Sociology
ali feizolahi
Abstract
Domestic violence has been observed in all societies, in all groups and social classes, and several reports have confirmed its problem in Iran. The purpose of this study is to understand of how women’s perception of conditions, contexts and consequences of domestic violence ...
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Domestic violence has been observed in all societies, in all groups and social classes, and several reports have confirmed its problem in Iran. The purpose of this study is to understand of how women’s perception of conditions, contexts and consequences of domestic violence in their lives. The research is qualitative and based on the method of grounded theory. Respondents were selected using purposive sampling method with the criterion of theoretical saturation among violent married women who referred to positive life centers of the Behzisti Organization in Ilam. The Acceptance criteria were used for accreditation and reliability was achieved through auditing method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 30 of the battered married women and coding were performed using Nvivo12 software. Findings indicate the role of family factors such as stressful interaction, staus imbalance; Social factors such as carnival-like encounters with marriage; Cultural factors such as patriarchal perceptions. Women's reactions have been largely passive and the consequences have been the normalization of the role of passive victim for women. As a result of the categories, the core category of "domestic violence against women is the product of the combined result of women's experienced helplessness and patriarchal perceptions", Which is the result of family management in the context of maintaining the functions of the patriarchal tradition along with the structural transfer of violence in a cultural mechanism based on socialization.
Political sciences
Zahra Zamani; Hasan Malaekeh; mansour haghighatian
Abstract
Information resources and political awareness of society, of which women make up half, play an important role in human development and socio-political participation. To identify the relationship between new communication tools and political awareness of Tehran women. This study examines the relationship ...
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Information resources and political awareness of society, of which women make up half, play an important role in human development and socio-political participation. To identify the relationship between new communication tools and political awareness of Tehran women. This study examines the relationship between media literacy and Tehran women's political awareness components, including events, patterns, organizations, and party personalities. Women's wants, needs and rights, system functions, and political analysis.
The research method was the survey and documentary and the statistical population included all Tehran women over 20 years old with 4369551 people and the sample size was 384 people. Questionnaires were distributed by random cluster sampling and data were analyzed using SPSS. The selection of websites, web portals, and social networks as digital media in this study and the selection of a sample community from the urban community, regardless of women’s economic and social status. The results show that there is a statistically significant (direct) relationship between digital media literacy and political awareness of Tehran women, especially in the index of their knowledge and understanding of political concepts, patterns, and political schools of the day. At the same time, increasing women's political awareness can facilitate their political interactions and, if participation continues, provide a platform for the formation of numerous new discourses in society.
Sociology
Abbas Lotfizadeh; Mohammad javad Zahedi Mazandarani
Abstract
This article studies the intimate experiences of three generations of Tabriz women in relation to the social circumstances of their adolescence. Considering the recent changes in the social and intimate relations of Iranian society, the article intends to highlight and analyze new dimensions of marital ...
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This article studies the intimate experiences of three generations of Tabriz women in relation to the social circumstances of their adolescence. Considering the recent changes in the social and intimate relations of Iranian society, the article intends to highlight and analyze new dimensions of marital intimacy. The research method is qualitative; Narrative interview were used to data collection, and grounded theory was used to analyze the data. This article argues that a change in intimacy practices has occurred over the three generations under study. The analysis indicates that in the first generation and to some extent the second generation, intense social control over social interactions led to the regulated intimate life, but in the third generation, as the modern forces spread, pure intimacy gradually emerged. Also, in the first and second generations, intimate interactions took place in the social offstage, but as the threshold of shame diminishes, the social veils of intimacy have become thinner, so that the public expression of intimacy is seen as modernizing. The pattern common in the first and second generations can be described as “traditional intimacy” and the pattern common in the third generation as “modern intimacy”.
Rural Development
Mahtab Valizadeh; Nematollah Shiri; Mojgan Khoshmaram
Abstract
Abstract
The low rate of economic participation and entrepreneurial activities of rural women has made it important to try to promote entrepreneurial businesses among them. Whereas the starting point for starting a business is opportunity recognition, and the process of identifying entrepreneurial opportunities ...
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Abstract
The low rate of economic participation and entrepreneurial activities of rural women has made it important to try to promote entrepreneurial businesses among them. Whereas the starting point for starting a business is opportunity recognition, and the process of identifying entrepreneurial opportunities is different for women than for men; Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the identification of entrepreneurial opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah. The study population in this study were all women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah (N = 626) that according to the table of Bartlett et al., 201 of them using stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment. Were selected as research samples. The main data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed using content validity and convergent validity and combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha. SPSS and Smart PLS software were used to analyze the collected data. Findings of the study showed that entrepreneurship education, social capital and entrepreneurial skills were the effective factors on entrepreneurial opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah.
Ecology
Javad masomi; Mohsen Azinjam
Abstract
Environmental performance not only strengthens social legitimacy, but also leads to competitive advantage, because increases the productivity, and stimulates innovation in environmental performance activities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of women in the board of directors on ...
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Environmental performance not only strengthens social legitimacy, but also leads to competitive advantage, because increases the productivity, and stimulates innovation in environmental performance activities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of women in the board of directors on the environmental performance of companies. To achieve this goal, the data of 160 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2016 to 2020 were collected and analyzed. The research method is logit regression and panel data. The results show that the presence of women on the board of directors of companies has increased the environmental performance. The presence of women on the board can increase the company's ability to create and absorb various resources (such as; knowledge, communication, reputation, and information) to perform the responsibilities of managers on behalf of shareholders. The combination of skills resulting from gender diversity on the board leads to the creation of the necessary expertise to focus on consulting, legitimacy, and communication channels, in addition to the above, increases the company's attention to complex environmental issues and leads Improves the environmental performance of companies. Therefore, our research provides valuable direction for those firms working to improve both their boards’ gender diversity and their environmental performance.
Marjan Rashvand Sorkhkouleh; Fatemeh Vojdani
Abstract
New communication media are one of the important factors that influence the youth values and attitudes, and if used incorrectly, they can pave the way of harmful patterns in gender interactions, including girl-boy friendship. To better manage this issue, it is necessary to examine the impact of these ...
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New communication media are one of the important factors that influence the youth values and attitudes, and if used incorrectly, they can pave the way of harmful patterns in gender interactions, including girl-boy friendship. To better manage this issue, it is necessary to examine the impact of these media, in detail. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between cultural consumption (reading books, using satellites and using of virtual networks) and youth attitudes toward girl-boy friendships. Also, the identification of variables that can affect the intensity or weakness of young people affected by cultural consumption has been considered.
The present study is a cross-sectional survey statistical population includes girls who have never been married, aged 20-34 in Tehran.
