Sociology
Marzieh Movafaq; Rasool Nazari; Elham Moshkelgosha
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to present a model to explain the ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management. Philosophically, this research is interpretationist and from the point of view of inductive approach. In terms of strategy, this study is a data base theory type and a qualitative ...
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The purpose of this research is to present a model to explain the ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management. Philosophically, this research is interpretationist and from the point of view of inductive approach. In terms of strategy, this study is a data base theory type and a qualitative research type. The data was obtained through interviews, and the statistical community consists of 15 experts in the field of sports management. The snowball method was used for sampling and the sampling continued until the theoretical saturation limit was reached. To collect information, a semi-structured interview was used, and in order to analyze the data, three overlapping processes of open coding, axial coding and theoretical coding were used. By considering the text of all the interviews in the open coding stage, 303 concepts were identified, and after combining similar codes, 23 concepts were obtained. Then, in the axial coding phase, ten main categories were determined. The results showed that the selection criteria for management positions in sports organizations are not fair due to cultural and individual reasons. It is suggested that the selection criteria be such that both hierarchy is considered and starting from the middle level; As a result, the laws should be adjusted in such a way that the presence of women in social and cultural fields, including sports activities, becomes more prominent and the selection of women is based on meritocracy and specialization.
Sociology
Mahdieh Akhondi; Karam Habibpour Gatabi; Zahra Hazrati Some'eh
Abstract
The issue of women's political participation in developing countries is a complex phenomenon and is related to the dynamics and development of political systems. The purpose of this research is to understand and analyze the situation of women's political participation, which was done with qualitative ...
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The issue of women's political participation in developing countries is a complex phenomenon and is related to the dynamics and development of political systems. The purpose of this research is to understand and analyze the situation of women's political participation, which was done with qualitative methodology and Grounded theory method. For this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with seventeen women living in Tehran who were selected by purposeful sampling and a combination of snowball strategies and maximum changes. After data analysis, 85 primary codes, seven core categories, and one core category were extracted through the data coding system: Causal conditions (economic issues and challenges, egalitarian governance), background conditions (unequal political structure and patriarchal challenges), intervening conditions (personal-spiritual factors), strategies (merits and creating a platform for prosperity), and consequences (active political activism of women and rejection of passivity) political). Also, "women's political participation; Meaningful and multifaceted action" was counted as the core category and finally the paradigm model extracted from the data was established. The findings indicate that women are active actors and activists in political participation and take actions based on political issues; An action of the type of participation that identifies the obstacles and facilitating factors can open the way for their active political participation as effective citizens in the field of politics.
Sociology
Fatemeh Bazgir; Jamal Mohammadi
Abstract
This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s ...
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This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s lived experiences of social exclusion. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling from the residents of Haj Seddique and Farzanegan nursing house. The data were gathered by way of deep semi-structured interview. The findings show that the causal conditions of social exclusions are: women’s lack of independent economic status (lack of financial support and loss of ability to work), decline of traditional solidarity in the family (decline of mothers’ authority, generational gap, the growth of individualism) and the transformation of lifestyles (transformation of home’s equipment, semantic change of family labor and the domination of gender bias). These are activated through some intervening conditions such as: extreme pessimism and feeling of loneliness. The first one is characterized by mistrust in society and internal vulnerability; and the second factor can be observed in nostalgia for a golden past and the feeling of being forgotten. It is in this way that they feel that they are dis-embedded from the life-world and thrown into the way of gradual death. So, they represent some symptoms such as silence/ aggressiveness, feeling of rootlessness and self-illness. Or, they believe in extreme fatalism and dying experiences.
Sociology
Mahsa Tizchang; Sharareh Mehdizadeh
Abstract
The present study has described and analyzed the experiences of women domestic workers living in multiple and different worlds. This study aimed to understand the lived experiences of these women as a silent and marginalized group due to the lack of an official position in the legal structure and the ...
