to religious texts and rereading them correctly. However, the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers have not been analyzed. Identifying these principles can guide economic, educational, social, cultural, social, and political empowerment and act as an umbrella for the empowerment of Muslim women. Of course, the findings of this research cannot be generalized due to its qualitative nature, and in order to formalize one or more Iranian-Islamic intellectual foundations, it requires qualitative and quantitative efforts by other researchers as well.Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and cannot be considered as an intellectual foundation for the empowerment of Muslim women: Some of these reasons are: 1- Moral values and spiritual aspects of human life are not very relevant. 2- Emancipation and relativism in defining sexual identity can destroy the dignity of women. 3- Dominance of some special values by advanced countries should not be accepted without considering local culture and norms. As a result, it becomes necessary to identify a set of principles derived from divine perception to act as a foundation for empowering Muslim women. The current research sought to identify these principles.Research method: What principles govern the Islamic understanding of gender issues? In response to this question, the researchers committed to the interpretation paradigm; Because in order to derive principles about gender issues in Islamic perception, one should also refer to the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers. The research question was raised in 8 focus group meetings with 32 Muslim researchers and thinkers who sought to expand Islamic perception in the matter of empowering Muslim women in their research or social activities. The role of the researchers in the focus group meetings was limited to encouraging the members to ask each other or comment on the experiences and views raised. Through open coding, the spoken evidence of the sessions was analyzed and through the participant feedback method, the validity of the findings was increased.Findings: Six principles were found as the governing principles of Islamic understanding of the concept of gender, which were: complementarianism, dynamics in time and place, social emotion, selectivity, equality in opportunities for excellence, and competitiveness. There are internal relationships among these principles. For example, complementarianism is one of the effects of competition avoidance, or social affection is a prerequisite for providing equal opportunities for excellence.Conclusion: The six principles obtained have a greater capacity than the three dominant-egalitarian-liberating mentalities for empowering Muslim women. The importance of context and environment, in addition to the failure of non-divine intellectual foundations in empowering women, can be counted among the reasons for this. Of course, rethinking gender according to an Islamic understanding has been the focus of researchers such as Abbasi and Mousavi (2014) and Qasimpour and Aliabadi (2017) and they have emphasized on referring to religious texts and rereading them correctly. However, the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers have not been analyzed. Identifying these principles can guide economic, educational, social, cultural, social, and political empowerment and act as an umbrella for the empowerment of Muslim women.
Sociology
Fateme Bazgir
Abstract
This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s ...
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This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s lived experiences of social exclusion in a deep way. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling from the residents of Haj Seddique and Farzanegan nursing house in Khorramabad city. The data were gathered by way of deep semi-structured interview. The findings show that the causal conditions of social exclusions are: women’s lack of independent economic status (lack of financial support and loss of ability to work), decline of traditional solidarity in the family (decline of mothers’ authority, generational gap, the growth of individualism) and the transformation of lifestyles (transformation of home’s equipment, semantic change of family labor and the domination of gender bias). These causal conditions are activated through some intervening conditions such as: extreme pessimism and feeling of loneliness. The first one is characterized by mistrust in society and internal vulnerability; and the second factor can be observed in nostalgia for a golden past and the feeling of being forgotten. These two causal and intervening conditions, together, have strong consequences on the life and personality of elderly women, so that they feel that they are dis-embedded from the life-world and thrown into the way of gradual death. That is why they represent some symptoms such as silence/ aggressiveness, feeling of rootlessness and self-illness. Or, they believe in extreme fatalism and dying experiences. In a short way, we can say that living in nursing homes in Khorramabad city, which is semi-traditional and semi-modern, imply one main point: being cut off from the lifeworld and accepting gradual death. This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s lived experiences of social exclusion in a deep way. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling from the residents of Haj Seddique and Farzanegan nursing house in Khorramabad city. The data were gathered by way of deep semi-structured interview. The findings show that the causal conditions of social exclusions are: women’s lack of independent economic status (lack of financial support and loss of ability to work), decline of traditional solidarity in the family (decline of mothers’ authority, generational gap, the growth of individualism) and the transformation of lifestyles (transformation of home’s equipment, semantic change of family labor and the domination of gender bias). These causal conditions are activated through some intervening conditions such as: extreme pessimism and feeling of loneliness. The first one is characterized by mistrust in society and internal vulnerability; and the second factor can be observed in nostalgia for a golden past and the feeling of being forgotten. These two causal and intervening conditions, together, have strong consequences on the life and personality of elderly women, so that they feel that they are dis-embedded from the life-world and thrown into the way of gradual death. That is why they represent some symptoms such as silence/ aggressiveness, feeling of rootlessness and self-illness. Or, they believe in extreme fatalism and dying experiences. In a short way, we can say that living in nursing homes in Khorramabad city, which is semi-traditional and semi-modern, imply one main point: being cut off from the lifeworld and accepting gradual death. This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s lived experiences of social exclusion in a deep way. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling from the residents of Haj Seddique and Farzanegan nursing house in Khorramabad city. The data were gathered by way of deep semi-structured interview. The findings show that the causal conditions of social exclusions are: women’s lack of independent economic status (lack of financial support and loss of ability to work), decline of traditional solidarity in the family (decline of mothers’ authority, generational gap, the growth of individualism) and the transformation of lifestyles (transformation of home’s equipment, semantic change of family labor and the domination of gender bias). These causal conditions are activated through some intervening conditions such as: extreme pessimism and feeling of loneliness.
Women's Studies
Hossein SADEGHI; azhin abbaspour; GOODARZ SHAHMORADI
Abstract
AbstractWomen's entrepreneurship is increasingly important for creating new jobs and contributing to the social and economic growth of their communities, however, the mutual influence and nuances of women's entrepreneurship and culture are less studied. Globally and especially in upper middle income ...
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AbstractWomen's entrepreneurship is increasingly important for creating new jobs and contributing to the social and economic growth of their communities, however, the mutual influence and nuances of women's entrepreneurship and culture are less studied. Globally and especially in upper middle income countries, women make up about one third of successful and innovative entrepreneurs focused on national and international markets. Almost half of them are also involved in the wholesale/retail sector and a fifth in the public sector and social services (18.5% of women vs. 10.1% of men). Studies show that there is little cultural support for female entrepreneurs and less successful female founders are celebrated as role models. The purpose of this research is to obtain a framework regarding the impact of cultural attitudes on the social development of women's entrepreneurship.In this research, consolidated studies and a combination of the results of research conducted in the field of women's entrepreneurship development based on cultural attitudes. has been studied. Based on this, in the current research, the total number of articles searched related to the topic is 1547 articles between 2010-2021, of which 305 articles were selected and 17 articles were included in the analysis basket in accordance with the standard protocol, and this analysis basket was analyzed to acceptable values. By applying the meta-analysis method and using the comprehensive meta-analysis software CMA2, this research has examined the correlation coefficients and statistical samples of the previous studies. The values used in the statistical tests in the hypotheses have been analyzed after being converted into the effect size. Based on the effect size (1.345) there is a positive and significant effect between cultural attitude and the development of women's social entrepreneurship, which according to Cohen's effect size interpretation, this effect is considered strong. Finally, the results of this research may be used in the field of entrepreneurial business and sociology. The research findings show that based on Cohen's effect size, cultural attitude has a positive, significant and strong impact on the development of women's social entrepreneurship. The hypothesis of this research has been proven and cultural attitude has a positive, significant and strong effect on the development of women's social entrepreneurship. It is suggested that more field studies be done on the cultural variables and sub-variables of the Iranian society, various ethnicities, cultures and subcultures, as well as their impact on the development of women's social entrepreneurship. Also, effective ways to change cultural attitudes regarding the development of women's social entrepreneurship should be formulated and presented in the form of executive instructions. Generally, the results of many similar studies confirm the conclusions of the present study and indicate the positive and direct impact of cultural attitudes on the development of women's social entrepreneurship.