The research is a cross-sectional survey conducted in 1397 and it’s statistical population includes girls who have never been married, aged 20-34 years in Tehran. Based on findings, the most positive attitude towards this type of relationship was observed among the age group of 20-24 years. The results of bivariate analysis showed that there is an inverse relationship between age, education, different dimensions of religiosity and the amount of book reading with girls' attitudes toward girl-boy friendship relationships. While there is a direct relationship between the use of social networks, watching satellites and living in high areas and the girls' attitude towards girl-boy friendships. The results of multivariate analysis of the findings showed that with the presence of religiosity, variables of age, education and region lose their place of residence. Also, the most important variables affecting the girls' attitudes toward girl-boy friendship relationship were :religiosity, social media usage, satellite watching and book reading, respectively.
According to the findings, the most important strategies to strengthen the cultural status of young people are related to: social media consumption management and strengthening religiosity. In this regard, it is suggested to produce valuable content tailored to the needs and tastes of the young generation in cyberspace, strengthen media literacy in schools and universities, and finally, more efficient and effective religious education of the young generation, especially the strengthening of religious beliefs.
Political sciences
Amene Mirkhoshkhou; Soheila Sadeghi Fasaei
Abstract
One of the most important components in increasing women's participation in decision-making and policy-making is to show the obstacles and limitations of their presence in the high levels of political positions in the country. The main question is what factors and characteristics cause the current ...
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One of the most important components in increasing women's participation in decision-making and policy-making is to show the obstacles and limitations of their presence in the high levels of political positions in the country. The main question is what factors and characteristics cause the current situation of lack of interest in the presence of women in policy-making and decision-making? In response to this question, several studies have examined the current situation of the presence of women in government agencies and the three forces, especially the government cabinet and parliament. But most of these studies focus too much on identifying barriers in entering the moment of woman to high levels of political position, so they have not been able to reveal the impact of political trends due to the political structure of the country and the complexity of the political and cultural dimensions. This article examines the causes and factors of limitations of women political activity after taking high level political management in both reformist and fundamentalist political spectrums. To achieve this, the views and opinions of women were used who had direct experience of holding senior political management positions such as Cabinet and Parliament. Using semi-structured interviews and qualitative data analysis through Thematic analysis, some factors and limitations of political-management action were identified and explained.
Ecology
Masoumeh Jorjany; Somayeh Baseri; Farideh Afarin
Abstract
Clothing industry is a major source of environmental pollution especially in developing countries such as Iran. The mass consumption of clothing and also their common methods of design and production have led to increased environmental pollution due to the disposal of vast amounts of non-biodegradable ...
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Clothing industry is a major source of environmental pollution especially in developing countries such as Iran. The mass consumption of clothing and also their common methods of design and production have led to increased environmental pollution due to the disposal of vast amounts of non-biodegradable wastes ultimately faced the country with several problems. As a result, new approaches are going to be developed to renewing the use of scrap and waste materials in clothing production aimed at safeguarding the environment. The question that arises is whether clothing design and production processes can be improved based on the facilities of the country in accordance with the sustainable development principles. It appears that empowerment of women in sustainable development topics can be an ideal solution for achieving this goal. What support this idea is the women impact on the sustainable source management, social communication, and the country’s education system. In this way, this present study attempts to design and produce the women social clothing by using the fabric scraps and agricultural waste. The reflection of this design method was examined among the female students of BA and MA courses in carpet, textile design and printing, art research, and handicrafts industry from the art faculty of Semnan university. A method of this research is a descriptive-survey way and its purpose is an "applied" one. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire. A sample size of 102 students was chosen using a simple random sampling. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The findings obtained from this study showed that the components of designed garment exception of the body characteristics are accepted by the statistical community. The results also indicated a positive relationship between the girls' awareness of the principles of sustainable clothing development and their satisfaction with the designs done.
Political sciences
Hoda sadat Vaezi; Ali Alihosseini
Abstract
From the middle of the twentieth century; Due to the pervasiveness of the process of globalization & democratic political culture, the majority of people & women were able to participate effectively in politics and enter politics. Especially since the 21st century; the increasing presence of ...
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From the middle of the twentieth century; Due to the pervasiveness of the process of globalization & democratic political culture, the majority of people & women were able to participate effectively in politics and enter politics. Especially since the 21st century; the increasing presence of women in politics has been expanding as a pervasive process. In a general sense; the arenas of human life include political, economic, social and cultural fields. Considering that the most effective component of power is the political arena; It can be said: politics is the most important field of human life. Because political power has the final role of determining, controlling, managing and making decisions. For this reason; participation in political power & attaining political positions have always been important for people. So It should be noted that the presence of women in political positions is important, especially in terms of considering women's rights at the time of legislation & policy-making and benefiting from the potential of women in the field of political management. Therefore; this descriptive-analytical study by document collection method and analysis of some statistics and analogy; tries to answer this question “Given the global trend of women in political positions, what is the status of women in political positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its facilities?”. The results show that Iran is in a bad position in terms of the global sub-index (Sub-index of political empowerment), even compared to many countries in its region!. It should be noted that in the future, due to the growing efforts of Iranian women for political participation at the level of the power elite, for example; increasing registration & application & candidacy in the elections of the Islamic Council, the elections of the Assembly Experts & the presidential elections, considering to increase the level of education of Iranian women , to increase the ranking of Iran under the global index of Educational Attainment and especially with regard to the globalization process & democratic political culture in the age of communication; the demand of Iranian women to play an effective role in political power will increase a lot. These facilities should be emphasized, for example: A history of high university education suitable for Iranian women in fields related to political management which are related to social political management & political positions, Realization of the minimum political work experience of women to achieve political positions after four decades of the stability of the Islamic Revolution, Accepting the presence of women in the field of political power by the transitioning society of Iran & The hidden potential of the ideal of the Islamic revolution is about the opposition to the instrumental view of capitalism on female gender. It is necessary to reduced the impact of obstacles to the achievement of Iranian women in political positions with some solutions, for example: political system support measures to increase the share of women in political positions & improve the international image of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Culture-Building to show the Political field with the image of female & male presence and increasing women's self-confidence.
Women's Studies
sima raeisi; Hosein Tafazzoli; Mohammad Tohidfam; Ah,madreza Taheri
Abstract
Abstract
In any society, the political participation of social groups is formed based on the social and cultural structures of that society, which makes participation reasonable or traditional. The political participation of Baloch women has also been formed on the same basis. In this regard, according ...
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Abstract
In any society, the political participation of social groups is formed based on the social and cultural structures of that society, which makes participation reasonable or traditional. The political participation of Baloch women has also been formed on the same basis. In this regard, according to the present question, how has the Balochistan stratification system brought the political participation of Baloch women under its radius? It was tried to study the political participation of Baloch women according to social stratification.