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The present study has described and analyzed the experiences of women domestic workers living in multiple and different worlds. This study aimed to understand the lived experiences of these women as a silent and marginalized group due to the lack of an official position in the legal structure and the weakness of research. First of all, the questions of this study are based on the description of the salient points of domestic worker women's experience of the work and life situation in a context of different worlds. In what situations and with which mechanisms do these women experience difference and inequality? How does the perception resulting from such an experience manifest itself in people's consciousness? How can the more structural implications of such situational perception be explained? The approach and method are based on the existential phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, which is focused on the experience of the embodied subject in the world, whose perception is determined based on her situation concerning others and the world. The statistical population included female domestic workers aged 25 to 55 in Tehran, who were selected through snowball and criterion-related sampling. The results of the study show that the outstanding levels of perception among these women are the result of situations of powerlessness, ambiguity and not being at ease which is the result of the predominance of informal relations, away from legal supervision and intermingled with cultural practices that reproduce a structure of power hierarchies at the everyday level. Such a context makes the intention or motivation and daily practices of both sides subject to the possibility of multiple readings; This is largely due to cultural contexts and social beliefs regarding moral systems, dignified principles, and the reasons for placing people in hierarchical social stratifications. We are constantly acting based on perception and awareness affected by such entanglements, and we enable the reproduction of epistemic systems that We are not necessarily aware of their consequences. In the theme of instrumentalization, the participants found themselves in situations of excessive accessibility, worthlessness, and identification with the work they do. Ambiguity implied a perceptual background that was, at the first level, affected by borderline relations between the worker and the employer in an informal atmosphere and based on non-standard conditions or lack of supervision and rules, mixed with empathic, authoritarian, pitiful, and exploitative behaviors that Their interference in people's experience, in addition to the fact that it had led to indirect indications of such relationships; A form of sensory confusion followed. In the third theme, continuous exposure to the symbols of inequality, the difference in social status, and levels of Prosperity under contradictory situations could be recognized in the entire narrative of the participants, which shows the state of not being at ease. The meaning of such a space of plurality and multiple/contradictory possibilities of action/reaction can be understood in the shadow of Merleau-Ponty's belief that perception is inevitably accompanied by action; Perception, which is an inevitable aspect of our existence in the world, and always affects us through direct or indirect contact with others, their beliefs, their history, and their stories. A common focus of the literature on paid domestic work in the world is that the gender and social class of domestic workers are central to explaining the structural oppression of domestic work. Such an approach is confirmed in the present study. They show that the inequalities reproduced in domestic service flows are largely maintained through emotional ambiguities amid such intersections. At the macro level, it can be said that the market model of care - of which rental home care is one of the main pillars - not only reproduces existing social inequalities but also reinforces the traditional gender division of labor and institutionalized servitude. Unlike the market care model, a public care model that is included in the public system of the country allows for consideration of gender, class, and cultural equality relations. The public model of care also considers the responsibility of care and the care needs of the lower social classes and marginalized groups. While such a commitment is specific to social biases, it is necessary to problematize gender bias in the public model of care and to revitalize the social struggle to recognize domestic work and its value. The approach and method is based on the existential phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, which is focused on the experience of the embodied subject in the world, whose perception is determined based on her situation in relation to others and the world. The statistical population included female domestic workers aged 25 to 55 in Tehran, who were selected through snowball and criterion-related sampling. The results of the study show that the outstanding levels of perception among these women are the result of situations of powerlessness, ambiguity and not being at ease that is clearly the result of the predominance of informal relations, away from legal supervision and intermingled with cultural practices that reproduce a structure of power hierarchies at the everyday level. Such a context makes the intention or motivation and daily practices of both sides subject to the possibility of multiple readings; This is largely due to cultural contexts and social beliefs regarding moral systems, dignified principles, and the reasons for placing people in hierarchical social stratifications. We are constantly acting on the basis of perception and awareness affected by such entanglements, and we