economics
saadolah darabi; Hossein Mahmoudian
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration ...
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The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration of job seekers aged 20 to 45 referring to employment centers across the country. This study has been carried out with the help of the statistical technique of survival background analysis, through the refinement and analysis of about two million data records (collected by job seekers across the country and under the supervision of the Ministry of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare). The findings of this study indicate that compared to men, women have longer periods of unemployment and less chance to get a job. In explaining this finding, it can be said; Probably, one of the reasons could be that there are more jobs for men that do not suit the conditions of women. And in other words, women are facing limited job variety. Marriage and having children and raising children by women can also be one of the reasons for increasing the length of their unemployment period compared to men, which can be justified according to gender theories. Because gender theories, especially in Iranian culture, consider the main duties of women to be mainly education and upbringing of children, while in this culture, providing the income needed by the family has been the responsibility of men, and therefore it is expected to impose such a duty on men. to reduce the period of unemployment for this group.
Women and men looking for work in the age groups of 20 to 24 years have a lower average length of unemployment and more chances to get a job and get out of unemployment compared to other age groups. This finding can be explained with the help of job search theory. Because people aged 25 to 45, probably due to the improvement of their education level and skills, have more expectations for receiving high-paying jobs, and this causes them not to accept any job with any level of pay and therefore give up. They search for more jobs, which ultimately increases the length of the unemployment period among these people. Married, divorced and widowed job seekers (except for divorced and widowed men) have a lower risk of unemployment than single people. It seems that married, divorced and widowed people (especially among women) are under more pressure than single people to get a job in order to earn money and meet the needs of the family due to family responsibility and the burden of taking care of the family. They usually accept any job with any salary level. On the other hand, single people, due to having enough opportunity and without financial pressures, decide to accept or not accept the proposed job, and this may lead to an increase in the length of their unemployment period compared to married people. It is consistent with job search theory.
In both groups of men and women, uneducated job seekers have the highest unemployment risk and people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest unemployment risk category. The chances of leaving unemployment are higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels. This finding can be explained based on the skill theory (education and training). According to this theory, training and skill training programs increase the chances of a job seeker to find a job. Participating in training programs can provide a positive sign to employers and also reduce uncertainty about the employability of job applicants. According to other findings of this study, people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest risk of unemployment. have. On the other hand, the chance of leaving unemployment is higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels, so it seems that Iran's labor market has not yet reached a stage of complexity and maturity. which wants people with education levels higher than diploma on a wide level. And almost the skill requirement of the labor market has remained at the same diploma and sub-diploma levels for most jobs, due to the lack of innovation and the very slow growth of skill-oriented jobs.
Therefore, it is suggested to pay serious attention to the changes in the age and gender structure of the population in the policy making and management process of the country's labor market. Women are half of the country's population,
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Entrepreneurship
Fatemeh Alinejad; Morteza Akbari; Nematollah Shiri
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such ...
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The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County.The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County.The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County.
Sociology
Mahsa Tizchang; sharareh mehdizadeh
Abstract
The present study has described and analyzed the experiences of women domestic workers from living in multiple and different worlds. The aim of this study was to understand the lived experiences of these women as a silent and marginalized group due to the lack of an official position in the legal structure ...
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The present study has described and analyzed the experiences of women domestic workers from living in multiple and different worlds. The aim of this study was to understand the lived experiences of these women as a silent and marginalized group due to the lack of an official position in the legal structure and the weakness of research. According to the statistics of the International Labor Organization, there are currently about 100 million domestic workers in the world, most of whom are women and include the informal economy. First of all, the questions of this study are based on the description of the salient points of domestic worker women's experience of the work and life situation in a context of different worlds. In what situations and with which mechanisms do these women experience difference and inequality? How does the perception resulting from such an experience manifest itself in people's consciousness? How can the more structural implications of such situational perception be explained?
The approach and method is based on the existential phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, which is focused on the experience of the embodied subject in the world, whose perception is determined based on her situation in relation to others and the world. The statistical population included female domestic workers aged 25 to 55 in Tehran, who were selected through snowball and criterion-related sampling. The results of the study show that the outstanding levels of perception among these women are the result of situations of powerlessness, ambiguity and not being at ease that is clearly the result of the predominance of informal relations, away from legal supervision and intermingled with cultural practices that reproduce a structure of power hierarchies at the everyday level. Such a context makes the intention or motivation and daily practices of both sides subject to the possibility of multiple readings; This is largely due to cultural contexts and social beliefs regarding moral systems, dignified principles, and the reasons for placing people in hierarchical social stratifications. We are constantly acting on the basis of perception and awareness affected by such entanglements, and we enable the reproduction of epistemic systems that We are not necessarily aware of its consequences. In the theme of instrumentalization, the participants found themselves in situations of excessive accessibility, worthlessness and identification with the work they do. Ambiguity implied a perceptual background that was, at the first level, affected by borderline relations between the worker and the employer in an informal atmosphere and based on non-standard conditions or lack of supervision and rules, mixed with empathic, authoritarian, pitiful and exploitative behaviors that Their interference in people's experience, in addition to the fact that it had led to indirect indications of such relationships; A form of sensory confusion followed. In the third theme, continuous exposure to the symbols of inequality, difference in social status and levels of Prosperity under contradictory situations could be recognized in the entire narrative of the participants, which shows the state of not being at ease. The meaning of such a space of plurality and multiple/contradictory possibilities of action/reaction can be understood in the shadow of Merleau-Ponty's belief that perception is inevitably accompanied by action; Perception, which is an inevitable aspect of our existence in the world, and always affects us through direct or indirect contact with others, their beliefs, their history, and their stories. A common focus of the literature on paid domestic work in the world is that the gender and social class of domestic workers are central to explaining the structural oppression of domestic work. Such an approach is confirmed in the present study. They show that the inequalities reproduced in domestic service flows are largely maintained through emotional ambiguities in the midst of such intersections.
At the macro level, it can be said that the market model of care - of which rental home care is one of the main pillars - not only reproduces existing social inequalities, but also reinforces the traditional gender division of labor and institutionalized servitude. Unlike the market care model, a public care model that is included in the public system of the country, allows to consider gender, class and cultural equality relations. The public model of care also considers the responsibility of care and the care needs of the lower social classes and marginalized groups. While such a commitment is specific to social biases, it is necessary to problematize gender bias in the public model of care and to revitalize the social struggle to recognize care (including domestic work) and its value.
Demographics
habib Allah Sadeghi; Fatemeh Torabi
Abstract
Introduction
Over the last decade, various and heterogeneous types of households have emerged in Iran as a result of economic, social and demographic changes. One of the most significant demographic changes in the country is the increase in the frequency of female-headed households. When comparing the ...
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Introduction
Over the last decade, various and heterogeneous types of households have emerged in Iran as a result of economic, social and demographic changes. One of the most significant demographic changes in the country is the increase in the frequency of female-headed households. When comparing the establishment of female-headed households in developed and developing countries, it is clear that social, economic and demographic factors have different effects on these types of households. Critiquing the existing research that focus on central averages and disregard micro-level changes, it is possible to establish a clear foundation for policies affecting female-headed households.
Aims
Focusing on female-headed households as a distinct group, this study examines their similarities and differences in social, economic and demographic aspects at the county level and studies their distribution within the theoretical frameworks of second demographic transition and inequalities in relation to drive and pressures mechanisms.
Theoretical Framework
Based on the current theoretical and experimental literature, this study classifies the existing components in terms of their role in formation of female-headed households as "driver" and "pressure". Voluntary drivers of feminization of household headship were analyzed using the second demographic transition theory and the forced pressures of feminization of household headship were investigated in the context of inequality theory.
Data and Method
This paper examines the role of driver and pressure mechanisms on distribution of female-headed households in 429 Iranian counties in 2016 using data from the Statistics Center of Iran and spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I and Getis index), K-mean clustering and ordinary least squares regression methods.
Results
The results of spatial autocorrelation revealed that southeast counties have the highest concentration of female-headed households, while the lowest concentration is observed in northwest counties extending in a line to the center. According to the spatial clustering model and the hierarchical exploratory analysis method on the variables of percentage of female-headed households, economic, demographic, and social status, the counties are divided into five clusters with the smallest difference from the central average in each cluster and the greatest difference with other clusters in the best case; One of which (cluster 1) includes only three counties and is considered an outlier. Other clusters include (1) cluster 2 containing the north-west, south and north-east counties and affected by economic drivers; (2) cluster 3 containing central and northern counties and affected by social and demographic drivers; (3) cluster 4 containing western and southwestern counties and affected by demographic and economic pressures; and (4) cluster 5 containing southeastern and eastern counties and affected by social and economic pressures. Furthermore, the results of ordinary least squares regression revealed that the covariates explain 75% of fluctuations in the frequency of female-headed households. The three economic components of percentage of jobless families, employment rate of urban women and economic participation rate had a positive and significant impact (at an error level less than 0.001) on the development of female-headed households. The socio-demographic components of percentage of widowed women, early marriage, percentage of divorced women and literacy rate of women had a positive and significant effect and the two components of the percentage of ever-married population and the percentage of urban population had a negative and significant effect (at an error level of 0.001) on the formation of female-headed households in counties of Iran.
Discussion
A variety of drivers and pressure such as social, economic and demographic factors can influence the formation of heterogeneous households; thus, investigating the factors influencing the formation of female-headed households and their various characteristics at the county level can provide a general picture of the situation of these women and, consequently, the households headed by them and helps evidence-based policy making. Spatial techniques offer numerous possibilities in presenting micro-level spatial patterns and genuine spatial fluctuations that better illustrate the true link between variables since they employ local values rather than relying on central averages.
Conclusion
Social, economic, and demographic changes have a relatively strong impact on formation of female-headed households via two driving and pressuring mechanisms. As a result, empowering women in the context of second demographic transition can increase these households in districts (central and north counties) influenced by the driving mechanism. Continued social, economic and demographic pressures can increased these household in districted (southeast counties) affected by the pressuring mechanism. Thus, policy making based on the role of these mechanisms can help to empower and support these households.