The current research was conducted with a contextual method, as well as with a semi-structured interview technique and targeted sampling of eleven Baloch men and women.
The findings of the research show that the political participation of Baloch women has been under the influence of social stratification in Balochistan. Despite the fact that the background factors such as: patriarchy, gender socialization, religious concepts and historical and mental backgrounds are similar, but women's participation has been formed according to the social stratifications of each part of Balochistan region. According to social stratifications, including: tribal stratification in northern Balochistan, caste stratification in central and southern Balochistan, and economic and tribal stratification in coastal Balochistan, which affects the political participation of not only women but all the people of the region.
Also, in the current research, the social stratification theory of "Max Weber" and its three forms "wealth, power and dignity" were also used. The three forms of Max Weber's stratification theory apply to the social stratification of Balochistan and the mechanism that involves this stratification in women's political participation. This means that the political participation of women in the Baluchistan region, in terms of qualitative understanding of this participation, has become a collective action by the influential and superior classes in this region. In the end, what can be taken from this female presence is the continuation of the previous social hierarchy, of course, this time with the use of new democratic tools.
Based on the contextual method and the central phenomenon obtained, i.e. "retrospection", the social stratification of the Baluchistan region, despite technological, educational developments, etc., is still based on its previous social stratifications, and there has been little change in the social stratifications of Baluchistan region.
On the other hand, such a tendency towards the past in the cultural structure of Balochistan has caused the lack of meritocracy in political and social competitions; For example, the education and expertise of the candidates and participants does not play a significant role in the political equations of Balochistan. Based on this, it can be said that "retrospection" has become one of the factors of the continuation of underdevelopment in Baluchistan region, and at the same time, underdevelopment has also caused the reproduction of pastism in this region. In fact, we see a back-and-forth relationship between these two concepts, which fulfill each other other in a vicious circle.
Although this research was conducted to investigate the political participation of Baloch women, the results of the qualitative research that focused on the hidden and more complex aspects of this participation described a model of participation that gives meaning not only to women, but also to the whole of political participation in Baluchistan society. In this context, women's participation is not based on their gender, but on the basis of belonging to certain classes and in some cases even as a tool at the disposal of that class
Keywords:
Political participation, social stratification, Baloch women, retrospect, contextual method.
Women's Studies
Hajiieh Bibi Razeghi Nasrabad; sosan bastani
Abstract
Following the decrease in the fertility level and the change in the pattern of childbearing in Iran and its demographic, economic and social consequences, efforts have been made in the policy system in recent years to support the family and working women. One of the programs carried out in order to support ...
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Following the decrease in the fertility level and the change in the pattern of childbearing in Iran and its demographic, economic and social consequences, efforts have been made in the policy system in recent years to support the family and working women. One of the programs carried out in order to support working women and increase fertility in the country was to increase the length of maternity leave from six months to nine months.
The purpose of this study is to interpret and represent the different dimensions of maternity leave among employed mothers. In fact, this study was an attempt to understand the effects of this policy in the continuation of women's participation in the labor market, improving the health of family members, developing the financial well-being of the family, maintaining the job values of mothers, and mothers' satisfaction, reducing work-family conflict from the perspective of working mothers who are the target group of this policy.
The approach of this research is qualitative. The sample includes 25 employed women with maternity leave experience living in Tehran who was determined through purposive sampling with maximum diversity based on the level of theoretical saturation. The data collection method is an in-depth interview that was conducted in the fall and winter of 2022. This study was carried out in the conditions of the Corona epidemic, so this situation affected both the way of collecting information and the duration of the research. Therefore, some interviews were conducted in person and some by phone. The method of analysis was thematic analysis which was extracted in three methods of open, axial and selective coding.
From the data analysis process, the core category of "paradoxical expression of maternity leave experience" was obtained, which arises from the two themes of "women's dual experience of maternity leave" and "contradictions in policies and executive plans". The category " women's dual experience of maternity leave " is the result of three sub-themes of "strengthening the family institution", "doubt in decision-making" and "job insecurity" which show the dual experience. According to the findings, "body management skills", "promoting the biological health of the child", "quality motherhood" and "helping the work-family balance" indicate women's perception of maternity leave as an opportunity to strengthen the family institution, but the decision phobia that It is caused by "fear of separation from the child" and "hesitation to return to work", and "insecurity and job degradation" is also an important part of mothers' experience. The understanding of employed mothers about how to implement the program also indicates that it is contradictory, which is included in three sub-themes: "lack of legislation", "closure of the private sector" and "openness of the public sector".
Based on the lived experience of the mothers in this study, on the one hand, the maternity leave policy has helped the well-being of women and families and has provided the satisfaction of mothers in order to provide the well-being and peace of mother and child and restore their health. On the other hand, this program has been the source of some worries, fears and uncertainties, and it has many weaknesses due to the contradictions in the policies and executive programs in providing the safety of mind and well-being of working mothers. Of course, various conditions such as economic, family, work environment, physical conditions of mother and child, and the level of knowledge and ability of mothers in understanding and facing issues related to the conflict of work and family roles have created a diverse experience of maternity leave for women.
In this regard, the review of policies related to the protection of working women shows that there are good protective laws in Iran. Existing laws such as breastfeeding hours, part-time work, child care services, reducing the working hours of women with special conditions can have a great impact on preventing personal and family issues, along with maternity leave. However, in addition to the ambiguity in the laws, the enforcement guarantee of these policies and laws has not been specified. In some cases, the implementation of laws has been left to the authority of the occupational organization. Therefore, it has caused the non-fulfillment of various support policies for working mothers. Therefore, it is important that maternity leave policy needs to be reviewed, monitored and redesigned according to the needs and conditions of mothers, children and employers.
Sociology
mahmoud mohammadi
Abstract
Perceptions and experiences of gender as an established model can play an important role in individuals' social and educational actions. This article examines the lived experiences of female students of Farhangian University of girlhood. The research method is a qualitative method with a phenomenological ...
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Perceptions and experiences of gender as an established model can play an important role in individuals' social and educational actions. This article examines the lived experiences of female students of Farhangian University of girlhood. The research method is a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The sample is 22 female students of Farhangian University. The number of samples was determined based on the principle of theoretical saturation. The data collection method is a semi-structured interview method. The method of data analysis is the method of thematic analysis. After collecting data, students' narratives of girlhood were coded and categorized. After coding, 6 categories and 3 main themes were extracted. The main themes extracted include girlhood characteristics, girlhood issues, and girlhood agency. A study of girls 'lived experiences shows that although the selected samples reproduce some of the usual emotional and behavioral characteristics of girlhood, students' narratives of girlhood show that they face limitations and deprivations in society due to being girls. They also feel unfair and discriminated against in social and everyday life. The surveyed students are dissatisfied with the social misconceptions about girls and demand more agency and activism for girls in society.
economics
saadolah darabi; Hossein Mahmoudian
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration ...