enable the reproduction of epistemic systems that We are not necessarily aware of its consequences. In the theme of instrumentalization, the participants found themselves in situations of excessive accessibility, worthlessness and identification with the work they do. Ambiguity implied a perceptual background that was, at the first level, affected by borderline relations between the worker and the employer in an informal atmosphere and based on non-standard conditions or lack of supervision and rules, mixed with empathic, authoritarian, pitiful and exploitative behaviors that Their interference in people's experience, in addition to the fact that it had led to indirect indications of such relationships; A form of sensory confusion followed. In the third theme, continuous exposure to the symbols of inequality, difference in social status and levels of Prosperity under contradictory situations could be recognized in the entire narrative of the participants, which shows the state of not being at ease. The meaning of such a space of plurality and multiple/contradictory possibilities of action/reaction can be understood in the shadow of Merleau-Ponty's belief that perception is inevitably accompanied by action; Perception, which is an inevitable aspect of our existence in the world, and always affects us through direct or indirect contact with others, their beliefs, their history, and their stories. A common focus of the literature on paid domestic work in the world is that the gender and social class of domestic workers are central to explaining the structural oppression of domestic work. Such an approach is confirmed in the present study. They show that the inequalities reproduced in domestic service flows are largely maintained through emotional ambiguities in the midst of such intersections.At the macro level, it can be said that the market model of care - of which rental home care is one of the main pillars - not only reproduces existing social inequalities, but also reinforces the traditional gender division of labor and institutionalized servitude. Unlike the market care model, a public care model that is included in the public system of the country, allows to consider gender, class and cultural equality relations. The public model of care also considers the responsibility of care and the care needs of the lower social classes and marginalized groups. While such a commitment is specific to social biases, it is necessary to problematize gender bias in the public model of care and to revitalize the social struggle to recognize care (including domestic work) and its value.
Sociology
Osman Hedayat
Abstract
The current research aims to phenomenologically understand how the girls living in border lines face life after graduation. It uses girls' experiences as a basis for the situation analysis of graduates in border regions to analyze the multiple determinants of their marginal, gender, and educational status. ...
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The current research aims to phenomenologically understand how the girls living in border lines face life after graduation. It uses girls' experiences as a basis for the situation analysis of graduates in border regions to analyze the multiple determinants of their marginal, gender, and educational status. Becuse of their inferior status, which can be due to gender discrimination, or/and their being border residents, or/and being an ethnic and religious minority, they have considered graduation as the only way out of the multiple intersections of inequality they face in life. The current research has discussed this subject with the graduating border-living girls to discover whether higher education has led them to improve their status. Therefore, the lived experience of female graduates of public universities has been studied in four dimensions: lived body, lived time, lived space, and lived human relationships after graduation. It attempts to restore the voice and position of girls as subordinates in graduation status in a borderline, gender, and educational situation. For this, Max Van Manen's hermeneutic and methodological approach has been applied to interpret and analyze the experiences of 30 female graduates in various fields of public universities in rural and urban border areas of Marivan, Sarovabad, and Baneh. Considering that the narratives of university the border-living graduated girls are studies, a hermeneutic theoretical basis is adopted and mega-narratives, on the one hand, and rejecting pre-existing assumptions, are avoided. In this research, hermeneutic phenomenology (interpretation) with emphasis on Max Van Manen's perspective and technique is applied to acquire the lived experiences of female graduates. According to van Manen, harmonic phenomenology provides a systematic approach to studying and interpreting a phenomenon, and it also allows the phenomenon to be analyzed and discovered with an interpretative point of view so that the researcher can gain a deeper understanding during the interpretation process. The results showed that the interviewees' understanding of their bodies is indicative of a worn-out body, caused by the entry into higher education and the borderline situation. Girls experience time in the forms of stress and social suffering, and they perceive border space after graduation as an unsafe and unstable space. Themes indicate the idea of discerning time as understanding the suffering of exclusion and marginalization from development and politics. The subject-border situation has created an environment for female graduates that is insecure and unstable. A space born from the frontier position, the position of femininity, the position of graduation. This space has influenced and shaped both the body and time. The chain of dimensions was completed with the description and analysis of human