Women's Studies
Nahid salimi
Abstract
Today governance looks at the atmosphere of cooperation of actors to achieve good management of society. At the same time, policy-making is a tool in the hands of rulers to turn the objective challenges of society into scientific problems and solve them. In using this tool, it is worthwhile to benefit ...
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Today governance looks at the atmosphere of cooperation of actors to achieve good management of society. At the same time, policy-making is a tool in the hands of rulers to turn the objective challenges of society into scientific problems and solve them. In using this tool, it is worthwhile to benefit from the transition policy from the point of view of the target community as a large and important part of actors and stakeholders in the decision-making process. Meanwhile, women, as an important part of the active body of society and direct involvement with the dynamic institution of the family, play an important role in recognizing and solving problems in all public spheres. The Islamic Republic, as a transcendent government, which is a system based on religious democracy, will need to pay attention to this part of the actors and facilitate their public participation in the processes of problem recognition, decision-making and monitoring. For this purpose, we need to enumerate the components of this participation from the perspective of religious discourse to achieve the Islamic requirements of public participation of women in the process of Islamic governance. In this study, with the aim of extracting these components, the qualitative method and thematic analysis strategy have been used. To answer the main question of the research, 13 in-depth interviews were conducted with religious experts overlooking the women's activism space with a practical or theoretical background in policy-making. Data analysis in the coding process led to the emergence of 48 basic themes in the form of 10 organizing themes and 2 Global themes and presenting a network of themes. Findings showed that the Islamic conceptual pattern of women's social body participation in the policy-making process of women include two Global dimensions of participation components and participation mechanisms. components include: Purposefulness, problem-oriented, social body leveling, religiosity and divinity, and allocation of arenas and boundaries. mechanisms include the following: legality and legitimacy, generalization and de-genderization, empowerment, intermediary institutions and specialized institutions.
In prescribing the practical Islamic model of women's participation in this approach, it should be noted that being political in the objective component, with the issue of politicization in recognizing the issue despite the Proximity of word, have a clear conceptual difference and application, so that the explanation of the problem in the objective component is related to the political issue. It is for the purpose and goal of preserving the Islamic system, while the theme of politicization in the problem-oriented component looks at the form and manner of interaction of the policy maker with the social body. Because the study of policy making in the field of women and family during the four decades after the Islamic Revolution in Iran shows the multiplicity and heterogeneity in the programs and policies, which ultimately causes the lack of coherence of the micro programs and laws in this field, in the first place It returns to the form of receiving the problem and problem recognition in the policy making process. It returns in this area. This damage appears in the bias of this process from the discourse of political parties and currents in the agenda setting and identifying important issues for attention and policy making.
Prescribing the mechanism of generality and degendering of social body participation arrangements in the process of policy making and problem recognition in this area should also be done under the two components of purposefulness and allocation of arenas. In this sense, just doing righteous deeds in Islamic governance, which has strengthened the Islamic system, is recommended and prescribed in all fields regardless of gender in the religious approach, and the assigned boundaries in Islam only determine the way of participation in these public fields. So, in addition to observing the religious standards for respecting the borders individually by women, the religious ruler will also be obliged to provide safe and suitable conditions for the general participation of women in public social arenas by preparing the social platforms regarding the borders. Using the purely legal capacity and legitimacy of the prescriptive mechanisms also allows the creation of innovative legal structures such as intermediary circles with newer approaches to manage the fields of public activism and public satisfaction to claimants and experts along with the social body. In this approach, by looking at the successful structures in other governance models in interaction with the social body of women, it is possible to design and implement successful internal models within religious frameworks. In this type of actions, the ruler, by handing over part of his governance duties to civil institutions, provides the context for active participation of people in voluntary associations, thereby increasing public trust in decisions and reducing the rejection of programs in the social body. In the end, what seems to be necessary in this matter is the creation of expert institutions and the need to add analytical and research attachments to the field of women and family policymaking at all stages and to achieve all components and mechanisms. This capacity, on the one hand, to create theoretical and practical coherence in Islamic governance, and on the other hand, in order to manage existing demands and make demands based on the present and future needs of the Islamic society, will be one of the advantages of expert actions.
Management
zohre sharei; majid alavimanesh
Abstract
Purpose: Understanding the characteristics that may be related to an individual's exceptional role performance is important for creating a cohesive and successful workforce. Investigating the relationships between workaholism and organizational citizenship behaviors and gender role beliefs is necessary ...
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Purpose: Understanding the characteristics that may be related to an individual's exceptional role performance is important for creating a cohesive and successful workforce. Investigating the relationships between workaholism and organizational citizenship behaviors and gender role beliefs is necessary and can benefit employers and employees. The effects of workaholism and gender role beliefs on organizational citizenship behavior were examined in the employees of branches of Bank Mellat in Alborz Province.
Methods: The research is a descriptive/analytical study conducted as a survey, which is an applied work in terms of its purpose. A questionnaire containing 33 questions was used to collect data (user addiction measurements following Spence and Robbins, 1992; gender role beliefs following Dicke et al., 2019; and organizational citizenship behavior following Williams and Anderson, 1991). The study population consisted of all the employees at the branches of Bank Mellat in Alborz Province (n=500). After confirming the content validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 220 questionnaires (according to Cochran's formula) were randomly distributed and based on the analysis, the research model was implemented in SMART PLS3 twice (with moderator and without moderator).
Findings: According to the frequency observed in the sample members, 56.8% of the respondents were men, 50% of the respondents had between 5 and 10 years of service experience in Bank Mellat, which contributed the most in answering the questions of this research. 61.4% of respondents were between 40 and 50 years old, 89.1% of respondents had bachelor's education, 10.9% had postgraduate education. According to the obtained results, the factor loadings of all the questions were greater than 0.7 and the reliability indices (Cronbach's alpha, composite alpha, RHO_A index, and AVE) were acceptable. Therefore, the construct reliability and convergent and divergent validity of the research were confirmed. The implemented model showed that Workaholism had a significant and positive relationship with organizational citizenship behavior (T: 2.095, β: 0.225). Gender role beliefs had a significant and positive relationship with organizational citizenship behavior (T: 359.16, β: 0.615). In addition, the positive effects of gender adjustment on the relationship between gender role beliefs and organizational citizenship behavior was confirmed (T: 159.2, β: 0.292). The GOF index was equal to 0.701, which is a strong value, and the SRMR index was equal to 0.04 <0.05; thus, the structural model of the study was confirmed. According to the obtained results, the GOF fit index is equal to 0.701, which is a strong value, and the SRMR index is equal to 0.04, which is lower than the value of 0.05, so the structural model of this research has a good fit.
Conclusion: As society continues to change, gender role beliefs expand beyond the limits of biological gender. Understanding how these beliefs relate to work behavior (such as organizational citizenship behaviors) is essential for organizations. Considering that both genders have an equal share in organizational excellence in today's society, many suggested not to consider gender in assigning organizational roles and instead pay attention to employees' competencies. If employees are convinced that their gender has no impact on their promotion, they will certainly show positive behaviors toward better organizational performance and performing the assigned tasks. They will also have a greater tendency to adhere to the rules and regulations of the organization. At the same time, bank managers should take into account the existence of gender role beliefs, because women and men play different social roles in their personal lives. Different genders have different roles at home and when these differences are taken into account by the organization, employees will experience less stress and discomfort at work. Through this, employees will find enough time and energy for additional role behaviors at work, such as organizational citizenship behavior. Working in a bank is very stressful for bank employees due to the financial nature of the duties. In addition, workaholism leads to stress at work, which leads to a lack of energy to demonstrate different work behaviors such as organizational citizenship behavior. Specifically, workaholism damages mental health and disrupts relationships with colleagues. In the long term, it neutralizes the positive effects on citizenship behavior, if any. Finally, it leads to job frustration and reduction of job commitment and even job effectiveness in employees. Therefore, the managers should try to continue and improve work conditions to make sure that the employees always enjoy their work and have an inner desire to work (i.e. keeping the employees interested in their job).
Communications
zahra rezaeinasab; ali feizolahi; maryam keshavarz
Abstract
Marriage is one of the three milestones in human life, i.e. birth, marriage and death. Marriage is related to changes in a person's view of himself, his wife and the world. A person who gets married is affected by changes in personal and social fields. Therefore, if an important disturbance occurs ...
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Marriage is one of the three milestones in human life, i.e. birth, marriage and death. Marriage is related to changes in a person's view of himself, his wife and the world. A person who gets married is affected by changes in personal and social fields. Therefore, if an important disturbance occurs in a person's marriage, all his personal, interpersonal and social processes will be affected. The social developments of the past decades at the global level have faced the family system with new and diverse changes, challenges, issues and needs. During this period, the family has been increasingly under threat due to multiple and complex factors. When the functions of the family, such as biological, social, cognitive and emotional functions are damaged one after another, its members gradually lose their sense of satisfaction. The gradual decrease in the satisfaction of the family members first causes psychological dissociation, then social dissociation, and finally a legal event, which is called divorce.Divorce is one of the factors of breaking up and disintegrating the family unit, which can have many consequences for people in the society.Nowadays, virtual social networks play a role as one of the most important factors in many divorces and disturbances in couples' relationships. The purpose of this research is to study how the marital life changes and breaks up through virtual social networks from the perspective of divorced women in Ilam city. The research paradigm is constructive and interpretive; The research approach is qualitative and the research strategy is phenomenology. Thematic analysis and Brown and Clark's framework have been used for data analysis.Of course, it should be mentioned that two types of methods in phenomenology, i.e. interpretation and explanation, have been used to analyze the results. The studied community includes all the divorced women of Ilam city who have had the experience of using virtual social networks. How to choose the subjects to be studied is based on purposeful sampling. The number of samples until the theoretical saturation stage was estimated to be 15 people. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. This research was done to answer three important questions. How do divorced women understand, define and interpret family and marital relations? How do virtual networks become the basis for breaking up and transformation in marital relations? What are the most important virtual social networks used by women that have been effective in breaking up relationships?In this research, the understanding, definition and subjective meaning of divorced women from family and marital relationship in the form of 4 categories "family as a system", "unfavorable image of family", "difference between previous interpretations and existing reality" and "fatalistic attitude" became.The results of the research showed that the evolution and breakup of married life can be analyzed and investigated from the point of view of divorced women in the form of main themes including "creating cocoons of loneliness", "separation from kinship networks", "individual injuries", "destructive", "Instrument of family dysfunction", "consumption display", and "virtual networks as transformation of value system".In this research, the most important social networks used by divorced women, which have been effective in creating coldness and eventually breaking the relationship in these families, are, respectively: Instagram, WhatsApp, Telegram and YouTube. In the current research and based on the statements of divorced women, it can be concluded that virtual social networks have played a role in marital dissatisfaction. The Elamite society and culture and consequently the people in the family institution have been affected by these communication technologies. It seems that virtual social networks cannot be interpreted as inherently bad or good, but its impact on the private and social life of people depends on the amount and time of its use, because as the results and women's conversations show, extreme use and In a way, the addiction to these spaces has been effective in changing and breaking relationships between the members of these families. If a context is provided so that family members can find out how to use these spaces to strengthen their family cohesion and bonds, it will also have positive results, but non-interactive uses of this space will lead to rejection and social isolation of people in the family and Society has created.At the end of the research and according to the obtained results, research and practical suggestions have been presented.
