kiumars zarafshani; KHOSHGHADAM KHALEDI; Mansour Ghanian
Volume 7, Issue 3 , September 2009
Abstract
Over the past decades, participatory approaches to development have been the center of attention not only as a means to sustainable development but also as an end. Although women's role in rural development is emphasized, their participation in extension educational programs is nevertheless limited. ...
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Over the past decades, participatory approaches to development have been the center of attention not only as a means to sustainable development but also as an end. Although women's role in rural development is emphasized, their participation in extension educational programs is nevertheless limited. Using Sherry Aronstein theoretical framework, the descriptive-survey research aims to determine the level of participation among rural women. Considering Krejcie and Morgan (1980) table of sample size, multistage random sampling is used to select 120 rural women. The results follow Sherry Arnstein's ladder from bottom to top sequentially as manipulation, therapy, informing, consultation, placation, partnership, delegated power, and citizen control. Findings reveal that rural women are more on manipulation level (non-participation) and less on placation level (tokenism). Results also show that there is a significant difference between women's participation and educational level as well as marital status. Finally, recommendations are provided to enhance rural women's participation in extension education programs.