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The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration of job seekers aged 20 to 45 referring to employment centers across the country. This study has been carried out with the help of the statistical technique of survival background analysis, through the refinement and analysis of about two million data records (collected by job seekers across the country and under the supervision of the Ministry of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare). The findings of this study indicate that compared to men, women have longer periods of unemployment and less chance to get a job. In explaining this finding, it can be said; Probably, one of the reasons could be that there are more jobs for men that do not suit the conditions of women. And in other words, women are facing limited job variety. Marriage and having children and raising children by women can also be one of the reasons for increasing the length of their unemployment period compared to men, which can be justified according to gender theories. Because gender theories, especially in Iranian culture, consider the main duties of women to be mainly education and upbringing of children, while in this culture, providing the income needed by the family has been the responsibility of men, and therefore it is expected to impose such a duty on men. to reduce the period of unemployment for this group.
Women and men looking for work in the age groups of 20 to 24 years have a lower average length of unemployment and more chances to get a job and get out of unemployment compared to other age groups. This finding can be explained with the help of job search theory. Because people aged 25 to 45, probably due to the improvement of their education level and skills, have more expectations for receiving high-paying jobs, and this causes them not to accept any job with any level of pay and therefore give up. They search for more jobs, which ultimately increases the length of the unemployment period among these people. Married, divorced and widowed job seekers (except for divorced and widowed men) have a lower risk of unemployment than single people. It seems that married, divorced and widowed people (especially among women) are under more pressure than single people to get a job in order to earn money and meet the needs of the family due to family responsibility and the burden of taking care of the family. They usually accept any job with any salary level. On the other hand, single people, due to having enough opportunity and without financial pressures, decide to accept or not accept the proposed job, and this may lead to an increase in the length of their unemployment period compared to married people. It is consistent with job search theory.
In both groups of men and women, uneducated job seekers have the highest unemployment risk and people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest unemployment risk category. The chances of leaving unemployment are higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels. This finding can be explained based on the skill theory (education and training). According to this theory, training and skill training programs increase the chances of a job seeker to find a job. Participating in training programs can provide a positive sign to employers and also reduce uncertainty about the employability of job applicants. According to other findings of this study, people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest risk of unemployment. have. On the other hand, the chance of leaving unemployment is higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels, so it seems that Iran's labor market has not yet reached a stage of complexity and maturity. which wants people with education levels higher than diploma on a wide level. And almost the skill requirement of the labor market has remained at the same diploma and sub-diploma levels for most jobs, due to the lack of innovation and the very slow growth of skill-oriented jobs.
Therefore, it is suggested to pay serious attention to the changes in the age and gender structure of the population in the policy making and management process of the country's labor market. Women are half of the country's population,
t
Entrepreneurship
Fatemeh Alinejad; Morteza Akbari; Nematollah Shiri
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such ...
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The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County.The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County.The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County.
economics
Atieh Honardoust
Abstract
Hijab has special place in Islam and Iran and in addition, it has an economic and cultural impacts in individual and social life. In this paper we use data in period time 1369-1399 and estimate the demand function`s four Hijab goods: black Chador, cotton Chador, gown and scarf with ADIS method and used ...
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Hijab has special place in Islam and Iran and in addition, it has an economic and cultural impacts in individual and social life. In this paper we use data in period time 1369-1399 and estimate the demand function`s four Hijab goods: black Chador, cotton Chador, gown and scarf with ADIS method and used panel data and one equation model and systematic model. The research show the systematic model is better than one equation for the explanatory power. Finally the results show if income increase people ask to wear high quality Hijab goods that it will increase expenditures of Hijab goods. We compare elastic in systematic model with one equation model and understand expenditures of scarf is sensitive to changes in income.
Hijab has special place in Islam and Iran and in addition, it has an economic and cultural impacts in individual and social life. In this paper we use data in period time 1369-1399 and estimate the demand function`s four Hijab goods: black Chador, cotton Chador, gown and scarf with ADIS method and used panel data and one equation model and systematic model. The research show the systematic model is better than one equation for the explanatory power. Finally the results show if income increase people ask to wear high quality Hijab goods that it will increase expenditures of Hijab goods. We compare elastic in systematic model with one equation model and understand expenditures of scarf is sensitive to changes in income.
Hijab has special place in Islam and Iran and in addition, it has an economic and cultural impacts in individual and social life. In this paper we use data in period time 1369-1399 and estimate the demand function`s four Hijab goods: black Chador, cotton Chador, gown and scarf with ADIS method and used panel data and one equation model and systematic model. The research show the systematic model is better than one equation for the explanatory power. Finally the results show if income increase people ask to wear high quality Hijab goods that it will increase expenditures of Hijab goods. We compare elastic in systematic model with one equation model and understand expenditures of scarf is sensitive to changes in income.
Hijab has special place in Islam and Iran and in addition, it has an economic and cultural impacts in individual and social life. In this paper we use data in period time 1369-1399 and estimate the demand function`s four Hijab goods: black Chador, cotton Chador, gown and scarf with ADIS method and used panel data and one equation model and systematic model. The research show the systematic model is better than one equation for the explanatory power. Finally the results show if income increase people ask to wear high quality Hijab goods that it will increase expenditures of Hijab goods. We compare elastic in systematic model with one equation model and understand expenditures of scarf is sensitive to changes in income.
Hijab has special place in Islam and Iran and in addition, it has an economic and cultural impacts in individual and social life. In this paper we use data in period time 1369-1399 and estimate the demand function`s four Hijab goods: black Chador, cotton Chador, gown and scarf with ADIS method and used panel data and one equation model and systematic model. The research show the systematic model is better than one equation for the explanatory power. Finally the results show if income increase people ask to wear high quality Hijab goods that it will increase expenditures of Hijab goods. We compare elastic in systematic model with one equation model and understand expenditures of scarf is sensitive to changes in income.
Hijab has special place in Islam and Iran and in addition, it has an economic and cultural impacts in individual and social life. In this paper we use data in period time 1369-1399 and estimate the demand function`s four Hijab goods: black Chador, cotton Chador, gown and scarf with ADIS method and used panel data and one equation model and systematic model. The research show the systematic model is better than one equation for the explanatory power. Finally the results show if income increase people ask to wear high quality Hijab goods that it will increase expenditures of Hijab goods. We compare elastic in systematic model with one equation model and understand expenditures of scarf is sensitive to changes in income.