Sociology
osman hedayat
Abstract
The aim of the current research is to understand the phenomenological life of border girls facing the graduation situation. The current research uses the experiences of girls as a basis for the analysis of the situation of graduates in border regions in order to analyze the multiple determinants of their ...
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The aim of the current research is to understand the phenomenological life of border girls facing the graduation situation. The current research uses the experiences of girls as a basis for the analysis of the situation of graduates in border regions in order to analyze the multiple determinants of their marginal, gender, and educational status. The university-educated girls of the border regions of Kurdistan province are among these border residents who have taken the path of obtaining higher education in order to improve their status, to overcome the underdevelopment and isolated conditions of these regions. Due to their inferior status, which can be traced in several ways - due to gender discrimination, due to being border residents, due to being an ethnic and religious minority, they have considered this as a wish and the only way out of the multiple intersection of inequality. The current research has discussed this matter with the graduating border girls, whether higher education has led to the improvement of their status? In order to realize this, the lived experience of female graduates of public universities has been studied in four dimensions: lived body, lived time, lived space, and lived human relationships after graduation. This has been an attempt to restore the voice and position of girls as subordinates in the status of graduation in a borderline, gender and educational situation. For this, Max Van Manen's hermeneutic and methodological approach has been used to interpret and analyze the experiences of 30 female graduates in various fields of public universities in rural and urban border areas of Marivan, Sarovabad and Baneh. In this research, considering that the narrative of university graduates is considered, the lived experiences of the border girls are the criteria for adopting a hermeneutic approach to the research problem. Therefore, this research puts hermeneutics as a theoretical basis by avoiding mega-narratives on the one hand and by rejecting pre-existing assumptions. In this research, hermeneutic phenomenology (interpretation) with emphasis on Max Van Manen's perspective and technique has been used to acquire the lived experiences of female graduates. According to van Manen harmonic phenomenology provides a systematic approach to study and interpret a phenomenon and allows the phenomenon to be analyzed and discovered with an interpretative point of view so that the researcher can gain a deeper understanding during the interpretation process. gain from lived experiences. The results showed that the interviewees' understanding of their body is indicative of a worn-out body that is being analyzed, which is caused by the entry into higher education and the borderline situation. Girls experience time in the form of stress and social suffering, and the border space for them after graduation is perceived as an unsafe and unstable space, which shows the experience of the exceptional situation of their position in the border. Themes that indicate the idea of understanding time as understanding the suffering of exclusion and marginalization from development and politics. The subject-border situation has created an environment for female graduates that is insecure and unstable. A space that is born from the frontier position, the position of femininity, the position of graduation. This space has influenced and shaped both the body and time. The chain of dimensions was completed with the description and analysis of human relations lived in the border situation. In such a way that they put human relationships after graduation in a borderline position with contradictory relationships. Relationships that were formed by disconnecting from the previous position and entering the university, and then returned to the borderline position due to rejection in the work and job process, lack of re-creation of a better position and position. They also interpret human relationships in the form of contradictory relationships, which indicate a break from the relationships before and after the graduates, relationships that are unstable and experienced as interruptions. Therefore, although they have not been able to change their position by graduating, but they have found a deep understanding of it, which indicates questioning the role of higher education in the change of women in border areas. The discussion of marginalized subjects due to being in a borderline position and being a woman has been the theoretical, experimental and methodological position of this research. The discussion of the life world of female graduates living in the border areas of Kurdistan province, who are in a multiple intersection of subjugation, brings us to the multidimensionality and multifacetedness of their views, critiques and situational pluralism. Discovering the multi-layered nature of their subordinate position - the layer of location (bordering), time position (graduate in the current state of the higher education system), ethnic position (being Kurdish), religious position (being Sunni), and more importantly, gender position (female) Being a girl) is one of the results of this research.
Women's Studies
elham Shirdel; mehdi moeini; abdolhamid dehani
Abstract
Research background: The transformation of society and the independence of the work environment from the family environment and changes in some other institutions, including the generalization of formal education, the economic need of households for women to work outside of the home, and the increasing ...
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Research background: The transformation of society and the independence of the work environment from the family environment and changes in some other institutions, including the generalization of formal education, the economic need of households for women to work outside of the home, and the increasing need of society to employ women's labor. In the industry and service sectors, it led to the entry of women into the labor market, and as a result, the number of employed women increased. Therefore, the connection of life with employment or being a housewife is one of the most important issues for the quality of life of women in society, which can play a fundamental and decisive role in managing the lives of employed and housewives married women. Meanwhile, in recent decades the issue of quality of life has attracted the attention of many scientists. Although it is important to study the quality of life of all the strata of society, in the meantime, paying attention to the way of women life and their quality of life can be very effective in improving the health of families, today's and tomorrow's generations, and ultimately the entire society.
Research aim: Considering the change in the lifestyle and traditional roles of women in today's society, as well as their extensive participation in various fields, the present research aims to rank the factors affecting the quality of life of employed and housewives married women.
Research method: The current research is a type of applied study with the nature of a descriptive-survey research method. The target statistical population in Mehrestan city consists of 16 married women (employed housewives or just housewives) with at least 5 years of married history and a master's degree in sociology, who, due to the unwillingness of some of them to cooperate in research or the impossibility of accessing them, finally 13 (including 7 employed-housewives and 6 only housewives) experts cooperated in completing the questionnaires and were studied as the statistical sample of the research. It is worth mentioning that due to the limitation of the studied society, the enumeration method was used for sampling. The collection of information in this research is based on library studies (books, articles, reliable scientific databases), standard questionnaires, and paired matrix questionnaires (experts). To measure the validity of the questionnaire, identifying the factors based on the Likert scale, considering the standard questionnaire, face validity was used, and measuring its reliability based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient shows good reliability. Also, according to the calculated inconsistency rate, which is less than 0.1, the expert questionnaire has good reliability. Data analysis was done using AHP hierarchical analysis model and Expert choice software.
Findings: The findings of the research indicate that among the 6 affecting factors on the quality of life of employed and housewives married women in Mehrestan city, the factor of social relationships was recognized as the main factor. In the following, the social security factor was ranked second, the social support factor was ranked third, the social status factor was ranked fourth, the cultural capital factor was ranked fifth and the public health factor was ranked sixth.
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the factor of women's social ties in their quality of life is in a higher rank than other factors, and the factors of social security, support, and status are in the next rank. In other words, the most important factor in women's quality of life is having a network of healthy social relationships with favorable social security, support, and status compared to others. Cultural capital is also effective in women's access to resources and improving their quality of life. Also, with the increase in women's general health, their quality of life increases. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that employed married women are attracted to the social framework due to their participation in social activities, and as a result, they do not see a difference between individual and social values, and they have a sense of responsibility and trust towards social values and norms that increases social integration. Therefore, they feel that the fate of the community is related to its components and they see the community as a suitable place for their evolution. Therefore, this positive attitude towards the community and people brings social acceptance and increases the social health of the individual, which, as a result, improves the quality of life of employed married women and increases their psychological security(.
Keywords: quality of life, social support, social relationship, social status, women.
Women's Studies
Mahdie Mohammad taghizade
Abstract
Qualitative study of the influencing factors in the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in realizing social support for vulnerable families: Tehran city
Today, the social development of countries depends on the participation of non-governmental organizations in realizing the rights ...
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Qualitative study of the influencing factors in the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in realizing social support for vulnerable families: Tehran city
Today, the social development of countries depends on the participation of non-governmental organizations in realizing the rights of groups and people left in society. Considering that social support for vulnerable families is related to the responsibility and accountability of all members of the society on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is related to the rights of individuals in the society. Therefore, in this research, a qualitative study of the factors affecting the participation of community members in the realization of social support for families at risk of damage is done. The current research method is qualitative with interview technique. For this purpose, 20 women active in the field of women's society were selected by purposeful sampling among 50 women active in this field who are based in Tehran, and a semi-structured interview was conducted with the CEO or board member of 10 women. The results show that both external and internal factors have been effective on the participation of Semans in social support for families in harm's way. Therefore, according to these effective factors, the participation of cements is defined from an active participation to a passive participation, and in between, there will be semi-active, semi-passive, etc.
The social development of societies is a concept that has attracted the attention of theorists in recent decades. After the 1980s, studies showed that economic development cannot lead to balanced social development. From this point of view, the social dimensions of development and the intellectual and spiritual needs of man, along with his social presence in various cultural, social and economic fields, were considered important from the point of view of social policy makers. Based on this, one of the key indicators of development, the amount of people's active participation in the field of non-governmental organizations, was chosen in order to help achieve development and fill the deficiencies caused by underdevelopment (Abrahimabadi, 2019). Therefore, the reduction of the role of governments and their inability to solve various social, economic and political issues has interpreted the semans as the demanding forces of the society (Moggi, 2013). Therefore, during the past decades, governments have recognized the role of cement in improving the capacities of the society in order to participate in the development process. Also, the belief was strengthened that the cooperation between the government and Semans together makes possible more success in the path of development.From this point of view, the purpose of empowering Semans is to create a large and diverse community of these organizations that can strengthen sustainable development. According to the analyzed texts, fertilizers can be effective in sustainable development in four areas:
- They can act as a suitable substitute for governments in providing services and priorities such as family planning, child protection, development of small partnerships, environment, tourism, etc.