relations lived in the border situation. In such a way that they put human relationships after graduation in a borderline position with contradictory relationships. Relationships that were formed by disconnecting from the previous position and entering the university, and then returning to the borderline position due to rejection in the work and job process, lack of re-creation of a better position and position. They also interpret human relationships in the form of contradictory relationships, which indicate a break from the relationships before and after the graduates, relationships that are unstable and experienced as interruptions. Therefore, although they have not been able to change their position by graduating, they have found a deep understanding of it, which indicates questioning the role of higher education in the change of women in border areas. The discussion of marginalized subjects due to being in a borderline position and being a woman has been this research's theoretical, experimental, and methodological position. The discussion of the life world of female graduates living in the border areas of Kurdistan province, who are in multiple intersections of subjugation, brings us to the multidimensionality and multifacetedness of their views, critiques, and situational pluralism. Discovering the multi-layered nature of their subordinate position - the layer of location (bordering), time position (graduate in the current state of the higher education system), ethnic position (being Kurdish), religious position (being Sunni), and more importantly, gender position (female) Being a girl) is one of the results of this research.
Sociology
Sedigheh Piri; Zahra Asadhaydari
Abstract
The primary goal of this study is to observe conceptual changes in loyalty. The research questions are as follows: What is the difference between girls' and their mothers' understanding of loyalty? And what is their reaction to the disloyalty of their spouses? Through reviewing related studies, the most ...
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The primary goal of this study is to observe conceptual changes in loyalty. The research questions are as follows: What is the difference between girls' and their mothers' understanding of loyalty? And what is their reaction to the disloyalty of their spouses? Through reviewing related studies, the most important innovative aspect of this study is that it attempts to analyze the experience of two generations of daughters and mothers in the field of loyalty understanding. Also, another innovative aspect of this study is that it intends to deal with their strategies for achieving loyalty and confronting disloyalty. Theoretical concepts such as Bowman's "Liquid Love," Giddens' "Pure Relationship Theory," Illouz's "Emotional Capitalism," Badiou's "In Praise of Love," and "Ideal Types of social actions" were used to raise theoretical sensitivities. The research method is thematic analysis. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview technique. The samples were Tehranin married daughters aged 23-33 and their mothers (13 mothers and 13 daughters). Based on the primary and the secondary objectives, we grouped 15 main categories into three demeans.The first dimension is the semantic conception of loyalty, including multiple elements of loyalty meaning, intergenerational interpretation of loyalty concept, liberating loyalty, loyalty as the commitment to housekeeping roles, and commodified love and loyalty; the second dimension contains strategies which include: the restorative insight of mothers, daughters' eliminative reaction, effective persuasion, legitimation strategy, a ternary mixture of "conversation, counseling, friendship-basis," and reconsideration in the relationship; We named the final dimension as intervenors, which includes: the shadow of the paternal family and mothers being as referent, religious-moral beliefs and guarantees of loyalty, fear of disputes escalation in case of family intervention, and the importance of the chosen strategies in crucial situations.The findings show a diversity of meanings related to loyalty among participants.A) The dominant concept of loyalty in both generations is sexual and emotional betrayal.b) Another common meaning is that loyalty is a kind of relationship based on adherence to commitment, roles, and responsibilities. c) Another meaning of generally emphasized loyalty, is loyalty as a kind of inner emotional bond, a high level of intimacy, love, and the expression of love.d) Loyalty is one of the most important moral and religious principles emphasized by mothers.e) Loyalty is meaningful as long as it does not hinder their freedom as seen in daughters.The results show that the meaning of loyalty largely depends on the age of participants, mothers commonly percept disloyalty as betrayal, and daughters who are closer to their mothers in terms of age have a similar definition, but in younger daughters, the definition of loyalty is more biased to concepts such as love, intimacy, and liberation. Religious beliefs influence the choice of strategies, especially in mothers; The academic capital of mothers and daughters affects the way they interpret loyalty, and those with higher academic capital, even in more socially prestigious areas, have newer and more modern perceptions of loyalty, which has been mentioned in the previous chapters; The cultural capital, primarily academic capital, in the family, especially in mother, play a very important role helping daughter in choosing strategies while facing challenges, when cultural capital is high, her experience and guidance, make solving daughter's marital issues easier, directing daughters to the efficient family consultations, sticking to conversations instead of spreading issues to the families, are some of such strategies. On the other hand, when the cultural capital is low, facing issues incorrectly by both parties, disloyalty, or even a sense of it, lead to divorce; age also has an impact on choosing strategies. The restorative strategies are more common to mothers, while eliminative one, commodified emotional relationships, and consultation are more common among daughters. Mothers rarely use consultation, sometimes with an incorrect imagination of it because of encouraging youth to divorce; Low economic capital affects chosen strategies in both daughters and mothers. Those from weaker economic backgrounds often opt for restorative and legitimation strategies over eliminative ones. An eliminative strategy is more common among economically independent people