Sociology
Mahsa Tizchang; sharareh mehdizadeh
Abstract
The present study has described and analyzed the experiences of women domestic workers from living in multiple and different worlds. The aim of this study was to understand the lived experiences of these women as a silent and marginalized group due to the lack of an official position in the legal structure ...
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The present study has described and analyzed the experiences of women domestic workers from living in multiple and different worlds. The aim of this study was to understand the lived experiences of these women as a silent and marginalized group due to the lack of an official position in the legal structure and the weakness of research. According to the statistics of the International Labor Organization, there are currently about 100 million domestic workers in the world, most of whom are women and include the informal economy. First of all, the questions of this study are based on the description of the salient points of domestic worker women's experience of the work and life situation in a context of different worlds. In what situations and with which mechanisms do these women experience difference and inequality? How does the perception resulting from such an experience manifest itself in people's consciousness? How can the more structural implications of such situational perception be explained?
The approach and method is based on the existential phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, which is focused on the experience of the embodied subject in the world, whose perception is determined based on her situation in relation to others and the world. The statistical population included female domestic workers aged 25 to 55 in Tehran, who were selected through snowball and criterion-related sampling. The results of the study show that the outstanding levels of perception among these women are the result of situations of powerlessness, ambiguity and not being at ease that is clearly the result of the predominance of informal relations, away from legal supervision and intermingled with cultural practices that reproduce a structure of power hierarchies at the everyday level. Such a context makes the intention or motivation and daily practices of both sides subject to the possibility of multiple readings; This is largely due to cultural contexts and social beliefs regarding moral systems, dignified principles, and the reasons for placing people in hierarchical social stratifications. We are constantly acting on the basis of perception and awareness affected by such entanglements, and we enable the reproduction of epistemic systems that We are not necessarily aware of its consequences. In the theme of instrumentalization, the participants found themselves in situations of excessive accessibility, worthlessness and identification with the work they do. Ambiguity implied a perceptual background that was, at the first level, affected by borderline relations between the worker and the employer in an informal atmosphere and based on non-standard conditions or lack of supervision and rules, mixed with empathic, authoritarian, pitiful and exploitative behaviors that Their interference in people's experience, in addition to the fact that it had led to indirect indications of such relationships; A form of sensory confusion followed. In the third theme, continuous exposure to the symbols of inequality, difference in social status and levels of Prosperity under contradictory situations could be recognized in the entire narrative of the participants, which shows the state of not being at ease. The meaning of such a space of plurality and multiple/contradictory possibilities of action/reaction can be understood in the shadow of Merleau-Ponty's belief that perception is inevitably accompanied by action; Perception, which is an inevitable aspect of our existence in the world, and always affects us through direct or indirect contact with others, their beliefs, their history, and their stories. A common focus of the literature on paid domestic work in the world is that the gender and social class of domestic workers are central to explaining the structural oppression of domestic work. Such an approach is confirmed in the present study. They show that the inequalities reproduced in domestic service flows are largely maintained through emotional ambiguities in the midst of such intersections.
At the macro level, it can be said that the market model of care - of which rental home care is one of the main pillars - not only reproduces existing social inequalities, but also reinforces the traditional gender division of labor and institutionalized servitude. Unlike the market care model, a public care model that is included in the public system of the country, allows to consider gender, class and cultural equality relations. The public model of care also considers the responsibility of care and the care needs of the lower social classes and marginalized groups. While such a commitment is specific to social biases, it is necessary to problematize gender bias in the public model of care and to revitalize the social struggle to recognize care (including domestic work) and its value.
Women's Studies
Farzaneh Haghighat ghahfarokhi; Seyed Ali Hosseini; Esmaeil Ghaderi; Seyed Mojtaba Mahmudzadeh
Abstract
Identity shows the origin and focus of a person's values. People define their social identity by joining different social groups. Social background, social interactions and gaining different experiences are the main fields of forming people's social identity. Tourism industry as a service industry ...
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Identity shows the origin and focus of a person's values. People define their social identity by joining different social groups. Social background, social interactions and gaining different experiences are the main fields of forming people's social identity. Tourism industry as a service industry whose development brings many economic, social and cultural changes for a society and human interactions play an important role in it, can have a significant impact on the formation of people's identity and their identity changes. Experiencing new opportunities through development of tourism can affect how women know themselves and rebuild their identity. The development of tourism creates job opportunities for women, which has a great impact on the perception of others about the traditional roles of women, so that women are no longer expected to do only domestic work. As a large part of the workforce in the tourism industry, women are exposed to identity changes and transformations by being members of different groups and working in the new context of tourism, which is sometimes in conflict with their traditional values.The main goal of this research is to provide a thematic network analysis of the identity construction of women working in tourism, and specifically women working in ecolodges of Kerman province. In this regard, based on the interpretive approach, qualitative methodology has been chosen, and answers to the research questions and objectives have been chosen based on ethnography. The purpose of interpretivism is to know how the research subject understands her life. This approach seeks to create and develop the understanding of social life and to discover how people experience their lives and create meaning in different situations. In ethnography, four types of topics are usually researched: perspective, relationship, interaction and identity. This study seeks to construct the identity of women working in tourism.
In ethnographic research, the sample size is different based on the time, the studied people and the research field. In this research, the sample size was selected based on the fact that the people have experience in establishing and working in one of the ecolodges of Kerman province and have enough time to answer the questions as well as personal desire. This group of women was selected as the informants of the research and the in-depth interview with them continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The researcher reached theoretical saturation after conducting fifteen interviews, however, she continued the interviews to twenty women. Necessary criteria for the selection of informants, including compliance with the maximum diversity of people in terms of age, education, social class, religion, ethnicity, city of residence and geographical area of residence, have been taken into consideration.
Attride-Stirling theme network analysis was used for data analysis. In the six-step process of analysis, 88 initial codes were reduced to 33 basic theme, 13 organizing themes, and a global theme of "women's identity transition from traditional dependence to modern independence in the context of tourism". The analysis of the theme network indicates that the experience of new opportunities through the development of tourism along with the positive and negative lived experiences of women in the past and now, as well as the activity in the existing social and cultural context, which includes the transformation of women's gender identity, women's beliefs in identity building, deconstruction cultural and social and feeling the need for change, leads to the construction of identity in different dimensions, including emotional construction of identity, psychological construction of identity, construction of communication identity, construction of local identity, construction of occupational identity, construction of economic identity, construction of dignity identity and construction of socially independent identity. These identity processes are the result of the interaction of women who have been involved in personal issues in the field of family institutions before entering the world of tourism, with the endless world of tourism and its various managerial, political, economic, cultural and social aspects.