- Fertilizers are considered to strengthen civil society.
- Semans are a source of innovation, experience and testing new approaches in the path of realizing development.
- Semans play an important role in expressing the political expectations of the society to the government (Yasuri, 2018).
Thus, Semans entered the literature of civil society and were recognized by international forums.
From a social point of view, Semans play an important role in promoting public awareness, developing and empowering human resources, and introducing the role of women in realizing sustainable development and civil society (Abdollahi, 2015). Therefore, one of the most important characteristics of family members is their supervisory role and demanding family rights.These organizations can play an effective role in social services by giving feedback on their demands and expressing criticisms to improve the existing situation in the society. In order to improve the quality of life of all people in the society (Farahmand, 2015). In order to comprehensively improve the quality of the society, it is necessary to pay attention to the rights of all people, both men and women, and get the support of the Semans in realizing social services and reducing discrimination against them in this matter. Based on the analyzed documents, one of the main duties of family members is to attract the attention of different strata to the issues and demands of the family and realize social support for it at the national and international levels.
Sociology
Sedigheh Piri; Zahra Asadhaydari
Abstract
abstract
The primary goal of this study is observing conceptual changes of loyalty, The research questions are as follows: What is the difference between girls' and their mothers' understanding of loyalty? And what is their reaction to the Disloyalty of their spouses? Through reviewing related ...
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abstract
The primary goal of this study is observing conceptual changes of loyalty, The research questions are as follows: What is the difference between girls' and their mothers' understanding of loyalty? And what is their reaction to the Disloyalty of their spouses? Through reviewing related studies, it is clear that the most important innovative aspect of this study is that it attempts to analyze the experience of two generations of daughters and mothers in the field of loyalty understanding. Also, another innovative aspect of this study is that it intends to deal with their strategies of achieving loyalty and confronting disloyalty. Theoretical concepts such as Bowman's "Liquid Love", Giddens' "Pure Relationship Theory", Illouz's "Emotional Capitalism", Badiou's "In Praise of Love", and "Ideal Types of social actions" were used to raise theoretical sensitivities. The research method is thematic analysis. The data were collected using semi-structured interview technique. The samples were Tehranin married daughters aged 23-33 and their mothers , Because the average of age marriage in girls located in Tehran is 28 years and the sample was selected 5 years before and after the average (13 mothers and 13 daughters). According to primary and secondary objectives, we grouped 15 main categories into three dimeans.
The first dimension is the semantic conception of loyalty, including: multiple elements of loyalty meaning, intergenerational interpretation of loyalty concept, liberating loyalty, loyalty as commitment to housekeeping roles, and commodified love and loyalty; the second dimension contains strategies which include: the restorative insight of mothers, daughters' eliminative reaction, effective persuasion, legitimation strategy, a ternary mixture of "conversation, counseling, friendship-basis", and reconsideration in the relationship; We named the final dimension as intervenors, which includes: the shadow of the paternal family and mothers being as referent, religious-moral beliefs and guarantees of loyalty, fear of disputes escalation in case of family intervention, and the importance of the chosen strategies in crucial situations.
The findings shows there are diversity meaning related to loyalty among participants.
A) The dominant concept of loyalty in both generations is sexual and emotional betrayal.
b) Another common meaning is that loyalty is kind of relationship based on adherence to commitment, roles and responsibilities.
c) Another meaning of loyalty which is generally emphasized in daughters, loyalty as a kind inner emotional bond, a high level of intimacy, the love and the expression of love.
d) Loyalty as one of the most important moral and religious principles which most emphasized by the mothers.
e) Loyalty is meaningful as long as it does not hinder their freedom as seen in daughters.
The results show that the meaning of loyalty largely depends on the age in participants , mothers commonly percept disloyalty as betray, and daughters who are closer to mothers in the terms of age have a similar definition, but in younger daughters, the definition of loyalty is more biased to concepts such as love, intimacy, and liberation. Religious beliefs influence the choice of strategies especially in mothers ; The academic capital of mothers and daughters affects the way they interpret the loyalty, and those with higher academic capital, even in more socially prestigious areas, have newer and more modern perceptions of loyalty, which has been mentioned in the previous chapters; The cultural capital, primarily academic capital, in the family, especially in mother, play a very important role helping daughter in choosing strategies while facing challenges, when cultural capital is high, her experience and guidance, make solving daughter's marital issues easier, directing daughters to the efficient family consultations, sticking to conversations instead of spreading issues to the families, are some of such strategies. On the other hand, when the cultural capital is low, facing issues incorrectly by both parties, disloyalty or even a sense of it led to divorce; The age, also has an impact on choosing strategies, restorative strategies are more common to mothers, while eliminative one, commodified emotional relationships, and consultation are more common among daughters. Mothers rarely use consultation, sometimes with an incorrect imagination of it because of encouraging youth to divorce; Low economic capital affects chosen strategies in both daughters and mothers. Those from weaker economic backgrounds often opt for restorative and legitimation strategies over eliminative one. Eliminative strategy is more common among economically independent people.
Keywords: Daughters, loyalty, meaning, mechanism, Mothers, Tehran
Accounting
vahid oskou; majid moradi; mohammad norouzi; sharzad seraj
Abstract
According to the theory of gender socialization, men and women, subject to different moral developments, express different values. Gender diversity reflects differences in the moral and personality traits of men and women, and people's actions reflect their inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, ...
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According to the theory of gender socialization, men and women, subject to different moral developments, express different values. Gender diversity reflects differences in the moral and personality traits of men and women, and people's actions reflect their inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, the presence of women in the composition of the audit committee and the board of directors causes the effectiveness of the organization and reduces the costs of corporate representation, and this reduces financial irregularities in companies through the opportunistic behavior of managers.The development of the capital market and the rules established by the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization in line with the regulatory environment in accepted companies have increased the level of management in companies. However, due to information asymmetry between shareholders and managers, accounting irregularities also exist.However, according to the fuzzy management theory, when the firm's performance is poor, managers tend to provide information in a vague and complex manner because the market may react to the information disclosed in a complex manner with a delay.This means that managers publish explanatory reports as a form of purposeful, deliberate and conscious perception management, in order to manipulate and deviate the perception of investors, which causes irregularities in accounting. In this regard, according to a statement, the American Securities Exchange Commission announced that 55% of companies use inappropriate approaches to recognize profits. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of women's presence on the board of directors and the audit committee on accounting irregularities was investigated. Using the elimination sampling method and applying the sample selection conditions, a sample consisting of 167 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2013 to 2020 was selected and tested using a multivariate regression model based on panel data technique. Findings indicate that the presence of women in the audit committee and board of directors reduces financial irregularities in companies.During recent years, the corporate governance environment of listed companies has improved significantly. However, information asymmetry between investors and managers still exists. In such a situation, corporate governance mechanisms reduce the cost of representation in the company. Therefore, a set of corporate governance factors such as the audit committee can be effective in reducing representation problems and improving the company's performance. In this regard, the audit committee can replace many of the company's shortcomings that cause agency problems; These defects may include the opportunistic behavior of the management, reducing the independence of the independent auditor, and the inefficiency of the internal control systems, which play a very important role in curbing the company's financial irregularities. Also, during the recent years, the presence of women in the management fields of the company, especially in the board of directors and the audit committee, has grown considerably. According to the first hypothesis of the research, the presence of women in the audit committee reduces the financial uncertainty of the company. The obtained result can be argued that the presence of women in the audit committee is a suitable way to improve reporting and increase the reliability of financial statements for users. Better monitoring of managers' reporting, which is made possible by the presence of female representatives in the audit committee, can increase performance and thus reduce agency costs and increase financial health and thus reduce financial irregularities in the company. The result obtained is in line with the research of According to gender theory, women have a significant contribution to economic success, which includes valuable work and contributes to the well-being and comfort of humans. Also, according to feminist economic theory, women are more inclined to make moral judgments. Female managers have different decision-making styles and different perspectives. They can also enhance the depth of board discussions by challenging traditional practices and policies. Therefore, women can present different points of view in the board of directors and make more informed decisions and lead to increased transparency. According to the second hypothesis, the presence of women in the board of directors reduces financial irregularities in companies. The obtained result can be argued that the presence of women in the board of directors is considered a factor to prevent opportunistic behavior, because women in the board of directors reduce their personal motivations due to more monitoring of managers' behavior and as a result, this reduces financial irregularities.
Law
Maryam Ahmadinejad
Abstract
Abstract:
Context and Aim:
Among the crimes agonizing human communities in modern age were crimes that were perpetrated by ISIS groups in Syria and Iraq against women and children .During years of their ruling in those occupied lands Iran led by Martyr Soliemani, offered unique services to help safeguard ...
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Abstract:
Context and Aim:
Among the crimes agonizing human communities in modern age were crimes that were perpetrated by ISIS groups in Syria and Iraq against women and children .During years of their ruling in those occupied lands Iran led by Martyr Soliemani, offered unique services to help safeguard the security of the citizens in those areas. In addition to the many violences that ISIS inflicted on civilians in the areas under its sovereignty, such as barbaric and mass killings, looting, enforced disappearance, mental and physical torture, food and drug sanctions, committed heinous and unprecedented crimes against women and children that the most important of which are: enslavement and trafficking of women and children, rape and sexual violence, ethnic and religious cleansing and compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed.
This is while, ISIS crimes against women and children have been a part of this terrorist group's strategy, as a weapon and war tactic to create terror, humiliate and crush people's resistance, so that ISIS managed several media to spread these tragedies. ISIS leaders not only put crimes against women and children on their agenda for military purposes, but also used the trafficking of women and children as one of the financial sources. In addition, ISIS brought to the fore a new model of abuse of women under the name of Jihad Nikah. That in many cases, it was a clear example of human trafficking. Jihad Nikah was a title for the exploitation of women, which mainly through seduction and deception by abusing the religious feelings of women who had extremist thoughts, caused terrible tragedies. What intellectual and emotional degeneration has happened in these women that they suffer hardships to be part of a group that is responsible for crimes against women and children, and they willingly work to advance the crimes of ISIS.