Urban
Mana Vahidbafandeh; Melika Vahidbafandeh; Javad Imani Shamloo
Abstract
Analyzing the relationship between gender and space together makes the roles and needs of each man and woman clear, especially in urban spaces. This analysis helps to understand how the constructive roles of women lead to the production and reproduction of desirable social relations in urban spaces. ...
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Analyzing the relationship between gender and space together makes the roles and needs of each man and woman clear, especially in urban spaces. This analysis helps to understand how the constructive roles of women lead to the production and reproduction of desirable social relations in urban spaces. The presence of women in public and urban spaces not only reflects but also narrates the desirable relationships of a society. This research has been done in order to better understand the needs of women in order to redefine urban spaces, in total, very few studies have been done in the world to understand gender differences in public spaces. The main goal of this research is to identify the dimensions and components that affect the formation of desirable urban spaces for women using the meta-analysis method.The searches were done manually and based on the keywords "urban spaces, women" and for sub-keywords, the words "park, public space, single-gender spaces" are substituted with the first keyword, which is included in the process to improve the effectiveness of the topic to provide a more accurate output. Also, the words AND and OR are used for better search of keywords. The period of study is from 1395 to 1401 in Persian sources and between 2016 to 2022 in English sources. Scopus, Elsevier, Web of Science databases have been used to properly use the sources and access the basic information of the articles in the field of Latin sources and to take advantage of Persian sources, relevant keywords have been used in the databases of scientific documents of Iran (Irandoc), the database of national publications Magiran, ElmNet, Civilica, and Google Scholar. The data collection method according to the PRISMA protocol, which is the standard for meta-analysis studies, Also, Spss software has been used to perform meta-analysis tests, and its output has been produced as forest, bubble, funnel (diffusion bias), and heterogeneity detection charts. VOSviewer software has also been used to measure scientific databases for content production in the field of study. The results show that the main dimensions of the research include physical and functional, structural and spatial, individual and personality, and cultural and social dimensions in the design of urban spaces. The position of researches in the field of urban space design suitable for women in the world research literature is important. So that the highest frequency of studies among English sources has been done in China and India due to the significant population of women, followed by Iran and Australia. Also, the most words related to the main research keywords for producing articles in recent years have been around security and gender. Finally, the researches of this article show that the meta-analysis method can be an effective help in identifying the design components of desirable urban spaces for women.
Women's Studies
Saeed Gholamrezaei; Fatemeh Rahimi-Feyzabad; Fateme Movahedian
Abstract
Rural areas suffer from special problems that must be taken into account to realize the real dimension of the phenomenon. In the meantime, the issue of "rural women's employment" as one of the most important social and economic issues, has gained great importance today. A better understanding of rural ...
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Rural areas suffer from special problems that must be taken into account to realize the real dimension of the phenomenon. In the meantime, the issue of "rural women's employment" as one of the most important social and economic issues, has gained great importance today. A better understanding of rural women’s employment, and the limitation they face, is necessary for the targeting and design of policy interventions. The scarce economic and employment opportunities women can access in rural areas have been focused mostly on self-employment. Indeed, in many countries, rural women are often self-employed as own account workers (running small businesses with no employees). Women's self-employment can improve both women's intrahousehold bargaining position and their children's health, nutrition, and education outcomes. Rural women's self-employment and their success in creating jobs not only brings economic benefits but also social and cultural benefits. In such a situation, the cooperative sector is a suitable field for rural women's self-employment through strengthening the participation culture. Cooperatives with the participation of their members can play an important role in reducing poverty, creating self-employment, and increasing employment and entrepreneurship of rural women. But before making any effort to improve the employment status of rural women, it is necessary to investigate the rural women's intention to start cooperatives. Therefore, there is a need to clarify the most influential elements in shaping personal decisions to start a self-employed business in the form of cooperatives. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting the behavioral intention of rural women members of Lorestan Province micro-credit funds towards self-employment in cooperatives using Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT). SCCT (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994, 2000) is concerned with the interplay between a variety of personal, environmental, and behavioral variables that are assumed to give rise to people’s academic and career-related interests, choices, and performance outcomes. Among its personal variables, the theory emphasizes the central role of self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations, and goals (intention) in enabling people to assert personal control on behalf of their career efforts. However, SCCT is equally concerned with variables, such as environmental supports and barriers that may either promote or restrict the exercise of personal control. This study was designed and implemented through a survey method. The statistical population consisted of all rural women members of Lorestan Province Micro Credit Funds (N= 1087) who sampling of multistage quota proportional to the sample size through Krejcie and Morgan sampling table resulted in to select of 307 samples. Data collection in this study was conducted using a researcher-made questionnaire. After preparing the questionnaire and confirming its validity by the experts panel, its reliability was confirmed through a pilot study by calculating Cronbach's alpha values for the variables investigated. Structural equation modeling was used to determine factors influencing rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives through AMOS24. Pearson's correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between Social Cognitive Career Theory variables. Correlation results show that the self-employment intention variable had a positive and significant relationship with the variables of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, social support, and interests. Also, the self-employment intention variable has a negative and significant relationship with the social barriers variable. To investigate factors affecting the intention of rural women members of Lorestan province micro-credit funds towards self-employment, structural equation modeling was used using AMOS24 software. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that the interests variable has the highest direct impact on rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives and self-efficacy has the highest indirect influence on rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives. One of the most important development goals in most countries is job creation and poverty alleviation in rural areas, especially for rural women who are half of the rural population and since this deprived section of the society is a large part of the workforce needed in the agricultural sector, giving importance to their needs should be prioritized in development plans. For this purpose and to meet the financial and economic needs of women and create income, self-employment and increase their self-confidence, the formation of cooperatives can be effective. But a vital issue that is important in this regard is the factors that influence the decision and intention of rural women to start investing and working in cooperatives. Based on the results, the Social Cognitive Career Theory was a suitable theory to predict rural women's self-employment intention.
Physical Education and Sports Science
Mohammad Reihani; Shahram Abdi
Abstract
Today, sports has become an important issue in society and its role in women's society is undeniable. The emphasis of sociologists, psychologists, doctors, etc. is on women to do sports because women are the main pillar of society and family, and a healthy family is one whose mother is healthy. In different ...