Sociology
mahmoud mohammadi
Abstract
Increasing the level of education of women and girls, increasing the level of employment and economic activities, as well as the presence in the virtual space and membership in social networks, has led to women's rethinking of gender roles. This change in attitude and feeling has led to their more active ...
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Increasing the level of education of women and girls, increasing the level of employment and economic activities, as well as the presence in the virtual space and membership in social networks, has led to women's rethinking of gender roles. This change in attitude and feeling has led to their more active presence in the public sphere. They want to gain more power than in the past and play a more important role in redefining and rebuilding society. This tendency of girls to be present in public spaces and activism in social, educational, economic, and political fields is a sign of changes in girls' perception of the role of femininity and girlhood in society. The purpose of this article is to represent the lived experiences and perceptions of Farhangian University female students about girlhood. In this way, this article answers this question: How are lived experiences of female students of Farhangian University about girlhood?This research is qualitative and describes and analyzes students' lived experiences of girlhood. The phenomenological approach is a suitable method for investigating people's lived experiences. The sample of research in this article is female students of Alborz Farhangian University. Based on this, the lived experiences of 22 students were collected. The age of the participants was between 20 and 23 years and all the students were female. The data collection method is a semi-structured interview. Students answered three general questions.1- How do you describe being a girl?2- What issues and problems have you faced due to being a girl?3- How do you feel and understand the general perception (society, family, acquaintances, etc.) of girlhood?After collecting the interviews, data analysis began. The data analysis method is thematic analysis. Narratives of the investigated samples of girlhood were categorized into 3 main themes: characteristics of girlhood, problems of girlhood, and agency of girlhood.1- Characteristics of girlhood: Most of the examined samples highlighted the emotional characteristics and emotional behaviors of girls and emphasized the importance of feelings and emotions in the lives of girls. The studied samples have expressed the feeling of security and peace and the need for affection and attention as the basic needs of girls. Also, the investigated samples listed girls as having emotional characteristics such as patience, sadness, and kindness.2- Problems of girlhood: The studied samples have expressed the problems of girls in society in three categories: restriction and deprivation, injustice and discrimination, and social misconceptions towards girls. The feeling of restriction and deprivation in the family, social, cultural, and economic spheres for girls is one of the most important problems that the majority of students have mentioned in their experiences. They have stated that they have faced family, social, cultural, and economic deprivations and restrictions in their everyday experiences. Also, the feeling of injustice and discrimination has been repeated in most of the examined samples. Almost all the examined samples have implicitly and openly pointed out that they have faced injustice and discrimination in social life. Also, the investigated samples were dissatisfied with some social misconceptions that are common about girls and protested against them. They have stated in their experiences that many people in society see girls and women as the second sex that needs care and control. Also, they think that women and girls are weak and incomplete so they are dependent on men and they cannot manage their lives without men. These social perceptions towards women and girls strongly cause deprivation and restrictions for girls and provide the necessary grounds and justifications for injustice and discrimination against girls.3- the agency of girlhood: Examining the lived experiences of student girls shows that they are dissatisfied with some common misconceptions about girls and are looking for active agency and activism in the public and social sphere. The studied students were strongly seeking to change and correct social misconceptions about girls by intervening in society and showing their capabilities and talents.Half of society is made up of women and girls. One of the methods that help to understand and recognize women's society is to examine the perceptions of femininity and girlhood in the society of women and girls. The results of this research show that girls' perceptions about the roles of femininity and girlhood in society have changed. This change in perception of girlhood has led to their tendency to be more present in public spaces and they want to be active in institutions and areas that determine their social fate in society.