Research Method: The following article is a descriptive study that seeks to explain the crimes of ISIS against women and children, the role and impact of the actions of Martyr Soleimani and his allies in overthrowing the ISIS government in Iraq and Syria and fighting ISIS crimes and his influence on maintaining the security of women and children in areas controlled by this terrorist group are studied. The harsh fact is that in International written works and documentaries we have witnessed distortions of existing realities related to the efforts of Martyr Soliemani, that is why the authors have decided to state some of the most important crimes committed by ISIS against women and children and to relate the role of Martyr Soliemani in defying their outcomes based on global authentic sources.
Findings and Conclusion: The fact is that terrorist acts and violent ideology of ISIS and its severe, systematic and widespread attacks on civilians, especially women and children, was a global threat to international peace and security. This terrorist group committed heinous crimes with gross violation of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law that many of which included war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide and it hurt and disturbed the minds of the international community. In between, Martyr Qassem Soleimani made a detailed plan to deal with the enemies, immediately after the official invitation of the governments of Syria and Iraq. His goal was to preserve the honor of the nations of the region and saving them from the rule of criminals and terrorist and violent extremist groups, especially ISIS. He freed many cities from the capture and occupation of ISIS, and freed many women from sexual slavery by using strong war tactics and activating political diplomacy and mobilization of popular forces. The efforts of the resistance forces under the leadership of General Soleimani in liberating the areas and freeing women and children from the , were so effective that many Western media announced: "Suleimani and the Iraqi militias he commands have played a key role in halting ISIS" and the US general Stanley McChrystal wrote:“Suleimani is arguably the most powerful and unconstrained actor in the Middle East today,”
Martyr Soleimani carried out numerous and successful operations and played an influential and decisive role in liberating many areas under ISIS control in Syria and Iraq. In addition to saving many women and children from continuing the heinous crimes of ISIS, he prevented the occurrence of many more crimes against other women and children in the Middle East region and also prevented the occurrence of war in Iran.
Because according to admission of Ms. Tabatabai (senior Advisor at U.S. Department of Defense): "ISIS represents one of the most significant threats to Iranian national security since the end of the Iran–Iraq War." and the possibility of ISIS terrorists spilling over to inside this country was very high, insofar as movements of ISIS forces were observe on the borders inside Iran.
Law
Zainab esmati; Latifeh Hosseini; mohammad mahdi Hosseinmardi
Abstract
The constitution at the top of the hierarchy of laws has played an influential role in explaining the human rights status of women in any society. the status of women's rights has been one of the concerns of the Islamic Republic of Iran since the adoption of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic ...
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The constitution at the top of the hierarchy of laws has played an influential role in explaining the human rights status of women in any society. the status of women's rights has been one of the concerns of the Islamic Republic of Iran since the adoption of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the very beginning, the role and position of women in advancing the lofty goals of society based on religious values was considered. Women's welfare rights are one of the topics discussed during the adoption of the Iranian constitution after the Islamic Revolution Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the position of women's welfare rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran's Constitution. In the present article, this research question has been investigated which according to the principles of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, what are the welfare rights of women in terms of gender equality and opportunities and what are the priorities of the law for them? The present study aims to examine the issue of demands for welfare rights in the field of social security for women in Iranian society as important human resources in the structure of the current constitution. by using an analytical approach and library resources. Support mechanisms to study the centrality of the optimal model of welfare rights and livelihood security for women. The results show that the four decades of experience of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the achievements of the constitutional system based on national-religious values in the light of the divine caliph's approach to human sovereignty indicate that women in the welfare economy system as citizens of the society have social security in various fields women.The constitution at the top of the hierarchy of laws has played an influential role in explaining the human rights status of women in any society. the status of women's rights has been one of the concerns of the Islamic Republic of Iran since the adoption of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the very beginning, the role and position of women in advancing the lofty goals of society based on religious values was considered. Women's welfare rights are one of the topics discussed during the adoption of the Iranian constitution after the Islamic Revolution Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the position of women's welfare rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran's Constitution. In the present article, this research question has been investigated which according to the principles of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, what are the welfare rights of women in terms of gender equality and opportunities and what are the priorities of the law for them? The present study aims to examine the issue of demands for welfare rights in the field of social security for women in Iranian society as important human resources in the structure of the current constitution. by using an analytical approach and library resources. Support mechanisms to study the centrality of the optimal model of welfare rights and livelihood security for women. The results show that the four decades of experience of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the achievements of the constitutional system based on national-religious values in the light of the divine caliph's approach to human sovereignty indicate that women in the welfare economy system as citizens of the society have social security in various fields women.priorities of the law for them? The present study aims to examine the issue of demands for welfare rights in the field of social security for women in Iranian society as important human resources in the structure of the current constitution. by using an analytical approach and library resources. Support mechanisms to study the centrality of the optimal model of welfare rights and livelihood security for women. The results show that the four decades of experience of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the achievements of the constitutional system based on national-religious values in the light of the divine caliph's approach to human sovereignty indicate that women in the welfare economy system as citizens of the society have social security in various fields women.society have social security in various fields women.
Women's Studies
Fariba Alasvand
Abstract
The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization ...
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The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization or trend-setting structures have not been raised and strengthened in this approach. Except for some of the books and articles that have been published in the last two decades and presented good comparative studies that can inspire new researches, most of these studies are still involved in issues such as knowing or not knowing the rules of justice, justice as a criterion for Friday and congregational imamate. , the difference between the sharia and customary meaning of justice, criticism of women's rights and duties with the measure of justice and the like. Therefore, a research that proposes to strengthen those theoretical dimensions of justice that leads to pragmatism and structuring about it is necessary. Therefore, this article aims to strengthen this dimension and to present the necessities that are necessary in organizing a pragmatic theory of justice, and because in the last century, one of the challenges of justice, especially its Islamic approach, rights and benefits Social is for women, the field of investigation and comparisons has been placed on the issue of justice for women.
Weighing each ruling with justice means to consider justice as the criterion of all of them or the legislative goal of all of them. Although such a statement is not approved, it is necessary to fill the empty space of mandatory rules with fair laws and legislate fair laws in the administration of the country and governance. As some authors believe, if the rulings in the laws of the Islamic Republic are in accordance with the explicit text of the Qur'an and frequent hadiths, they are the same revelation and cannot be criticized by the standard of justice, but in the case of other laws, if the revelation is silent, they are evaluated by the standard of justice. Therefore, paying attention to justice in the establishment and falsification of secondary and government rulings is an absolute and necessary principle (Danesh Pajoh, 2013, 204). As a result, if justice is a criterion in some of the laws of the country, among the most important topics in this regard is the processing of the theory of justice, which includes clear theoretical and practical aspects as a strategy for managing society. Although these dimensions have been the focus of domestic researchers in the studies of the last two decades, they need to be explored more and focused on micro-issues. In the path of transition from the praise of justice in its religious studies to practical theoretical processing, one should know what is the most important theoretical and practical challenge of justice in this field. This is the main question in this article. To answer this question, the author's effort is to present one theoretical consideration and two practical considerations in the theorizing of justice centered on women. The theoretical consideration deals with the challenge of the inequality criterion, and the practical consideration deals with the two issues of perception measurement and indexing for justice, and in all cases, it focuses on the issue of women. After collecting the necessary data, the method of the article is content analysis and a documentary and fundamental article.
Among the most important issues of justice is the processing of a theory including clear theoretical and practical dimensions as a strategy for managing society. Although these dimensions have been the focus of domestic researchers in the studies of the last two decades, they need to be explored more and focused on micro-issues. In the path of transition from the admiration of justice in its religious studies to practical theoretical processing, one should know what the most important theoretical and practical challenge of justice in this field is. This is the main question in this article. In order to answer this question, the author's effort is to present one theoretical consideration and two practical considerations in the theorizing of justice with the focus on women. After collecting the necessary data, the method of the article is content analysis and a documentary article.
economics
mohamad mehdi zare shahne; Mehdi akaberi tafti; ebrahim bahraminia; ehsan salimi
Abstract
Introduction: The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development ...
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Introduction: The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development without expert and efficient human resources. Many factors are effective in the empowerment of human resources, among which education is one of the most important. Gender differences and gaps in education can be introduced as one of the basic obstacles to economic growth and development, and it may prevent women from participating in society. The majority of social experts believe that Iranian society has undergone many social, cultural, political, and educational changes in the last few decades, especially after the Islamic revolution. One of the most important developments, like many developing countries, has been the expansion of education at various levels. This event has been associated with the significant participation of women and girls in education. In order to investigate the impact of these changes in this research, has been investigated, the impact of the positive momentum of women's education and technology on macroeconomic variables such as production, investment, and employment in Iran.
Method: The Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model has been used to achieve the research goals. In this model, the economy is divided into three sectors: households, firms, and the government. Households include people (women and men) who gain utility from consuming goods and services and keeping money and lose utility from working and have the goal of maximizing their utility according to the constraints of the household budget. Firms are producers of intermediate and final goods. A continuum of monopolistically competitive firms produces intermediate domestic goods using labor and capital. There is perfect competition in the production of final goods, with the output of intermediate firms as inputs and according to a production function with constant returns to scale. The imperfect competition in the goods market is introduced by assuming that each firm produces a differentiated good for which it sets the price. Some constraints are imposed on the price adjustment mechanism by assuming that only a fraction of firms can reset their prices in any given period. In particular, a model of staggered price setting due to Calvo (1983) and characterized by random price durations is adopted. Finally, the central bank and the government implement monetary and financial policies.
Findings: The obtained results from impulse response functions show positive impulse of women’s education increases production and investment, as well as employment.
Discussion: According to the results of the research, it is recommended to pay more attention to appropriate investments in the field of women's education by using appropriate policies in order to obtain as many benefits as possible for scientific development and higher economic growth. In such a way that practical training in jobs related to women increases female labor force participation and creates new job opportunities.
Rural Development
naser seifollahi; golsum akbari arbatan
Abstract
The modern world has already taken the first step towards a fundamental technological reality, the digital economy. The modern global labor market is a complex multi-component and dynamic system that is constantly influenced by information technology and requires changes in the content of the work process, ...