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Today, sports has become an important issue in society and its role in women's society is undeniable. The emphasis of sociologists, psychologists, doctors, etc. is on women to do sports because women are the main pillar of society and family, and a healthy family is one whose mother is healthy. In different societies, creating suitable grounds for women's sports is considered an important and national issue, and the presence or absence of women in sports activities is considered a global indicator of the social status of women in society. One of the most important aspects of women's sports is championship sports, and promoting this aspect of sports can lead to the development and promotion of society. In fact, the importance of the development of championship sports in the general sense and the development of women's sports in a specific sense due to the high capacity of earning medals and creating social vitality in women reveals the necessity of conducting such a study. In addition, it seems very necessary to set goals to examine the status of women in North Khorasan province in championship sports and provide strategies and solutions to overcome the obstacles and challenges ahead. North Khorasan province has a high capacity to introduce champion female athletes to the country due to the diverse cultural and climatic conditions on the one hand and the youngness of the administrative structure of the province on the other hand. Therefore, considering the importance of strategic planning in the development of championship sports, the need to pay attention to this importance in the development of women's championship sports in North Khorasan province seems more necessary than ever. A suitable solution is to prepare a strategic plan for women's championship sports in the province, which will reach its proper position with the realization of this and the development of championship sports.The current research is descriptive-survey in terms of research method, applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection, it is mixed (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population includes managers, deputies and experts (sport and youth general directorates of North Khorasan province, sport and youth office in Bojnord county, sports committees and clubs in North Khorasan province), the university professors in the field of sports science, coaches and female champion athletes of North Khorasan province. The statistical sample in the qualitative section included 14 people from the statistical community. The sampling method in this section was purposeful and based on expertise, experience, and knowledge of women's championship sports in North Khorasan province. The statistical sample in the quantitative section included 23 people who were selected purposefully. The data collection tool in the qualitative phase was a semi-guided exploratory interview as well as a SWAT analysis session with a group of members of the statistical sample of the research to identify variables and complete the questions and questions resulting from library studies. In the current research, descriptive methods were used to examine demographic variables and a framework called comprehensive framework for developing a model strategy (SWOT) was used to obtain strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Finally, the ANP method and Super Decisions software were used to prioritize strategies.The findings of the research in the development of women's championship sports showed 9 strengths, 16 weaknesses, 11 opportunities and 13 threats. According to the total score of strategies formulated in this section, it can be stated that the competitive strategic position is the dominant strategy in this section. The most important strategies obtained in the research include the compilation of guidance and support programs in the path of growth of female athletes from beginner to advanced, Strengthening and investing in active and medal-winning sports for women in the province, and Special attention paid to holding appropriate and regular training camps throughout the year, sending women to national competitions, holding joint camps with champions from other provinces, and providing proper supplies and support to the teams. It is appropriate for the officials and guardians of sports in the province to pay special attention to the strategies obtained from this research for the development of women's championship sports in the province.
Women's Studies
hadie Parhizkar; azar alimohammadi; sedighe tahere Asadzade; MARYAM Hashempour-Sadeghian
Abstract
Bad wardenic women are often people who always face very serious challenges in life, because the home and family environment, which should be a safe and supportive environment for them, becomes a traumatic and responsible environment for them. They face many personal and social problems that affect their ...
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Bad wardenic women are often people who always face very serious challenges in life, because the home and family environment, which should be a safe and supportive environment for them, becomes a traumatic and responsible environment for them. They face many personal and social problems that affect their relationships with their family members and the mental fatigue of the bad wardenic woman. Economic problems and negative social pressures should also be added to the issues affecting these women. But despite all these problems, some of these women are even responsible for taking care of their families. In most families, the father, as the head of the family, takes care of and manages the family. For this reason, in most definitions, the concept of fatherlessness and bad wardenic is defined as the absence of a father in the family, and his absence has a great impact on economic issues and family management. In Iran, due to the characteristics of the society, wartime incidents and natural and social events, there are a large number of desertion and bad wardenic women without sufficient support. In most cases, economic, cultural and social issues and problems in the lives of desertion and bad wardenic women are created for them due to the removal or weakening of the functional presence of their husbands, in the meantime, the economic problems of these women play a more prominent role in their lives and have caused that both desertion and bad wardenic women and their children are among the most vulnerable sections of society against social harm. Injuries that cause mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, obsession and aggression may also occur in them. The spouses of this category of women cannot assume the responsibility of living together; Therefore, bad wardenic women are forced to assume the dual role of being a mother and a father, and this role conflict, lack of security, and uncertainty are among the issues that cause social and psychological suffering for them. The current research aims to review and meta-analyze qualitative studies in the field of bad wardenic women in Iran.Based on this, in the first step, all scientific research articles with keywords bad wardenic women, women with drug addict husbands, women with sick husbands, women with imprisoned husbands, women with unemployed husbands, women with criminal husbands in the period 2006 to 2021 from Jihad database University and Noormags citation database were extracted, which included 40 articles. In the following, among these 40 articles, some were removed due to the repetition of the topic, and 34 articles were selected to form the statistical population of this research for data extraction and selection and investigation related to " bad wardenic women". According to the findings of this research, the studies in this field have two general directions, a group of them sought theoretical analysis and presentation of intervention models to identify the problems of these women and to reduce these problems by using these intervention methods. Another group has tried to strengthen the morale of bad wardenic women by increasing positive attitudes experimentally by considering different examples. In the studies conducted on the issue of bad wardenic women, often in the field of psychology, efforts have been made to highlight the psychological issues and challenges that these women face and consider the field of activism of these women; Such as stress, anxiety, lack of anger control, lack of communication skills, low self-confidence and self-esteem. These researches showed that these mentioned mental issues are significantly high in bad wardenic women, which has caused the mental health and quality of life of bad wardenic women to decrease. Other researches in the field of psychology have also tried to investigate the effectiveness of different treatment methods to reduce harm and empower women in the field of mental health with treatment methods such as problem solving training, narrative therapy, group meaning therapy resilience training, empathy skill training, spiritual-religious psychotherapy and Teaching life skills in the individual field to show that these therapeutic methods can be effective in empowering bad wardenic women and can improve some of the psychological problems and mental issues of these women.The review of the articles related to bad wardenic women in the field of sociology included only two articles that were conducted using a qualitative method.
Women's Studies
Amir Asgari; Sahebeh Masoudi; Maedeh Taghizadeh Tabarsi
Abstract
Women's empowerment is a topic included in a wide range of programs and policies implemented by different institutions around the world. However, cognitive characteristics and research in the field of cognitive sciences, specifically regarding cognitive abilities, have been neglected in many of these ...