In addition to presenting a female identity model in the context of tourism, this research is an intermediate link between the studies of women, tourism and identity, which has not been addressed so far and raises new issues in the field of women, society and tourism. Issues that may not have been able to be discussed until now due to the weak role of women in social fields, and now due to the increasing presence of women in this industry, can be studied. These issues are actually issues that can be proposed in the field of tourism management and sociology of tourism with the identity changes of women, and future-oriented approaches in the field of tourism are forced to continuously study the behavioral and identity changes of women in this field in order to be able to plan and make policy in this field in a favorable way. On the other hand, one of the main results of this study is provided platform of tourism to show the social and cultural dimensions of women in the society, as well as depicting the feminization of social life in a noticeable and gradual way.
Key Words: Ecolodge, Identity, Kerman province, Thematic analysis, Tourism, Women
Women's Studies
Kayvan Shoja Chaghervand; Alireza Poursaeed; Maryam Omidi Najaf Abadi
Abstract
Introduction: The empowerment has been known as controlling decision making about his or her life and ability for interventions in all their life challenges (Baig et al., 2018). Women empowerment can improve sustainability in development fields (Akhter & Cheng, 2020). Empowerment conception not only ...
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Introduction: The empowerment has been known as controlling decision making about his or her life and ability for interventions in all their life challenges (Baig et al., 2018). Women empowerment can improve sustainability in development fields (Akhter & Cheng, 2020). Empowerment conception not only comprises extrinsic control but it also is included the development of intrinsic capabilities (Abrar-ul-Haq, Jali, & Islam, 2018). It has been reported that the development of the empowerment in women is a pivotal actors for improving productivity and food security in rural areas (Sharaunga, Mudhara, & Bogale, 2016).Food security is the measure of the availability of food and individuals' ability to access it. According to the United Nations' Committee on World Food Security, food security is defined as meaning that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life. Female-headed households who live in rural areas are faced with serious challenges in their life, because they should manage their life and supply their life costs. In Iran, some supporting institutions support female-headed households but their pensions are not sufficient to manage their life. It was recently reported that 32% of Iranian families are living in food insecurity (Pakravan-Charvadeh et al., 2020).Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of job empowerment on food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization.
Methods: Statistical population of the current study included 495 women based on the data collected from Statistical Center of Iran and 216 women were selected with the help of Cochran’s formula. Tehran province was divided into ten rural districts and each district was considered as a classification. A self-designed questionnaire consisting from 11 variables were used for job empowerment of women comprising grouping work and communication skills (n= 7 items), creativity and solving problem (n= 6 items), commitment and responsibility (n= 6 items), information and specific knowledge (n= 5 items) and technical skills and operational work (n= 5 items). A five-point Likert scale was considered for each variable ranging from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high). A standard questionnaire comprising accessibility (n= 6 items), availability (n= 6 items), utilization (n= 7 items) and stability (n= 4 items) was used for food security construct. A six-point Likert scale was considered for each variable ranging from 0 (any) to 5 (very high). The data were also collected for age, education, job, family size, and annual income. To investigate the effects of constructs of job empowerment on food security, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used.
Findings: The results showed that the age mean of the women-headed households in rural areas was 48.28 with standard deviation of 11.55 years. Mean and standard deviation for constructs were as follows; grouping work and communication skills (2.77 ± 0.88), creativity and solving problem (3.01 ± 0.90), commitment and responsibility (3.26 ± 1.02), information and specific knowledge (2.94 ± 0.94), technical skills and operational work (3.22 ± 1.00), access (2.23 ± 0.84), availability (2.42 ± 0.80), utilization (2.69 ± 1.10) and stability (2.57 ± 0.74). The results for model-fitting showed that job empowerment and food security had a good fit for the data with fit indices (χ2/df=1.85, CFI=0.92; NFI= 0.96; RMSEA=0.032). The results show that indices are appropriate and the model has a good fit. The results showed that job empowerment could determine 57.50% of food security variance.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed that factors of grouping work and communication skills, creativity and solving problem, commitment and responsibility and information and specific knowledge had significant effects on job empowerment of female-headed households in rural areas of Iran country. With regards to the effects of the factors on empowerment, policy makers must consider policies for improving job empowerment. To improve food security and job empowerment in rural region, we suggest establishing centers by supporting institutions for education of skills and also identification of creative women for improving their abilities. We also suggest education of new information and knowledge by media and other organizations for improving job empowerment. We also suggest education of technical skills for prevention of injures and improving abilities in female-headed households in rural areas. In sum, it is recommended to consider the job empowerment for improving food security for improving food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization.
Keywords: empowerment, household heads, rural women, food security
Women's Studies
shohre rowshani
Abstract
Background: work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. Work-family balance creates positive results, while imbalance between work and family has negative ...
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Background: work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. Work-family balance creates positive results, while imbalance between work and family has negative consequences that can lead to serious problems for the individual and the organization. University faculty members are faced with more difficulties to establish the balance between career and family roles, especially mothering, due to having a large amount of job duties. Various conditions are effective in the balanced performance of roles, and its identification can create the necessary grounds for solving the obstacles of establishing the balance between occupational and maternal roles and as a result, be useful for performing these roles as best as possible.
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to identify the conditions that affect the balance between work and mothering among women university faculty members based on their lived experience.
Method: The present research was conducted using a qualitative method. The target population are women who are faculty members of the universities of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, who have the experience of mothering and employment together. The selection of the participants was done with the purposeful sampling method and taking into account the maximum diversity. The information was collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Sampling and conducting interviews continued until data saturation was reached, and based on this, 20 faculty members of Tehran universities were interviewed. After converting the interviews into text, the interviews were coded using the summary content analysis technique and the conditions affecting the balance between the job role and mothering were extracted.