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The modern world has already taken the first step towards a fundamental technological reality, the digital economy. The modern global labor market is a complex multi-component and dynamic system that is constantly influenced by information technology and requires changes in the content of the work process, its organization, the structure of employment and social and labor relations. This article examines the role of the digital economy on women's home businesses. In this article, "working women" are considered as an integral part of the labor market and a determining factor in the innovative development of the digital economy. Previous studies show that women's participation in domestic work is largely influenced by technological developments. This research challenges this issue by relying on the perspective of digital transformation, paying serious attention to the contribution of women in the continuation of rural jobs. Women have been the drivers of economic growth in the world, but most of the existing entrepreneurship researches have studied male entrepreneurs, so that there has been less focus on women. Most women entrepreneurs start their own businesses for economic progress or to gain more independence, which has affected the growth of female entrepreneurs in home businesses as one of the largest types of businesses in the global economy.
Considering the importance of this issue, it is important to identify the opportunities and challenges of the digital economy in rural women's home businesses. We highlight key challenges and opportunities as well as policy recommendations to support women's home-based businesses in rural areas. With this aim, this research has compiled and validated a conceptual framework using the qualitative method of thematic and thematic analysis (theme analysis) in a descriptive way and through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The statistical population includes experts, experts, and business owners of rural women, among whom 12 people were selected and participated in this research through purposive sampling. The number of samples follows the law of saturation. Considering that the reliability level is more than 60%, the reliability of coding was confirmed and it can be claimed that the reliability level of the current interview analysis is appropriate. In order to ensure the validity of the research, it was tried to be a statistical sample of people who have the necessary knowledge and expertise in the context of the research, as well as to minimize the intervention of researchers in the research, and also to obtain the coding results from a number of experts, their reference and final approval regarding the extractive framework
Based on the results of the analysis technique, the challenges and opportunities of the digital economy in rural businesses, which include two comprehensive and central themes, 10 organizing themes and 52 basic themes. The opportunities facing the digital economy in rural businesses with 5 organizing themes and 21 basic concepts that include things such as job value creation, convergence of technology with economic goals, global customer orientation, networking capability, business resilience, which transform capability into potential value. They provide in the implementation of digital economy.
The theme of challenges and factors affecting the digital economy in rural businesses refers to the challenges and problems and factors affecting the implementation of digital technologies. The conceptual categories related to the challenges theme include 5 organizing themes and 31 primary concepts, which are: digital process gaps, creating a black economy for rural businesses, adverse social effects, cultural aspects, technological risks that make the implementation of the digital economy more difficult And finally, in order to develop a digital economy, a model of rural women's home businesses was proposed. that the conceptual framework of the research has been developed based on a survey of experts in this field, and the conclusions, suggestions and limitations of the research have been stated.
The theme of challenges and factors affecting the digital economy in rural businesses refers to the challenges and problems and factors affecting the implementation of digital technologies. The conceptual categories related to the challenges theme include 5 organizing themes and 31 primary concepts, which are: digital process gaps, creating a black economy for rural businesses, adverse social effects, cultural aspects, technological risks that make the implementation of the digital economy more difficult And finally, in order to develop a digital economy, a model of rural women's home businesses was proposed. that the conceptual framework of the research has been developed based on a survey of experts in this field, and the conclusions, suggestions and limitations of the research have been stated.
Sociology
Mahdieh Akhondi; karam habibpour gatabi; zahra hazrati soomeae
Abstract
The issue of women's political participation in developing countries is a complex phenomenon and is related to the dynamics and development of political systems. Women and their participation, especially in politics, seem to have become an important issue in social life in recent decades. The development ...
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The issue of women's political participation in developing countries is a complex phenomenon and is related to the dynamics and development of political systems. Women and their participation, especially in politics, seem to have become an important issue in social life in recent decades. The development of political systems in a nation depends on the level of political participation of its citizens regardless of gender. The purpose of this research is to understand and analyze the situation of women's political participation, which was done with qualitative methodology and grounded theory method. For this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 women living in Tehran who were selected by purposeful sampling and a combination of snowball strategies and maximum changes. The interviews lasted between 30 minutes and 4 hours on average, and in some cases, the interviews continued in several sessions. The duration of the data collection process through interviews lasted about 6 months. the text of the interviews was read line by line and conceptualized. In the axial coding, these concepts were placed next to each other and based on the semantic overlap, they became central categories. Finally, the core category was obtained at a more abstract level than the previous two stages. It is necessary to mention that the data coding process started from the second interview onwards and until the end of the analysis, the interview and analysis proceeded simultaneously. In order to ensure the quality of the research, TConstructed concepts and research results were regularly shared with the participants during the work process and after the completion of data analysis. Also, a large part of the interviews was recorded (with the full consent of the participants) and the other part was recorded simultaneously during the interview due to the opinion of the participants regarding the lack of consent to audio recording. In terms of observing ethical considerations, participants' consent was obtained before starting the interview. Also, by explaining the purpose, topic and method of the research, the interviewees got to know the work process so that if they don't want to participate in the interview, they will be given sufficient choice. Protection of personal and private information of individuals is a very important dimension in research work, and for this reason, the researcher recorded, recorded and used the data with full consent and with the permission of each person participating in the research, and the individuals were assured that Information will be kept confidential. Among these measures, which were used to prevent the disclosure of the real identity of the participants, was the use of pseudonyms in the registration of their information.After analyzing the data, 85 primary codes, 7 core categories and one core category were extracted through the data coding system: Causal conditions (economic issues and challenges, egalitarian governance), background conditions (unequal political structure and patriarchal challenges), intervening conditions (personal-spiritual factors), strategies (meritism and creating a platform for prosperity) and consequences (active political activism of women and rejection of passivity) political). Also, "women's political participation; "Meaningful and multifaceted action" was counted as the core category and finally, the paradigm model extracted from the data was established. The paradigm model of the research shows the conditions (causal, contextual and intervening), strategies and consequences of women's political participation in Tehran. According to this model, economic conditions and its challenges and political and governance factors are among the important obstacles in women's political participation.The findings indicate that women are active actors and activists in political participation and take actions based on political issues; An action of the type of participation that by identifying the obstacles and facilitating factors can open the way for their active political participation as effective citizens in the field of politics. Finally, it should be mentioned that the present study was accompanied by several limitations and difficulties for interviewing and gaining the cooperation and trust of women who view the society with suspicion. Women who are considered by the family and society as the second gender and have come to believe that they are caught in a vicious cycle, that they do not find any other solution than migration or isolation, and on this basis, it cannot be claimed that the whole semantic constructions of the mentioned people about participation Politically, it has been completely narrated. However, the data and findings of the present research, which were extracted in a comparative manner with other participants and other researches, indicate issues that can be considered even to this extent.
Physical Education and Sports Science
marzieh movafagh; Rasool Nazari; Elham Moshkelgosha
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to provide a model and explain ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management. In terms of philosophy, the current research is interpretive type, in terms of approach it is establishment type, in terms of strategy it is of foundational data theory type, ...
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The purpose of this research was to provide a model and explain ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management. In terms of philosophy, the current research is interpretive type, in terms of approach it is establishment type, in terms of strategy it is of foundational data theory type, in terms of research selection it is of qualitative research type and in terms of time period it is cross-sectional type and to collect its data from The interview tool is used. The statistical community of this research was made up of experts in the fields of sports management and educational sciences, psychology and political sciences, and managers and experts of the General Department of Physical Education. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used and the sampling continued until the theoretical saturation limit was reached, so 15 interviews were conducted. To collect information, semi-structured interviews were used, and for data analysis, three overlapping processes of open coding, axial coding, and theoretical coding were used. By adapting the text of all the interviews in the open coding stage, 303 concepts or initial codes were identified, which were reduced to 23 codes after aggregating similar codes together. Then, in the axial coding stage, 10 main categories were determined by considering the semantic affinity of the identified concepts. Based on the results of the research, it was found that the selection criteria for management positions in sports organizations are not fair due to cultural and individual reasons. It should be hierarchically and starting from the middle level, with bills that lead to laws that make the presence of women in social and cultural fields, including sports activities, more prominent, and women are selected in the current positions and positions with an attitude of meritocracy and specialization. Also, the structural concepts in this field should be modified in order to change the attitudes towards women and their capabilities.
Considering the current situation, the first suggestion is to make it hierarchical and starting from the middle level, with bills that will lead to laws that will make the presence of women in social and cultural fields, including sports activities, more prominent and take better advantage of them. come The second suggestion also suggests that women should be selected in the current positions and positions with an attitude of meritocracy and specialization, and women should gain the trust of the society with their successful performance. It should be noted that this research has faced limitations. It should be considered in generalizing the results. The first limitation is that this research has only covered the views of the participants in the research, i.e. experts in the fields of sports management and educational sciences, psychology and political sciences, and managers and experts of the General Directorate of Physical Education, so their opinions can be generalized to Not all the beneficiaries of sports are women. On the other hand, in this research, due to the qualitative nature of the research, it was not possible to determine which of the determinants play the greatest role in explaining the methods of reducing gender inequality in Iran's sports management, and how much their role is. Therefore, future researchers are suggested to examine the views of all the beneficiaries of women's sports regarding the issue of reducing gender inequality in their sports management and by presenting a comparative study of their differences and similarities, their opinions to study Also, future researchers are suggested to determine which of the factors is more important and preferable in future planning and allocation of resources by conducting a quantitative study while verifying qualitative structures using multi-criteria decision-making studies. Pay more attention to them.
The general conclusion derived from the most important suggestions was that the explanation of the ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management is the basis of gender equality in sports, the existence of equal opportunities for women and men in the sports environment, equal access to sports opportunities, close relationship with They have equal presence in important departments, especially in decision-making mechanisms. In today's society, women have managed to get more education, but there is a problem why they have not received the same opportunities for career advancement as their male counterparts, and there is concern to conduct research due to the almost equal population of women compared to men and also the interest This research is due to the neglected capabilities of women in the management and development of sports, and the subject to be considered is why women have not been able to achieve their rightful position in management positions in sports.