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Women's empowerment is a topic included in a wide range of programs and policies implemented by different institutions around the world. However, cognitive characteristics and research in the field of cognitive sciences, specifically regarding cognitive abilities, have been neglected in many of these policies and implemented projects. Empowering women and promoting gender equality are recognized as important factors for achieving sustainable development and reducing poverty around the world. Despite significant progress over the years, gender inequality still exists in various areas of life, including education, employment, health, and political activities. In order to solve these inequalities, it is important to understand the effective factors in their occurrence and provide solutions for them. One of the research areas that has attracted a lot of attention in this field, especially in recent years, is called cognitive science. Recent research has shown that cognitive science, through examining the mechanisms of the formation of mental concepts, and by combining it with behaviorism through the simultaneous examination of the mind, language, social behavior, and social technical systems, not only provides a clearer understanding of the way humans encounter various phenomena, but also makes available ways to analyze and improve them in different contexts.In this regard, this research provides a framework for empowering women in governance based on cognitive science studies using a two-step method that involves scoping review and content analysis. The results of this research, including 18 key elements of women's empowerment based on cognitive studies, along with the presented conceptual framework, aid experts, researchers, and individuals interested in the fields of empowerment, governance, and women in reaching their answers for policy-making and decision-making processes. The achievements also help to build networks among various related concepts for designing further applied research. One of the key benefits of the research presented in this study is that it emphasizes the importance of incorporating cognitive science research into policy-making and decision-making processes for women's empowerment. By understanding the cognitive mechanisms that underlie gender inequality, policymakers and experts can design more effective interventions and programs that address the root causes of these inequalities. This can lead to more sustainable and long-term solutions that not only benefit women but also promote overall economic and social development. Furthermore, by integrating cognitive science research into governance studies, it is possible to establish a more comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between individual cognition and social behavior. This interdisciplinary approach can facilitate the development of more nuanced and sophisticated policies and programs that take into account the diverse contexts and experiences of women across different cultures and societies. Overall, this research highlights the immense potential of cognitive science research for achieving greater gender equality and empowering women around the world.The current research is also important in creating schemas of applied research with the aim of creating a connection between different fields of governance studies and cognitive science studies. It can open up conceptual gaps as well as paths for further studies for those interested in interdisciplinary studies, providing a wide range of topics and concepts
Women's Studies
Somaieh Saadatifar; Fatemeh Danafar
Abstract
Children are one of the most vulnerable groups in society, and the risk of aggression by various people in the family or community constantly threatens them. Studies from the childhood of imprisoned women show that the negative experiences of misbehavior, enduring adversities, family quarrels, experiencing ...
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Children are one of the most vulnerable groups in society, and the risk of aggression by various people in the family or community constantly threatens them. Studies from the childhood of imprisoned women show that the negative experiences of misbehavior, enduring adversities, family quarrels, experiencing poverty and emotional neglect, and violence are related to their health problems in adulthood, which range from depression to personality disorders and heart diseases. Therefore, this study wants to answer the question, what experiences have women prisoners had since childhood, and what contribution did their childhood period have in their imprisonment and the continuation of crimes in their adult lives?Method:The present study is a qualitative study using the phenomenology method. A depth interview was used to collect the data and information needed for this research. The field of study of this research is all female prisoners of Fardis Penitentiary, which is located in the south of Karaj. The samples of the study were collected by purposeful sampling and theoretical sampling. In the selection of the sample, attention was paid to the maximum variety in terms of the age of imprisoned women with different crimes (murder, theft, drug sales, prostitution), Level of Education, marital status (married and single), the number of times they were imprisoned, economic status, and the number of children the participants had, but to ensure saturation, more than 2 interviews were conducted, and depth interviews were conducted with 25 female prisoners.Findings: According to the research questions and analysis of the research data, after reducing and merging similar codes, 6 themes were obtained. Women have mentioned their accumulated memories of childhood and continuation in adulthood. The interviewees' perception of the lost childhood has been interpreted as an insecure childhood, a regretful childhood, and a helpless childhood, which are described by 3 main themes and 11 sub-themes, as well as the continuation of the effects of childhood trauma in women's adulthood in the form of 3 main themes and 10 sub-themes were extracted. Therefore, all the concepts are related to each other and it has revealed a pattern of the meaning of their lived experience since childhood and the continuation of its effects in adulthood.Discussion: The findings of the research showed that the imprisoned women experienced a childhood in a state of insecurity, helplessness, regret, and loss and faced various threats, humiliation, repression, and failure. They believe that their childhood and negative experiences play a significant role in their imprisonment and that they have not achieved their right in life and have not received what others have earned. Prisoner women believe that insecurity in the family always takes its victims from children, who are forced to endure unfavorable conditions due to their inability and lack of self-defense, and sexual, physical, and sexual insecurity during childhood. From the point of view of some participants, livelihood issues, lack of job and unemployment, lack of capital and financial problems, and inability to meet the expenses, have been one of the main effective factors of their family problems, which regret many children's demands in Food, clothing, toys, and entertainment have been placed in their hearts. Family poverty means that there are no more funds to invest in children's education or this investment is not done in an appropriate way. According to the narratives of the imprisoned women, their family was a family that did not provide financial support, neglected the educational role, was violent, did not have emotional interactions, did not show affection, was weak, and was unjust. , effective and healthy relationships were not established in it, they did not pay attention to the needs and deviation education was unintentionally in their program In parallel with unfavorable family conditions, women prisoners are faced with traumas such as psychological adversities, deprivation of interaction, feelings of loneliness, depression, and the bias of lowering cultural self-esteem. According to the self-statement of the imprisoned women, due to the negative events of their childhood, today they are still affected by the disturbing events of those days, and the continuation of many of these negative experiences has caused them to have conflicts related to crimes, false thoughts, and defective self-concept, and even managed to break relationships. affect them socially and emotionally in their family life in adulthood.
Women's Studies
Pedram Adibfar; Ehsan Chitsaz
Abstract
Despite significant strides towards gender equality in the workplace, the achievement of a genuinely balanced environment where opportunities and progress are gender-blind remains elusive. This article delves into the intricate choreography of gender dynamics, illuminating the often subtle and imperceptible ...
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Despite significant strides towards gender equality in the workplace, the achievement of a genuinely balanced environment where opportunities and progress are gender-blind remains elusive. This article delves into the intricate choreography of gender dynamics, illuminating the often subtle and imperceptible barriers that hinder women's professional advancement. We grapple with uncomfortable realities, challenge detrimental stereotypes, and propose coaching strategies aimed at navigating women through a labyrinth of gender-specific obstacles. Additionally, we explore the influence of gender on leadership, communication, and decision-making styles, underscoring the urgency to encourage candid dialogue within organizations and to design career trajectories that shatter invisible barriers. Our methodology embraces a systematic review approach, wherein we have meticulously perused multiple databases to isolate studies focusing on coaching strategies for women in the workplace. The thrust of our exploration lies in peer-reviewed studies assessing the effectiveness of coaching techniques specifically addressing women's workplace challenges, whilst excluding studies related to personal development or life coaching. Our extensive review uncovers a panorama of diverse coaching interventions—ranging from one-on-one coaching and group coaching to mentoring programs—all aiming to reshape gender perceptions and attitudes. A particular focus is laid on the role of mentoring, revealing its significant impact on perceptions of women in leadership positions and on men's attitudes towards their female counterparts in leadership. The findings paint a complex and nuanced picture of the gender dynamics that permeate modern workplaces. Moreover, the review underscores the necessity of recognizing gender differences without resorting to simplistic stereotypes. It reinforces the findings of existing literature that warns about the dangers of gender stereotypes and their capacity to limit women's opportunities. Furthermore, the review echoes the sentiment of fostering a culture of open gender dialogue within organizations. Supporting research suggests that organizations that proactively address gender issues are more likely to see improvements in diversity and inclusion. In line with our findings, there is a clear call for both formal and informal mentors. These mentors should encourage their female clients to conduct gender-based 360-degree assessments along with career and succession planning, tools that have shown efficacy in overcoming gender barriers. Also, the review draws attention to the challenges women face in male-dominated workplaces and emphasizes the importance of providing support for women in such environments. This thorough review narrates a hopeful tale about the power of coaching to alleviate gender-based biases, break down barriers to professional advancement, and develop essential skills for women in the modern workplace. The review asserts the need for coaches to develop a collaborative relationship with their female clients, addressing challenges without casting blame or portraying incompetence. The journey towards gender equity, albeit strenuous, can be navigated through careful mentoring and conscientious coaching. Looking forward, future research should cast a wider net to explore the effectiveness of mentoring while considering intersectionality with other identity aspects such as race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. This broader research approach could foster a richer understanding of how coaching can act as a catalyst for women facing multi-dimensional discrimination, paving the way for a more inclusive, equitable work environment. In summary, the review emphasizes that coaching, especially when tailored to meet the unique needs and experiences of women in diverse industries and organizations, can be a highly effective tool for fostering gender equality. However, it is equally important to note that coaching should not be viewed as a panacea but as part of a larger effort to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in the workplace. The findings further suggest that mentoring interventions need to be supported by broader organizational policies and practices that challenge unconscious biases and foster gender equity. The review culminates in a conceptual model illustrating the knowledge that educators need to impart to women to navigate gender dynamics in the workplace, thus aiding in the creation of a balanced, inclusive workplace environment.