Findings: Based on the data analysis, the conditions affecting the establishment of balance include eight main categories: "attitude towards mothering and employment", "Quality of support and companionship by family", "Quality of support and companionship by university", "job requirements of faculty members", "personal characteristics", "children's childhood difficulties", "children's presence at home" and "access to material facilities" and each of them included several sub-categories. The category "attitude towards mothering and employment" includes a positive attitude towards mothering and a positive belief towards employment and mothering together, the category "Quality of support and companionship by family" includes the support and accompaniment by spouse, the lack of support and accompaniment by spouse, the support and accompaniment by one's own family and the spouse and Lack of support and companionship by one's family and spouse, the category "Quality of support and companionship by university" includes understanding the conditions and companionship of the member by colleagues and university officials, lack of understanding of the difficulties and requirements of the mothering role by the university officials, depriving the member of opportunities for Career success due to mothering and the lack of legal support for the role of mothering, the category of "job requirements of faculty members" includes the time urgency of some career activities, the need to focus strongly on career activities in the primary years, the impossibility of using the rules of hours of Breastfeeding and reduction of working hours, the impossibility of actually using maternity leave, the need to spend a lot of time continuously for work activities, the specific job conditions of the field of study, the need to spend a lot of time to achieve career success, the lack of a clear boundary between work and family life, the necessity of continuity of work activities at home, the requirements of career growth and promotion, and the quantity-oriented rules in evaluating the job success, the category of "individual characteristics" includes being hard-worker, perfectionism and scientific obsession, Being highly responsible in work and obsession in child rearing, the category of "children's childhood difficulties" includes breastfeeding difficulties, childhood mischief, dependence Child to mother and the difficulties of using kindergarten, the category of "children's presence at home", including the presence of children at home during summer vacations, the presence of children at home due to the closure of kindergartens and schools, and the presence of children at home due to illness, the category of "access to Material facilities" included the distance from work to home, financial ability and vehicle.
Result: Among the conditions that affect the balance between work and mothering, some factors have played a more prominent role. One of the most important conditions mentioned by all the women was the support and companionship by their husbands. Support and companionship by spouse in the form of participation in household affairs and child-rearing, in addition to providing more opportunities for women to deal with work duties and as a result, to play a balanced role of work and mothering, encourages and increases motivation and mental energy in women for Playing the job and mother role as best as possible, and in this way, it provides the basis for establishing a balance between the job and mother role. The support and companionship by the university was also one of the most important conditions that played an effective role in establishing balance. Understanding the difficult conditions of playing the role of a mother and a job together, especially for women with young children, by the officials and colleagues of the university and supporting them in different ways, including accepting flexibility in the hours of attendance at the university and adjusting the curriculum according to The conditions of taking care of children, in addition to helping women to adjust the program of work activities in accordance with the duties of mothers, also played a very important role in reducing the tensions caused by the concerns of Playing multiple roles, and by creating tranquility has been effective in balance between work and mothering.
Communications
Bahareh Nasiri
Abstract
Due to the fact that corona virus, as a threat to people's lives, has also severely disrupted social life and has turned into a "super-problem" and even a "super-crisis". In this situation, women usually find more expectations from themselves, because it seems that women want ...
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Due to the fact that corona virus, as a threat to people's lives, has also severely disrupted social life and has turned into a "super-problem" and even a "super-crisis". In this situation, women usually find more expectations from themselves, because it seems that women want to play their part in curbing this crisis well. The time that women spend these days to improve the quality of life at home according to its necessity, maybe it is a kind of non-stop management that should be analyzed, determined and determined in different dimensions and sides, priorities and deadlines, compared to normal times. to accomplish Discussing the balance between the career and family roles of women who are members of the academic staff of universities and research institutes in the days of Corona and studying their lived experiences can play an effective role in the recognition and development of women's employment literature. This phenomenological research has examined the lived experiences of 30 female faculty members of participating universities and research institutes with the aim of discovering and describing how to balance career and family roles in the days of Corona. In order to collect data, the research used a semi-structured interview with a purposeful sampling method. The analysis process was carried out in three macro levels. In the third level of analysis, the result of the equalization of intellectual horizons: 5 horizons related to the creation of remote work, 5 horizons related to the emergence of a new cultural issue, 9 horizons related to home quarantine, 7 horizons related to the experience of living in the Corona crisis, 6 horizons related to Establishing a balance between work and family life, there were 3 horizons related to balance in the field of education and research and 3 horizons related to strategies and solutions. In the second level, coherent descriptions of the narratives were formed by establishing a balance between professional and family life, influencing fields, positive and negative effects and consequences, strategies and solutions, and at the highest abstract level or analysis, the structural integration of coherent descriptions Done .
The areas that have affected the lived experience of women faculty members of universities and research institutes in establishing a balance between work and family life in the days of Corona include:
The establishment of remote working has been one of the background conditions affecting the lived experience of women faculty members of universities and research institutes in the balance between professional and family life in the days of Corona.
Another influential factor has been the emergence of a new cultural issue. The results showed that society has faced new cultural issues such as collective self-awareness, cultural impact (cultural shock), traumatized event and collective cultural trauma.
Quarantine culture has been another effective field. Quarantine culture, which in this culture, the situation of quarantine, has placed citizens in isolation and "living alone".
Gaining life experience in the Corona crisis, including experiencing levels of self-care and others among women, redefining relationships and social relationships among women, caring ethics of women in life, redefining the issue of ethics and social obligations among women.
Establishing a balance between work and family life in the days of Corona is another effective field, which is a creative process. So that in this process, the cooperation of family members with the working person, balance between work and family, flexibility in creating environmental conditions and time of work schedule, and balance of planning and management in creating a calm atmosphere between work and family, prevention of tension between work and family, turning the crisis into an opportunity to be together in the family and to make life home has emerged.
Also, creative balance in the field of education and in the field of research has been proposed by the women members of the academic staff of universities and research institutes during the Corona period.
Finally, women who are members of the academic staff of universities and research institutes; They proposed strategies and solutions to improve the balance between work and family life in three areas: 1- In the field of research, the implementation of a remote work plan in research jobs can be useful for researchers, especially women, 2- In the field of management, if it is required to do it in It is not the work environment, managers can make remote work voluntary and at the discretion of the researcher, and 3- in the family domain, emphasizing the caring ethics of women in family life, as well as the strong role that women can have in persuading family members to live in a new way in crises.
Demographics
habib Allah Sadeghi; Fatemeh Torabi
Abstract
Introduction
Over the last decade, various and heterogeneous types of households have emerged in Iran as a result of economic, social and demographic changes. One of the most significant demographic changes in the country is the increase in the frequency of female-headed households. When comparing the ...
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Introduction
Over the last decade, various and heterogeneous types of households have emerged in Iran as a result of economic, social and demographic changes. One of the most significant demographic changes in the country is the increase in the frequency of female-headed households. When comparing the establishment of female-headed households in developed and developing countries, it is clear that social, economic and demographic factors have different effects on these types of households. Critiquing the existing research that focus on central averages and disregard micro-level changes, it is possible to establish a clear foundation for policies affecting female-headed households.
Aims
Focusing on female-headed households as a distinct group, this study examines their similarities and differences in social, economic and demographic aspects at the county level and studies their distribution within the theoretical frameworks of second demographic transition and inequalities in relation to drive and pressures mechanisms.
Theoretical Framework
Based on the current theoretical and experimental literature, this study classifies the existing components in terms of their role in formation of female-headed households as "driver" and "pressure". Voluntary drivers of feminization of household headship were analyzed using the second demographic transition theory and the forced pressures of feminization of household headship were investigated in the context of inequality theory.