Political sciences
Ali Alihoseni
Abstract
In today's modern world, one of the most important prerequisites for the development and stability of countries is the optimal use of all human resources, especially understanding the relevance of women's role in social and political affairs. Although equal participation and leadership of women ...
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In today's modern world, one of the most important prerequisites for the development and stability of countries is the optimal use of all human resources, especially understanding the relevance of women's role in social and political affairs. Although equal participation and leadership of women in political and public life is necessary to achieve the goals of sustainable development in the world; However, the available evidence and data indicate that women are underrepresented at all levels of decision-making around the world, and the achievement of gender equality in political and social life is still out of reach. In the meantime, Europe is the only region in the current era that, within the last two decades and in the light of relatively appropriate policies in the field of women, have had this relative opportunity to increase their political participation at the national and regional levels, while trying to increase their competence and credibility. Defend at the highest political, legislative and judicial levels. The present article, by applying the theory of feminism and benefiting from Jones' policy model, tries to answer the central question that the experience of women's presence in the field of policy and decision-making in the European continent, especially in the parliamentary field, refers to what issues and considerations and its output. What dimensions and consequences did it include? The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of women in policy-making and decision-making in European national and regional parliaments. And the research method is qualitative and using library documents and resources.The research findings show that the discussion of gender equality as one of the main indicators of feminism in the European Union has found its real place and women have taken steps on an equal footing with men in political and economic decision-making. In Europe, in the last decade, many women have taken the most important positions of power. This shows that Europe is moving faster in gender equality in the political field. Europe has been pursuing gender equality in a targeted way for years. Therefore, in the field of politics, by paving the way for women, they tried to make the voice of half of the society heard. By assuming executive and legislative positions, women have found an opportunity to show their political expertise and competencies. Women politicians who may have gender biases support policies and policies that remove formal and informal obstacles from their path in order to involve and participate more women and play a role model for the future generation of women provides. The presence of women in the political positions of the presidency, prime minister and ministerial positions, along with the approval of laws such as the abortion law, family support and child protection, women's leave and child care, health and treatment, policies related to workers' compensation and social welfare budget. ; Among the determining factors and effective legislative measures, which gradually provided a suitable platform to stabilize the position of women in accepting high political and parliamentary responsibilities.
Accounting
mahdi filsaraei
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of board gender diversity on a firm’s investment inefficiency. We document that firms with gender-diverse boards have significantly less investment inefficiency than firms without gender-diverse board and the fraction of female directors on the board is significantly ...
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This paper investigates the impact of board gender diversity on a firm’s investment inefficiency. We document that firms with gender-diverse boards have significantly less investment inefficiency than firms without gender-diverse board and the fraction of female directors on the board is significantly negative correlated with investment inefficiency.
According to the analysis of past information, this research is a quasi-experimental type of research. Also, due to the fact that the results obtained from the research solve a specific problem or issue, in terms of practical purpose and in terms of method, it is of the type of correlation analysis with regression approach. Due to the fact that this research uses past information to test hypotheses, it is a type of post-event research. In terms of theory, the research is of the affirmative research type and in terms of reasoning, it is of the inductive type. On the other hand, this research is a type of quasi-experimental research in the field of financial and accounting research. In terms of the hypothesis testing model, the current research is considered one of the correlational researches (type of correlational research). The research data is also a type of composite data. The relationship between the independent and dependent variables of the research is investigated using the multivariate linear regression model.In order to that, the research hypothesis was based on a statistical sample consisting of 108 companies during the years 2017 to2021 and tested using multivariate regression models.
The analysis of the research sample shows that there is a significant negative relationship between the gender diversity of the board of directors and investment inefficiency. The results also showed that board independence moderates the relationship between board gender diversity and investment inefficiency. But the CEO's tenure does not moderate the relationship between the gender diversity of the board and investment inefficiency.
Research results show that gender diversity of the board of directors helps monitoring, especially when corporate governance is weak. Some researchers have found that women are more risk-taking and conservative in making investment decisions. Female directors are more likely to join supervisory committees, and boards with higher proportions of female directors use more equity-based compensation for their directors. In summary, the results show that the gender diversity of the supervisory board increases and reduces investment inefficiency. The presence of a female manager at the head of the organization as a managing director or as a member of the company's board of directors can have positive effects on improving the performance with more supervision from the female manager according to their personality characteristics and also improving the quality of providing financial reports, increasing the company's efficiency and increase productivity. Men and women, exposed to different moral development, tend to develop different values, which leads to different attitudes and behaviors. For example, men attribute value to money, progress, and power, while women are more concerned with social relationships and are interested in performing assigned tasks more effectively and are more likely to obey rules. In addition, compared to boards where all directors are men, women can present different views in the board of directors and make more informed decisions, leading to increased transparency at the level of the board of directors.
Women's Studies
Jamileh Alamolhoda; parastoo alikhani; morteza rezaeizadeh; esmaeal jafari
Abstract
Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies ...
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Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and cannot be considered as an intellectual foundation for the empowerment of Muslim women: Some of these reasons are: 1- Moral values and spiritual aspects of human life are not very relevant. 2- Emancipation and relativism in defining sexual identity can destroy the dignity of women. 3- Dominance of some special values by advanced countries should not be accepted without considering local culture and norms. As a result, it becomes necessary to identify a set of principles derived from divine perception to act as a foundation for empowering Muslim women. The current research sought to identify these principles.
Research method: What principles govern the Islamic understanding of gender issues? In response to this question, the researchers committed to the interpretation paradigm; Because in order to derive principles about gender issues in Islamic perception, one should also refer to the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers. The research question was raised in 8 focus group meetings with 32 Muslim researchers and thinkers who sought to expand Islamic perception in the matter of empowering Muslim women in their research or social activities. The role of the researchers in the focus group meetings was limited to encouraging the members to ask each other or comment on the experiences and views raised. Through open coding, the spoken evidence of the sessions was analyzed and through the participant feedback method, the validity of the findings was increased.
Findings: Six principles were found as the governing principles of Islamic understanding of the concept of gender, which were: complementarianism, dynamics in time and place, social emotion, selectivity, equality in opportunities for excellence, and competitiveness. There are internal relationships among these principles. For example, complementarianism is one of the effects of competition avoidance, or social affection is a prerequisite for providing equal opportunities for excellence.
Conclusion: The six principles obtained have a greater capacity than the three dominant-egalitarian-liberating mentalities for empowering Muslim women. The importance of context and environment, in addition to the failure of non-divine intellectual foundations in empowering women, can be counted among the reasons for this. Of course, rethinking gender according to an Islamic understanding has been the focus of researchers such as Abbasi and Mousavi (2014) and Qasimpour and Aliabadi (2017) and they have emphasized on referring to religious texts and rereading them correctly. However, the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers have not been analyzed. Identifying these principles can guide economic, educational, social, cultural, social, and political empowerment and act as an umbrella for the empowerment of Muslim women. Of course, the findings of this research cannot be generalized due to its qualitative nature, and in order to formalize one or more Iranian-Islamic intellectual foundations, it requires qualitative and quantitative efforts by other researchers as well.
Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and cannot be considered as an intellectual foundation for the empowerment of Muslim women: Some of these reasons are: 1- Moral values and spiritual aspects of human life are not very relevant. 2- Emancipation and relativism in defining sexual identity can destroy the dignity of women. 3- Dominance of some special values by advanced countries should not be accepted without considering local culture and norms. As a result, it becomes necessary to identify a set of principles derived from divine perception to act as a foundation for empowering Muslim women. The current research sought to identify these principles.
Research method: What principles govern the Islamic understanding of gender issues? In response to this question, the researchers committed to the interpretation paradigm; Because in order to derive principles about gender issues in Islamic perception, one should also refer to the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers. The research question was raised in 8 focus group meetings with 32 Muslim researchers and thinkers who sought to expand Islamic perception in the matter of empowering Muslim women in their research or social activities. The role of the researchers in the focus group meetings was limited to encouraging the members to ask each other or comment on the experiences and views raised. Through open coding, the spoken evidence of the sessions was analyzed and through the participant feedback method, the validity of the findings was increased.
Findings: Six principles were found as the governing principles of Islamic understanding of the concept of gender, which were: complementarianism, dynamics in time and place, social emotion, selectivity, equality in opportunities for excellence, and competitiveness. There are internal relationships among these principles. For example, complementarianism is one of the effects of competition avoidance, or social affection is a prerequisite for providing equal opportunities for excellence.
Conclusion: The six principles obtained have a greater capacity than the three dominant-egalitarian-liberating mentalities for empowering Muslim women. The importance of context and environment, in addition to the failure of non-divine intellectual foundations in empowering women, can be counted among the reasons for this. Of course, rethinking gender according to an Islamic understanding has been the focus of researchers such as Abbasi and Mousavi (2014) and Qasimpour and Aliabadi (2017) and they have emphasized on referring to religious texts and rereading them correctly. However, the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers have not been analyzed. Identifying these principles can guide economic, educational, social, cultural, social, and political empowerment and act as an umbrella for the empowerment of Muslim women.
Sociology
Fateme Bazgir
Abstract
This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s ...