Women's Studies
atefe rahmani; mohsen badre; zahra mirhosseini
Abstract
Committing suicide is one of the oldest phenomena of human societies, and since it must be studied and understood within the framework of social psychology of each society and its subgroups, so far an important part of social studies of suicide has been focused on suicide in nomadic and rural areas. ...
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Committing suicide is one of the oldest phenomena of human societies, and since it must be studied and understood within the framework of social psychology of each society and its subgroups, so far an important part of social studies of suicide has been focused on suicide in nomadic and rural areas. It is for several years that the significant number of suicides and especially self-immolations of women in the Dishmuk region of Kohkiluyeh and Boye Rahmad provinces has been widely reflected in the media. This research sought to study and investigate suicide in this rural-nomadic area by using the Giorgi's phenomenological qualitative method and with the semi-structured interview tool.Based on Durkheim's research in the theory of suicide, where he explains social phenomena, he believes that in the context of social phenomena, there will be realities that a person is not able to solve with his own understanding and action. The phenomenon of self-immolation and suicide of women in Dishmuk is also a manifestation of the existing social reality of the region and the manifestation of women's inability to face the existing social realities. Negligence towards the importance of girls' literacy and preventing them from attending schools, marriage at young age and sometimes forced marriage, living with the extended family after marriage despite the adversities that the bride endures, are grounds and causes for this disability. In Hirschi's social control theory, it is also stated that the more a woman's emotional connection and dependence with her family and her attachment, the more her sense of responsibility and therefore the risk of her committing suicide decreases. Therefore, if family life is emotionally calm and peaceful, women will not go for such an action. Robert Merton's Social strain theory also explains that women in the Dishmuk area cannot cope with acceptable social realities as before, because there is a clear conflict between women's goals and demands from life and social realities, as a result, we witness a skewed behavior from them, which has appeared in Dishmuk in the form of a high rate of suicide according to its special cultural biosphere. In this research, the sample population is targeted and consists of people who have committed suicide unsuccessfully or one of their relatives has committed suicide leading to death. Based on the interviews conducted and understanding of the statements of the interviewees about the causes and contexts of suicide attempts in this region, this research mainly divides the causes of suicide of women in the Dishmuk area based on phenomenological investigations into five main categories: 1) lack of knowledge and life management skills; 2) lack of satisfaction with private life; 3) reaching a feeling of dead end and getting stuck in social life; and 4) the personality and superficiality of some religious beliefs were found.each of which is elaborated more in the findings section and documented with quotes from the interviewees. Finally, these categories have been compared with the theory of suicide, and the authors have provided suggestions to prevent suicide. In the end, the researchers made suggestions to improve the conditions of the region, including the establishment of girls' dormitories and boarding schools, the establishment of rural girls' high schools, the establishment of a counseling clinic consisting of local psychologists who are fully familiar with the language and culture of the people of the region, Also, based on the low level of development of the region, it is suggested that the development of education levels, skill training and the creation of employment opportunities for men and as a result help their economic independence should be put on the agenda. This can be a very efficient helper for the provision of housing and in solving the mentioned problems caused by harmful coexistence in the joint housing of the extended family. One of the proposals highlighted by the researchers is also the activation of local educated groups in each clan to mediate before marriage, after marriage and at the time of discords and problems because many couples are in unfavorable conditions and have unresolved issues that need help that this help in the context proposed by the researchers in this research is a solution in accordance with the cultural context of the region. Establishing a health center and neurology clinic and providing counseling services.
Women's Studies
Hamideh Dabbaghi; kosar Mohammadi; Somayeh Jamshidy
Abstract
The division of domestic labor or the distribution of responsibilities and necessary tasks for maintaining the home and family members has historically evolved since the industrialization period and has had important as a social phenomenon in academic discussions since the 1970s. Social and economic ...
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The division of domestic labor or the distribution of responsibilities and necessary tasks for maintaining the home and family members has historically evolved since the industrialization period and has had important as a social phenomenon in academic discussions since the 1970s. Social and economic contexts have always influenced the relationships and interactions between men and women and their gender roles in the family. They have regulated the relationships between them throughout the history of family development. This paper describes the women's experience of domestic labor division with their husbands in the family. In addition, analytical concepts such as gender equality in the division of domestic labor, economic dependency, and gender deviation neutralization (in gender roles) under the theory of relative resources have been used. Also, the thematic analysis method and semi-structured interviews with 15 women, including employed women and housewives in the age groups of 20 to 60 years used in this paper. Then interviews were analyzed by Max QDA 2018 software to extract the relationship pattern of couples in the division of domestic labor. The findings indicate the extraction of 2 main themes of non-participation in the division of domestic labor and participation in the division of domestic labor, seven sub-themes including stubborn femininity, hegemonic masculinity, favorable or unfavorable obvious challenge, economic triangulation, passive/hidden resistance, gradual participation of men. and equality in relations, and 228 concepts. stubborn femininity or hidden feminism theme refers to the power and dominance of women in the family. The second theme refers to self-sufficiency because of absence of a man at home, the man's imprisonment, the man's incapacity, or the death of a man are forced to take care of and breadwinner. In relationships based on persuasion, women accept more tasks because of some reasonable evaluation of men’s function during other areas. The economic triangulation of women is a form of the relationship between men and women when they are equal in strength and power. Women’s hidden and passive resistance gradually causes men to participate in household chores. In gradual participation, men learn to participate in household chores through socialization from the group of relatives and friends and the assignment of partial and incremental tasks from the woman to the man. The last theme of couples' relationships is based on the understanding or extensive participation of men and women in household chores which ends to equal involvement. Both men and women try to participate intellectually, emotionally, psychologically, and behaviorally and experience gender roles as much as possible. The variety of types introduced in the Iranian family shows the change and evolution in the traditional Iranian society and the agency and rethinking by women in gender roles and the division of conventional domestic work.However, regarding the causes and contexts of the formation of this ideal relationship between the studied couples, it is not possible to refer to foreign studies and the experiences of women in other countries, such as Eastern European countries and France, which are based on egalitarian ideas through the promotion of women's participation in the workforce or countries with family policies such as Norway and gender ideology, he said. Instead, the ethnic, cultural, and social diversity under the macro-policy strategies in the field of the Iranian family under Islamic thought and influenced by the characteristic of collectivism in the Iranian culture creates a different experience for Iranian women and can be a debatable issue in future studies. But what can be accepted without a doubt is that Iranian women are entering a process of rethinking the division of work and power in the family and the beginning of the process of redistributing family responsibilities.