Sociology
ali feizolahi
Abstract
Introduction: Domestic violence is observed in all societies, in all social groups and classes, and numerous reports have confirmed that it is a problem in Iran. Some sociologists have tried to explain such a situation from the perspective of gender socialization, and some have considered it as ...
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Introduction: Domestic violence is observed in all societies, in all social groups and classes, and numerous reports have confirmed that it is a problem in Iran. Some sociologists have tried to explain such a situation from the perspective of gender socialization, and some have considered it as a product of the patriarchal system and oppression against women. Some people consider problematizing of this problem to be more due to the perception and understanding of the society and important social groups. Therefore, knowing the quality and quantity of the problem, requires conducting research from the perspective of the people involved in that problematized situation.However, the necessity of conducting this research consists of the following: First, the social researches of the last few decades in Iran regarding the phenomenon of domestic violence have mainly been conducted with quantitative approaches, and this research has been conducted with a qualitative approach based on the grounded theory method, which is an appropriate method. Second, presenting a local analysis of the phenomenon of domestic violence from the perspective of the women themselves who have experienced violence. Meanwhile, the purpose of this research is to know how women understand the conditions, contexts, and consequences of domestic violence in their lives.Method: The research is qualitative and based on the method of grounded theory. Respondents were selected using purposive sampling method with the criterion of theoretical saturation among violent married women who referred to positive life centers of the Behzisti Organization in Ilam. The Acceptance criteria were used for accreditation and reliability was achieved through auditing method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 30 of the battered married women and coding were performed using Nvivo12 software.Findings: In the data analysis and in the process of open coding, 288 meaningful statements and 160 primary concepts were obtained, by combining the concepts, 48 subcategories and 21 main categories were extracted, and by using the categories derived from the research, and by discovering lied meanings. In the interviews, the results have been analyzed and presented based on the paradigm model.Findings indicate the role of family factors such as stressful interaction, status imbalance; Social factors such as carnival-like encounters with marriage; Cultural factors such as patriarchal perceptions. Women's reactions have been largely passive, and the consequences have been the normalization of the role of passive victim for women.Discussion: Comparing the research findings with the theories of thinkers containing similarities and convergences, including in areas such as: "violence as a learned thing" and "learned helplessness of women causing women's passive reactions" (social learning theory), "violence against women is a product of long traditions The domain of male domination and patriarchy" (feminist perspective), "violence as a consequence of ignoring and justifying violence against women" (theory of condescending attitudes) and also the theory of the integrated ecological model are in theoretical comparison. In the selective coding of this research, it has led to the selection of two core research categories, which means that in the first degree.Domestic violence against women is the product of women's experienced helplessness, which, in conjunction with the second core category, which is patriarchal ideas, and the combination and convergence of these two, leads to the establishment, stabilization, reproduction and continuation of a subculture of domestic violence against women, and passive reactions. Against this, women help the normalization process of this particular kind of abnormality.In other words, this special type of "learned helplessness" as well as normalizing the role of "passive victim" for women, is pregnant with the mechanisms that foster semantic justifications and prepare cultural bases for the acceptance of domestic violence against women, and it deepens ideological justifications charged with the components of patriarchal culture. It helps in the studied society.The final result of this process can be analyzed under the core category of the research entitled "Domestic violence against women is a product of the combination of women's experienced helplessness and patriarchal ideas", which is the result of family management in the context of preserving the functions of patriarchal tradition along with the structural transmission of violence in It is a cultural mechanism based on gender socialization. In other words, domestic violence is the result of family management in the context of preserving the functions of the patriarchal tradition, along with the structural transmission of violence in the cultural mechanism and based on gender socialization, which fosters forms of subculture of violence that have extensive negative consequences for women, their children and society.