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This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s lived experiences of social exclusion in a deep way. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling from the residents of Haj Seddique and Farzanegan nursing house in Khorramabad city. The data were gathered by way of deep semi-structured interview. The findings show that the causal conditions of social exclusions are: women’s lack of independent economic status (lack of financial support and loss of ability to work), decline of traditional solidarity in the family (decline of mothers’ authority, generational gap, the growth of individualism) and the transformation of lifestyles (transformation of home’s equipment, semantic change of family labor and the domination of gender bias). These causal conditions are activated through some intervening conditions such as: extreme pessimism and feeling of loneliness. The first one is characterized by mistrust in society and internal vulnerability; and the second factor can be observed in nostalgia for a golden past and the feeling of being forgotten. These two causal and intervening conditions, together, have strong consequences on the life and personality of elderly women, so that they feel that they are dis-embedded from the life-world and thrown into the way of gradual death. That is why they represent some symptoms such as silence/ aggressiveness, feeling of rootlessness and self-illness. Or, they believe in extreme fatalism and dying experiences. In a short way, we can say that living in nursing homes in Khorramabad city, which is semi-traditional and semi-modern, imply one main point: being cut off from the lifeworld and accepting gradual death. This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s lived experiences of social exclusion in a deep way. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling from the residents of Haj Seddique and Farzanegan nursing house in Khorramabad city. The data were gathered by way of deep semi-structured interview. The findings show that the causal conditions of social exclusions are: women’s lack of independent economic status (lack of financial support and loss of ability to work), decline of traditional solidarity in the family (decline of mothers’ authority, generational gap, the growth of individualism) and the transformation of lifestyles (transformation of home’s equipment, semantic change of family labor and the domination of gender bias). These causal conditions are activated through some intervening conditions such as: extreme pessimism and feeling of loneliness. The first one is characterized by mistrust in society and internal vulnerability; and the second factor can be observed in nostalgia for a golden past and the feeling of being forgotten. These two causal and intervening conditions, together, have strong consequences on the life and personality of elderly women, so that they feel that they are dis-embedded from the life-world and thrown into the way of gradual death. That is why they represent some symptoms such as silence/ aggressiveness, feeling of rootlessness and self-illness. Or, they believe in extreme fatalism and dying experiences. In a short way, we can say that living in nursing homes in Khorramabad city, which is semi-traditional and semi-modern, imply one main point: being cut off from the lifeworld and accepting gradual death. This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s lived experiences of social exclusion in a deep way. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling from the residents of Haj Seddique and Farzanegan nursing house in Khorramabad city. The data were gathered by way of deep semi-structured interview. The findings show that the causal conditions of social exclusions are: women’s lack of independent economic status (lack of financial support and loss of ability to work), decline of traditional solidarity in the family (decline of mothers’ authority, generational gap, the growth of individualism) and the transformation of lifestyles (transformation of home’s equipment, semantic change of family labor and the domination of gender bias). These causal conditions are activated through some intervening conditions such as: extreme pessimism and feeling of loneliness.
Women's Studies
GOODARZ SHAHMORADI; azhin abbaspour; Hossein SADEGHI
Abstract
Abstract
Women's entrepreneurship is increasingly important for creating new jobs and contributing to the social and economic growth of their communities, however, the mutual influence and nuances of women's entrepreneurship and culture are less studied. Globally and especially in upper middle ...
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Abstract
Women's entrepreneurship is increasingly important for creating new jobs and contributing to the social and economic growth of their communities, however, the mutual influence and nuances of women's entrepreneurship and culture are less studied. Globally and especially in upper middle income countries, women make up about one third of successful and innovative entrepreneurs focused on national and international markets. Almost half of them are also involved in the wholesale/retail sector and a fifth in the public sector and social services (18.5% of women vs. 10.1% of men). Studies show that there is little cultural support for female entrepreneurs and less successful female founders are celebrated as role models. The purpose of this research is to obtain a framework regarding the impact of cultural attitudes on the social development of women's entrepreneurship.In this research, consolidated studies and a combination of the results of research conducted in the field of women's entrepreneurship development based on cultural attitudes. has been studied. Based on this, in the current research, the total number of articles searched related to the topic is 1547 articles between 2010-2021, of which 305 articles were selected and 17 articles were included in the analysis basket in accordance with the standard protocol, and this analysis basket was analyzed to acceptable values. By applying the meta-analysis method and using the comprehensive meta-analysis software CMA2, this research has examined the correlation coefficients and statistical samples of the previous studies. The values used in the statistical tests in the hypotheses have been analyzed after being converted into the effect size. Based on the effect size (1.345) there is a positive and significant effect between cultural attitude and the development of women's social entrepreneurship, which according to Cohen's effect size interpretation, this effect is considered strong. Finally, the results of this research may be used in the field of entrepreneurial business and sociology. The research findings show that based on Cohen's effect size, cultural attitude has a positive, significant and strong impact on the development of women's social entrepreneurship. The hypothesis of this research has been proven and cultural attitude has a positive, significant and strong effect on the development of women's social entrepreneurship. It is suggested that more field studies be done on the cultural variables and sub-variables of the Iranian society, various ethnicities, cultures and subcultures, as well as their impact on the development of women's social entrepreneurship. Also, effective ways to change cultural attitudes regarding the development of women's social entrepreneurship should be formulated and presented in the form of executive instructions. Generally, the results of many similar studies confirm the conclusions of the present study and indicate the positive and direct impact of cultural attitudes on the development of women's social entrepreneurship.
Urban
Mana Vahidbafandeh; Melika Vahidbafandeh; Javad Imani Shamloo
Abstract
Analyzing the relationship between gender and space together makes the roles and needs of each man and woman clear, especially in urban spaces. This analysis helps to understand how the constructive roles of women lead to the production and reproduction of desirable social relations in urban spaces. ...
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Analyzing the relationship between gender and space together makes the roles and needs of each man and woman clear, especially in urban spaces. This analysis helps to understand how the constructive roles of women lead to the production and reproduction of desirable social relations in urban spaces. The presence of women in public and urban spaces not only reflects but also narrates the desirable relationships of a society. This research has been done in order to better understand the needs of women in order to redefine urban spaces, in total, very few studies have been done in the world to understand gender differences in public spaces. The main goal of this research is to identify the dimensions and components that affect the formation of desirable urban spaces for women using the meta-analysis method.
The searches were done manually and based on the keywords "urban spaces, women" and for sub-keywords, the words "park, public space, single-gender spaces" are substituted with the first keyword, which is included in the process to improve the effectiveness of the topic to provide a more accurate output. Also, the words AND and OR are used for better search of keywords. The period of study is from 1395 to 1401 in Persian sources and between 2016 to 2022 in English sources. Scopus, Elsevier, Web of Science databases have been used to properly use the sources and access the basic information of the articles in the field of Latin sources and to take advantage of Persian sources, relevant keywords have been used in the databases of scientific documents of Iran (Irandoc), the database of national publications Magiran, ElmNet, Civilica, and Google Scholar. The data collection method according to the PRISMA protocol, which is the standard for meta-analysis studies, Also, Spss software has been used to perform meta-analysis tests, and its output has been produced as forest, bubble, funnel (diffusion bias), and heterogeneity detection charts. VOSviewer software has also been used to measure scientific databases for content production in the field of study.
The results show that the main dimensions of the research include physical and functional, structural and spatial, individual and personality, and cultural and social dimensions in the design of urban spaces. The position of researches in the field of urban space design suitable for women in the world research literature is important. So that the highest frequency of studies among English sources has been done in China and India due to the significant population of women, followed by Iran and Australia. Also, the most words related to the main research keywords for producing articles in recent years have been around security and gender. Finally, the researches of this article show that the meta-analysis method can be an effective help in identifying the design components of desirable urban spaces for women.
Women's Studies
Saeed Gholamrezaei; Fatemeh Rahimi-Feyzabad; Fateme Movahedian
Abstract
Rural areas suffer from special problems that must be taken into account to realize the real dimension of the phenomenon. In the meantime, the issue of "rural women's employment" as one of the most important social and economic issues, has gained great importance today. A better understanding ...
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Rural areas suffer from special problems that must be taken into account to realize the real dimension of the phenomenon. In the meantime, the issue of "rural women's employment" as one of the most important social and economic issues, has gained great importance today. A better understanding of rural women’s employment, and the limitation they face, is necessary for the targeting and design of policy interventions. The scarce economic and employment opportunities women can access in rural areas have been focused mostly on self-employment. Indeed, in many countries, rural women are often self-employed as own account workers (running small businesses with no employees). Women's self-employment can improve both women's intrahousehold bargaining position and their children's health, nutrition, and education outcomes. Rural women's self-employment and their success in creating jobs not only brings economic benefits but also social and cultural benefits. In such a situation, the cooperative sector is a suitable field for rural women's self-employment through strengthening the participation culture. Cooperatives with the participation of their members can play an important role in reducing poverty, creating self-employment, and increasing employment and entrepreneurship of rural women. But before making any effort to improve the employment status of rural women, it is necessary to investigate the rural women's intention to start cooperatives. Therefore, there is a need to clarify the most influential elements in shaping personal decisions to start a self-employed business in the form of cooperatives. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting the behavioral intention of rural women members of Lorestan Province micro-credit funds towards self-employment in cooperatives using Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT). SCCT (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994, 2000) is concerned with the interplay between a variety of personal, environmental, and behavioral variables that are assumed to give rise to people’s academic and career-related interests, choices, and performance outcomes. Among its personal variables, the theory emphasizes the central role of self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations, and goals (intention) in enabling people to assert personal control on behalf of their career efforts. However, SCCT is equally concerned with variables, such as environmental supports and barriers that may either promote or restrict the exercise of personal control. This study was designed and implemented through a survey method. The statistical population consisted of all rural women members of Lorestan Province Micro Credit Funds (N= 1087) who sampling of multistage quota proportional to the sample size through Krejcie and Morgan sampling table resulted in to select of 307 samples. Data collection in this study was conducted using a researcher-made questionnaire. After preparing the questionnaire and confirming its validity by the experts panel, its reliability was confirmed through a pilot study by calculating Cronbach's alpha values for the variables investigated. Structural equation modeling was used to determine factors influencing rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives through AMOS24. Pearson's correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between Social Cognitive Career Theory variables. Correlation results show that the self-employment intention variable had a positive and significant relationship with the variables of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, social support, and interests. Also, the self-employment intention variable has a negative and significant relationship with the social barriers variable. To investigate factors affecting the intention of rural women members of Lorestan province micro-credit funds towards self-employment, structural equation modeling was used using AMOS24 software. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that the interests variable has the highest direct impact on rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives and self-efficacy has the highest indirect influence on rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives. One of the most important development goals in most countries is job creation and poverty alleviation in rural areas, especially for rural women who are half of the rural population and since this deprived section of the society is a large part of the workforce needed in the agricultural sector, giving importance to their needs should be prioritized in development plans. For this purpose and to meet the financial and economic needs of women and create income, self-employment and increase their self-confidence, the formation of cooperatives can be effective. But a vital issue that is important in this regard is the factors that influence the decision and intention of rural women to start investing and working in cooperatives. Based on the results, the Social Cognitive Career Theory was a suitable theory to predict rural women's self-employment intention.
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