Women's Studies
Ahmad Kalateh sadati; Fatemeh Adelkhah; Faezeh Shamsaddin Qotrom
Abstract
Puberty is a biological, complex and a social constract phenomena which is experienced diffently among girls. Daughters with Single Fathers can have a different experience of puberty. This issue can be related to the quality of the father's and other family members' interaction with the girl's puberty. ...
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Puberty is a biological, complex and a social constract phenomena which is experienced diffently among girls. Daughters with Single Fathers can have a different experience of puberty. This issue can be related to the quality of the father's and other family members' interaction with the girl's puberty. In the absence of mothers, daughters of Single Fathers have several problems. They don’t have a clue and a pattern of female for a successful passage through puberty. The main question of the current research is to explore the experience of puberty among daughters of Single Fathers. For this purpose, the challenges of the health behaviors of these groups’ daughters during menstruation, their understanding of puberty and their experience about the subject were also studied under the main objective. This is a qualitative study that was conducted in 2022-2023 in Yazd. The participants are 10 girls aged 13-16 from Yazd who have lived with their father for more than 6 months. Sampling was done purposefully in schools. The participants cooperated with us voluntarily, in order to achieve maximum diversity, the samples were selected from different schools. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews in the teachers’ room. Using thematic analysis method for data analysis. Using the theme analysis method, the patterns and themes in the qualitative data were identified. The explored themes of the research showed that puberty and its experience among the daughters under fathers’ custody is a masculine thing which is related to the way the father behaves. The experience of puberty is closely related to the father's behavior. This means that the father's attitude and behavior in this field can bring different experiences for the participants. Fathers who try to understand the issue correctly and accept it and are in line to support their daughter, help a lot to accept the issue in their youth. Unlike those fathers who are indifferent to the issue and neglect it, he has turned puberty into a problematic phenomenon in which the girl experiences a sense of shame and secrecy, and in some cases, a decrease in self-confidence and disgust from this natural phenomenon. The three themes which explored are: supportive father, neglectful father and problematic puberty. The experience of puberty among girls with fathers’ custody is more related to the father's point of view and the role of fatherhood. This shows that in these cases puberty experience is more social than biological. In fact, the girl's puberty experience is a social, masculine and paternal thing that is related with social and cultural values. The problematization of puberty and menstruation in families where the mother is not present and the society is taboo is more, which is the result of lack of knowledge about the natural mechanism of the body, necessary care during menstruation, etc. It is suggested that due to the expansion of single-parent families especially fathers, education about puberty and menstrual health should be promoted in schools, educational booklets for girls and fathers about menstruation should be published, and open and honest communication between fathers and daughters should be encouraged.
Women's Studies
parvaneh allaei; maryam hokmabadi goshuni
Abstract
In recent years, due to the decrease in the rate of childbearing, efforts have been made in the policy system, among which we can mention the plan for the youth of the population and support for the family approved in March 2019. In the articles of this plan, the limitation of screening is mentioned. ...
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In recent years, due to the decrease in the rate of childbearing, efforts have been made in the policy system, among which we can mention the plan for the youth of the population and support for the family approved in March 2019. In the articles of this plan, the limitation of screening is mentioned. In general, it should be said that the impact of disabled children on the family system has attracted the attention of experts as a serious problem for years.Screening tests are one of the ways that can be used to detect a fetus with disabilities or genetic problems before birth. Screening tests are a set of tests that are performed in order to check the health of the fetus and to screen children at risk in terms of infectious diseases, Down syndrome and some other genetic defects and physical abnormalities in different months of pregnancy. The purpose of this research is to identify the individual-social considerations of Elimination of prenatal screening of pregnant mothers. It seeks to answer the question of what difficulties and problems people with disabilities and families with disabled children face. The research method is qualitative and its approach is phenomenology. The phenomenological approach is a suitable method for investigating people's lived experiences. The research sample in this article are mothers who have a disabled child and have referred to the rehabilitation center for speech therapy and occupational therapy classes. Based on this, the lived experiences of 13 mothers were collected. Respondents were selected by purposive sampling and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Narratives of the investigated samples were categorized into two main dimensions:1. Individual issues include educational problems, lack of information and ignorance, feelings and emotions, and communication issues. Regarding educational issues, it can be said that they mean the problems that mothers face in the way of their children's learning in educational centers. Some issues and problems are directly related to the quality of providing services in rehabilitation and educational centers. Others are related to the mental problems of such children. Lack of information in any field is harmful. The mothers said that if they themselves and those around them had the necessary knowledge about child birth and post-birth care, they would probably experience a better situation. These Families experience diverse and different emotions. Most mothers complain to God about having a sick child and feel that it is a sign of God's injustice. The presence of a sick child in the family disturbs the communication of family members both inside and outside the family. Economic problems are one of the most important concerns of such families, because whatever they earn, they spend on doctor's visits, medicine, occupational therapy classes, and special nutrition for children, and thus. Their welfare decreases2. The social part includes issues of social labeling and social support, each of which includes subsets. Social label and social support. Social label issues are those issues and problems that families inevitably endure from others. Social support is discussed in two parts: problems of facilities and medical support.It can be concluded that the presence of a sick child in the family has many effects on all aspects of the life of the family members, especially the mother. The results of this research can be useful in the legislative process for population increase and challenges related to prenatal screening of pregnant mothers and reducing the birth of sick children. The simultaneous analysis of the categories shows a general picture of the phenomenon of the presence of a sick child in the family, which can be said to be fundamentally different from a normal family.This conclusion has two very important benefits; 1. A more effective step can be taken to reduce the problems of such families, in this way, both public education and public awareness are necessary to reduce social factors, and it is necessary to pay attention to the Psychotherapy of family members, to reduce individual factors. 2. By identifying all the challenges that a family faces after the birth of a sick child, the necessity and importance of preventing the birth of such babies is felt, which according to the aforementioned discussions, prenatal screening of pregnant mothers can be the most important and efficient measure in this field. So that the effort of the government and the people is to increase the healthy population of the country.
Geography
aboozar vafaei; Kamran Dolat Yarian
Abstract
Parks and green public spaces are parts of the ecological fabric of cities to the extent that environmental life and the sustainability of cities depend on them. The aim of this research is to measure the level of citizens’ satisfaction with the quality of urban parks. The example studied is Women's ...