Data and Method
This paper examines the role of driver and pressure mechanisms on distribution of female-headed households in 429 Iranian counties in 2016 using data from the Statistics Center of Iran and spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I and Getis index), K-mean clustering and ordinary least squares regression methods.
Results
The results of spatial autocorrelation revealed that southeast counties have the highest concentration of female-headed households, while the lowest concentration is observed in northwest counties extending in a line to the center. According to the spatial clustering model and the hierarchical exploratory analysis method on the variables of percentage of female-headed households, economic, demographic, and social status, the counties are divided into five clusters with the smallest difference from the central average in each cluster and the greatest difference with other clusters in the best case; One of which (cluster 1) includes only three counties and is considered an outlier. Other clusters include (1) cluster 2 containing the north-west, south and north-east counties and affected by economic drivers; (2) cluster 3 containing central and northern counties and affected by social and demographic drivers; (3) cluster 4 containing western and southwestern counties and affected by demographic and economic pressures; and (4) cluster 5 containing southeastern and eastern counties and affected by social and economic pressures. Furthermore, the results of ordinary least squares regression revealed that the covariates explain 75% of fluctuations in the frequency of female-headed households. The three economic components of percentage of jobless families, employment rate of urban women and economic participation rate had a positive and significant impact (at an error level less than 0.001) on the development of female-headed households. The socio-demographic components of percentage of widowed women, early marriage, percentage of divorced women and literacy rate of women had a positive and significant effect and the two components of the percentage of ever-married population and the percentage of urban population had a negative and significant effect (at an error level of 0.001) on the formation of female-headed households in counties of Iran.
Discussion
A variety of drivers and pressure such as social, economic and demographic factors can influence the formation of heterogeneous households; thus, investigating the factors influencing the formation of female-headed households and their various characteristics at the county level can provide a general picture of the situation of these women and, consequently, the households headed by them and helps evidence-based policy making. Spatial techniques offer numerous possibilities in presenting micro-level spatial patterns and genuine spatial fluctuations that better illustrate the true link between variables since they employ local values rather than relying on central averages.
Conclusion
Social, economic, and demographic changes have a relatively strong impact on formation of female-headed households via two driving and pressuring mechanisms. As a result, empowering women in the context of second demographic transition can increase these households in districts (central and north counties) influenced by the driving mechanism. Continued social, economic and demographic pressures can increased these household in districted (southeast counties) affected by the pressuring mechanism. Thus, policy making based on the role of these mechanisms can help to empower and support these households.
Women's Studies
Nahid salimi
Abstract
Today governance looks at the atmosphere of cooperation of actors to achieve good management of society. At the same time, policy-making is a tool in the hands of rulers to turn the objective challenges of society into scientific problems and solve them. In using this tool, it is worthwhile to benefit ...
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Today governance looks at the atmosphere of cooperation of actors to achieve good management of society. At the same time, policy-making is a tool in the hands of rulers to turn the objective challenges of society into scientific problems and solve them. In using this tool, it is worthwhile to benefit from the transition policy from the point of view of the target community as a large and important part of actors and stakeholders in the decision-making process. Meanwhile, women, as an important part of the active body of society and direct involvement with the dynamic institution of the family, play an important role in recognizing and solving problems in all public spheres. The Islamic Republic, as a transcendent government, which is a system based on religious democracy, will need to pay attention to this part of the actors and facilitate their public participation in the processes of problem recognition, decision-making and monitoring. For this purpose, we need to enumerate the components of this participation from the perspective of religious discourse to achieve the Islamic requirements of public participation of women in the process of Islamic governance. In this study, with the aim of extracting these components, the qualitative method and thematic analysis strategy have been used. To answer the main question of the research, 13 in-depth interviews were conducted with religious experts overlooking the women's activism space with a practical or theoretical background in policy-making. Data analysis in the coding process led to the emergence of 48 basic themes in the form of 10 organizing themes and 2 Global themes and presenting a network of themes. Findings showed that the Islamic conceptual pattern of women's social body participation in the policy-making process of women include two Global dimensions of participation components and participation mechanisms. components include: Purposefulness, problem-oriented, social body leveling, religiosity and divinity, and allocation of arenas and boundaries. mechanisms include the following: legality and legitimacy, generalization and de-genderization, empowerment, intermediary institutions and specialized institutions.
In prescribing the practical Islamic model of women's participation in this approach, it should be noted that being political in the objective component, with the issue of politicization in recognizing the issue despite the Proximity of word, have a clear conceptual difference and application, so that the explanation of the problem in the objective component is related to the political issue. It is for the purpose and goal of preserving the Islamic system, while the theme of politicization in the problem-oriented component looks at the form and manner of interaction of the policy maker with the social body. Because the study of policy making in the field of women and family during the four decades after the Islamic Revolution in Iran shows the multiplicity and heterogeneity in the programs and policies, which ultimately causes the lack of coherence of the micro programs and laws in this field, in the first place It returns to the form of receiving the problem and problem recognition in the policy making process. It returns in this area. This damage appears in the bias of this process from the discourse of political parties and currents in the agenda setting and identifying important issues for attention and policy making.
Prescribing the mechanism of generality and degendering of social body participation arrangements in the process of policy making and problem recognition in this area should also be done under the two components of purposefulness and allocation of arenas. In this sense, just doing righteous deeds in Islamic governance, which has strengthened the Islamic system, is recommended and prescribed in all fields regardless of gender in the religious approach, and the assigned boundaries in Islam only determine the way of participation in these public fields. So, in addition to observing the religious standards for respecting the borders individually by women, the religious ruler will also be obliged to provide safe and suitable conditions for the general participation of women in public social arenas by preparing the social platforms regarding the borders. Using the purely legal capacity and legitimacy of the prescriptive mechanisms also allows the creation of innovative legal structures such as intermediary circles with newer approaches to manage the fields of public activism and public satisfaction to claimants and experts along with the social body. In this approach, by looking at the successful structures in other governance models in interaction with the social body of women, it is possible to design and implement successful internal models within religious frameworks. In this type of actions, the ruler, by handing over part of his governance duties to civil institutions, provides the context for active participation of people in voluntary associations, thereby increasing public trust in decisions and reducing the rejection of programs in the social body. In the end, what seems to be necessary in this matter is the creation of expert institutions and the need to add analytical and research attachments to the field of women and family policymaking at all stages and to achieve all components and mechanisms. This capacity, on the one hand, to create theoretical and practical coherence in Islamic governance, and on the other hand, in order to manage existing demands and make demands based on the present and future needs of the Islamic society, will be one of the advantages of expert actions.
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