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Parks and green public spaces are parts of the ecological fabric of cities to the extent that environmental life and the sustainability of cities depend on them. The aim of this research is to measure the level of citizens’ satisfaction with the quality of urban parks. The example studied is Women's Laleh Park in the city of Noorabad. To this end, efforts were made to evaluate and analyze the success or the failure of the quality of the park from the point of view of women. The current research is a quantitative research in terms of its purpose in the field of applied research and has deployed a descriptive-analytical approach based on the nature of the data.The statistical population of this research included all women who came to Laleh Park in a span from May to December 2022. The sample size included 200 women; this sample was assessed using Sample Power software with a confidence level of %95, a possible error of %5, and an alpha value of 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05. For data analysis, SPSS26 software was used due to its statistical capabilities, and AMOS24 software was deployed for structural equation modeling. To answer the hypotheses of the research, at the first stage, criteria and sub-criteria that explained the satisfaction of the multiple dimensions of women's park were compiled through documentary and library studies. Then, a questionnaire, consisting of 66 questions in the form of a five-point Likert scale, was designed and distributed among the women who came to Laleh Park. The distribution of the questionnaire was also done using a systematic sampling method during the peak hours of women’s visiting of this public space. It should be noted that the measuring scales included 6 general questions, 10 questions on safety and security, 10 social-cultural questions, 10 physical questions, 10 questions about health and environment, 10 questions about the furniture and environment of the park, and 10 questions about physical and mental health.In total, the results obtained from the current research are as follows. In an overall evaluation of the quality of Laleh Park, the findings showed that most of the studied sites were of low quality, and there were many weak points. The results also showed that the condition of Laleh Park was favorable in terms of quality in 3 items. 18 items were semi-optimal, and other 38 items had unfavorable status. Also, the results of the analysis of the second-order factor model showed that according to the women, participating in the research, satisfaction with physical-physical factors with a factor load of 0.86 had the highest priority and had the first place. After the physical-physical factor, the health and environmental index came second with a factor load of 0.78. The third rank belonged to park furniture index with a factor weight of 0.73. Further, it was found that safety and security index with a weight of 0.68 was in the fourth place, the health index with a weight of 0.58 came fifth. The cultural and social index was in the sixth place with a weight of 0.48.
Demographics
ahmad dorahaki; Masoumeh Akhavan Armaki
Abstract
Motherhood is an important aspect of women's life, which manifests itself with the two important functions of giving birth and nurture children. With the advent of modernity, becoming a mother and motherhood as the pre-defined main role of women has been questioned and redefined. Investigating the relationship ...
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Motherhood is an important aspect of women's life, which manifests itself with the two important functions of giving birth and nurture children. With the advent of modernity, becoming a mother and motherhood as the pre-defined main role of women has been questioned and redefined. Investigating the relationship between changes in the attitude towards maternal identity and women's fertility can be helpful in understanding the change of fertility in Iran. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the attitude towards maternal identity and the number of intended fertility of married women aged 18-44 in the urban areas of Kashan city and with a quantitative approach and a descriptive-correlational nature. In this regard, a sample of 385 women with at least one child (with motherhood experience) referring to the health service centers of urban areas of Kashan were selected and investigated by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The validity of the research items was obtained through formal and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the conceptual variables of the research was also confirmed with Cronbach's alpha. The results of the research show that the average of intended fertility is 2.2 in the women of the study. The score of the attitude towards maternal identity of the study women is higher than the expected average. This issue indicates the existence of a desire and a pleasant feeling towards the motherhood identity, in other words, it shows the priority and importance of the role of a motherhood compared to other roles of the women in the study. The results of multivariate analysis show that by controlling all the variables, the variable of attitude towards maternal identity positively and attitude towards gender equality and education have a negative effect on women's intention fertility. The lower the score of the attitude towards maternal identity (importance and priority of the mother's role) and the higher the score of the attitude towards gender equality, the less the number of intended fertility. Also, women with university education have less intend fertility. On the other hand, the findings indicate a statistically significant and effect relationship of gender equality variables and education on the attitude towards maternal identity of the studied women. According to the results of the research path analysis model, it can be said that the attitude towards maternal identity is related to the number of children intended by women in two direct ways and also as a mediator of the effect of gender equality variables and education. Therefore, according to the changes that are taking place in the mentioned components, it is suggested that the policy makers consider the expansion of facilities and support programs that lead to the reduction of the conflict between the components of empowerment and independence of women with maternal identity in the new demographic policies. Facilitation and support programs in the field of maternal identity are a way of valuing the authentic cultural foundation of Iranian society in this relation.
economics
Amran Gheisar; Sima Eskandari Sabzi; ali salmanpour; Seyed Yosef Hajiasghari
Abstract
The trend of population growth in the last three decades will cause extensive changes in the age structure of Iran's population. So that it can be one of the most important challenges of the country in the coming decades. This development will have different effects and consequences in the process of ...
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The trend of population growth in the last three decades will cause extensive changes in the age structure of Iran's population. So that it can be one of the most important challenges of the country in the coming decades. This development will have different effects and consequences in the process of social, economic and political development. In this research, with the aim of dynamic analysis of the economic effects of the structural changes of the age groups (the age group of the workforce) of Iran's population in the coming decades until 1455, and then the role of women's labor force in the process of gross domestic product is studied and review puts. Therefore, this research aims to understand more about the structural changes of the population in four age groups (under 15 years, between 15 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years and over 65 years) in the past decades, the present and its future forecast; Using the global model "World3" modeling of dynamic systems to simulate the country's population trend from 1355 to 1455, with "Vensim" software, it has predicted the structural changes of the population. Forecasts show that based on the probable fertility rate of 1.6 (announcement of the researches of the Statistics Center), the growth trend of the entire country's population will be increasing until 1425, and the trend will decrease from this year onwards. Also, until 1455, the growth trend of the population in the age group below 15 years will be decreasing, and the growth trend in the age group of the workforce (between 15-44 years, 45-64 years) will increase until 1415, and from this year onwards, the trend will decrease. According to the forecast, the growth trend in the age group above 65 years will increase. The findings show that the demographic trend of working age will happen about 10 years earlier than the decreasing trend of the total population. Therefore, to compensate for the deficit of economically active labor and improve the production process and increase per capita; Considering the existing capacity in the country, increasing the employment of women will be one of the most effective solutions in this crisis. In the following, a dynamic economic model is presented using Solow's growth model. To show how the effects of changes in the labor force pattern will be on the growth process of gross domestic production. Then the operational scenarios related to increasing the employment of women in the growth of production and the growth and development of the country; Provided. Also, practical and operational suggestions have been presented regarding how to reduce the side effects of population structural changes and its negative effects on the growth of domestic production (GDP) by establishing women's employment in the country's economic cycle.
Psychology
Marzieh Salarvand; Farah Naderi
Abstract
The trend towards nose surgery has increased in the world, and Iran is ranked seventh in the world. The huge treatments of this type of surgery in Iran — from the subsets of cosmetic surgery — services are not covered by health insurance, and real and not imaginary complications appear for ...
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The trend towards nose surgery has increased in the world, and Iran is ranked seventh in the world. The huge treatments of this type of surgery in Iran — from the subsets of cosmetic surgery — services are not covered by health insurance, and real and not imaginary complications appear for this type of surgery and investigate the trend factors among older women. In the position of the key pillar of the family, the woman gives more attention to the conformity and harmony of her appearance with the body image influenced by social and cultural norms. Investigating the factors that make this choice painful, complicated and sometimes unnecessary, this research examines these changes. (2) Psychological capital and its high level make the body satisfactory. (3) Changes in spiritual well-being and its high level create a kinder and respectful relationship with the body and the absence of the external body, and (4) social conformity, as in some researches, it is considered the most important factor for performing nose surgery. It is the factor, change in beliefs and association with the recommendations and norms of a society. In general, based on the conceptual model designed in this research, social conformity mediates another research. The main goal of this research was the causal model of the metacognitive evaluation of the body based on psychological capital and spiritual well-being in women's surgery with regard to the mediating role of social conformity, and a descriptive method of correlation type and structural equation modeling was used The statistical population of this research is all women applying for rhinoplasty who refer to doctors specializing in cosmetic and nose surgery and rhinoplasty who refer to Top Clinic, Dr. Najaf Beigi Clinic, Tehran Beauty Clinic, and Designer Medical Clinic located in areas 1 and 2 of Tehran, in autumn and winter. They formed in 2023. In the research sample, 300 of these women were selected by purposive and available sampling method, and among the research tools, questionnaires for metacognitive assessment of body deformity, Luthans psychological capital, spiritual well-being and L-72 conformity were taken. Also, structural equation modeling and SPSS and Amos software are used in data analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the causal model of the metacognitive assessment of body deformity based on psychological capital and spiritual well-being in the case of nose surgery with the mediation of social conformity with the data had a good goodness of fit, and no paths were removed from the model. The results showed that social conformity negatively and significantly mediates the effect of psychological capital and spiritual well-being on the metacognitive evaluation of body deformity in women undergoing surgery, and also the direct effect of psychological capital on the evaluation of body deformity is non-significant and these hypotheses are also proved. Psychological capital is negatively and meaningfully related to social conformity. Social conformity has a positive and significant effect on the metacognitive evaluation of body deformity. Spiritual well-being has a negative and significant effect on social conformity. Spiritual well-being is negatively and meaningfully based on the metacognitive evaluation of body deformity; social conformity negatively and significantly mediates the effect of spiritual well-being on the evaluation of body deformity in women's surgery, and social conformity negatively and significantly mediates the effect of psychological capital on the metacognitive evaluation of body deformity. And finally, spiritual well-being is negatively and significantly effective for the metacognitive evaluation of deformity in rhinoplasty women.
Women's Studies
Hossein Moshkabadi Mohajer; zeinab Moshkabadi Mohajer
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of some socio-economic factors on income, savings and employment status during the outbreak and spread of covid-19 based on gender segregation, between two groups of women and men using data from Mashhad-Iran. In this article, the data was collected by questionnaire ...
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This study investigates the effect of some socio-economic factors on income, savings and employment status during the outbreak and spread of covid-19 based on gender segregation, between two groups of women and men using data from Mashhad-Iran. In this article, the data was collected by questionnaire method and the regressions related to the status of income, savings and employment were analyzed using SPSS software. The statistical population of the research includes 1093 people, of which 523 are women and 570 are men. We aim to fill this gap in the literature and examine the effects of Covid-19 on gender inequality in income, savings and employment status using rich micro-data from a survey. This survey was conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic in September 2021. Considering that such a research has not been done in Iran so far, and in similar foreign researches, the effect of variables such as loans and socio-economic class has not been examined, in this respect the present research is innovative. Due to the fact that this disease has caused the most damage to the service sector, especially tourism services, and the economy of Mashhad is also dependent on this sector, therefore, in a case study, the effects of Corona on the economy of Mashhad city were investigated. It was given so that by identifying the effective factors in the reduction of income, savings and the worsening of the job situation and providing solutions, it is possible to get out of the existing situation in times of crises such as the Covid-19 pandemic provided in the shortest possible time. The results after the regression analysis at the 95% confidence level indicate that older people, tenants and households with more members have experienced a decrease in income and savings, and men are more affected than women. By improving the income class, education and socio-economic status, it is possible to reduce the damage caused by Corona, and in this context, the reduction in the damage of women is more than that of men. Therefore, it is in line with the researches of Palano et al. (2020), McGee et al. (2022), Biland et al. (2022), Dang (2020), Chi Bucari et al. (2020) and Ehlert (2021). Among different jobs, self-employed jobs were more damaged by Corona than government and salaried jobs. These results are supported considering that the major part of Mashhad's economy is services and generally tourism services, because according to the announcement of the relevant institutions, such as the Central Bank and the Tourism and Cultural Heritage Organization, this sector is the most damaged. It has suffered from the corona epidemic. Therefore, it is logical that the people who have been working in this sector, which are generally related to freelancers and salaried workers in the private sector, have experienced the most damage. The great desire to be employed in government jobs can be for the same reason. This issue is another innovation in the current research that was not observed in similar foreign researches, and due to the importance of employment in the private and public sector in Iranian society, it was discussed in this field. In this regard, occupational injuries and losses have been more in women than in men. Therefore, it can be stated that working women have more vulnerable jobs than working men, and when crises such as the Covid-19 epidemic crisis occur, they will suffer more occupational damage than men.
Women's Studies
Negin Fallah Haghighi; Zeinab Sharifi; Hamin Ahmadi
Abstract
Nowadays, economic development is not possible without women's economic participation. Nevertheless, women in society face obstacles and challenges in terms of economic participation. According to Statistical Center of Iran, the economic participation rate of women in Iran is 13.3 percent. Meanwhile, ...
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Nowadays, economic development is not possible without women's economic participation. Nevertheless, women in society face obstacles and challenges in terms of economic participation. According to Statistical Center of Iran, the economic participation rate of women in Iran is 13.3 percent. Meanwhile, in many developed countries, nearly 50 percent of the economically active population is made up of women. Furthermore, based on the latest statistics, Yazd province ranks second in terms of female unemployment rate. Therefore, this research aimed at analyzing the barriers to women's economic participation in Yazd province. Qualitative research method was used in this study. The target population of the research was the selected groups including senior and executive managers, human resources managers, business elites and entrepreneurs, employers, specialists and human resources experts, students and graduates in Yazd province. Sampling was purposeful and continued until reaching theoretical saturation. Data collection tools included interviewing, observing, recording data and recording audio or video. The interview question was: What are the barriers to women's economic participation in Yazd province? To ensure the validity and reliability of the data, the researcher used various methods during data collection, such as reviewing documents, interviewing, taking photos and videos, and recording audio. Coding was applied to analyze the data. The results showed that in the first step, 19 main concepts were extracted in open coding including "Ignoring the women's abilities", "Limiting women's economic participation", "Limiting women to housework and childbearing duties", "The existence of wrong culture regarding the women's employment", "The existence of negative attitude towards women's employment", "Traditional and reductionist attitude towards women", "The existence of a traditional view of women's employment", "Gender attitudes in employment", "Successful global experience of women's economic activity", "Women's employment only for the purpose of exploiting", "Lack of equal gender opportunities for employment", "Ignoring women's rights in economic fields", "The low level of women's employment in managerial and administrative fields, "The low level of women's economic participation", "Women's conditional employment", "Modernity in child rearing", "Attitudinal changes caused by being in society", "Conflict between social and family roles", "Failure to develop self-confidence and independence in women". In the second step, axial coding was conducted and out of 19 concepts (open coding), 3 subcategories were identified, including the attitude towards the role of women in the business environment, the exploitation of women's labor force, and the individual, family and cultural effects of women's employment. Finally, the paradigm model including causal conditions, contextual conditions, consequences, intervening conditions and strategies was depicted. According to the results, it was recommended that culturizing and creating a positive attitude towards women's employment and economic participation should be addressed through mass media. Furthermore, it is suggested that legislators should eliminate gender discrimination in salaries and benefits as much as possible through the amendment of laws.
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