Sociology
Abbas Lotfizadeh; Mohammad javad Zahedi Mazandarani
Abstract
Recently, extensive changes have occurred in the social and intimate relationships of the Iranian society, especially among women, and today young women show a different approach compared to the women of previous generations on intimate relationships. The area of family relationships in Tabriz, like ...
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Recently, extensive changes have occurred in the social and intimate relationships of the Iranian society, especially among women, and today young women show a different approach compared to the women of previous generations on intimate relationships. The area of family relationships in Tabriz, like the entire society of Iran, has undergone transformation in the last century. Among others, we can mention the increase in the divorce rate, the increase in the age of marriage, and the ongoing tensions in married life. On the other hand, the individual and social identity of women has also undergone changes subjected to social and political changes in the society. In the past decades, influenced by modernization and modernism, Tabriz women have experienced extensive structural and attitudinal changes in their role and status. The change in the role and status of women, more than anything else, can affect their attitudes to married life. The question that can be raised is whether the recent pervasive entrance of women into the public sphere has changed their attitudes to intimacy and intimate relationships?The present research deals with the sociological study of intimate relationships between spouses, focusing on the experience and attitude of women, and their transformation in the city of Tabriz during the last three generations. The purpose of this research is to understand the transformation of Tabriz women's experiences and attitudes on intimacy and married life. Therefore, this article examines the intimate experiences of three generations of Tabriz women regarding to the social conditions of their adolescence and intends to highlight and analyze new dimensions of marital intimacy.The research method used in this research is qualitative. Narrative interviews were used to collect information and grounded theory was used for analyzing data. Therefore, in this research, an attempt was made to clarify different dimensions of married life by using in-depth narrative interviews with women. For a more systematic investigation, three groups of women were separated: Young women, their mothers and grandmothers. The adolescence of these three age groups can be related to the social and political developments of the last century in Iran. In the first period, the forced modernization of the Pahlavi government, which started from the time of Reza Khan and reached its peak in the 1960s and 1970s, pushed at least some social groups of women into the public domain. In the second period, with the occurrence of the Islamic revolution, the emotional and traditional role of women as housewives was promoted and strengthened. And in the third period, which starts from the late 1990s and the beginning of the 21st century, with the spread of new communication technologies, the relationship of women with the public sphere changed once again and the presence of women in the public sphere of society was facilitated.This article claims that there has been a transformation in the intimacy practices during the three generations under the study. The analysis of the findings shows that in the first generation and to some extent in the second generation, intense social control over social interactions led to adjusting intimate life, but in the third generation, pure intimacy gradually emerged, with the spread of modern forces. Also, in the first and second generations, intimate interactions took place behind the scenes of social life, but with the spread of modern forces and the reduction of the threshold of shame, the social veils of intimacy have become thinner, so that in the third generation, public expression of intimacy is considered a sign of being modern.Finally, according to the findings of the research, it can be said that during the three generations under investigation, there has been an obvious transformation in the practices and patterns of intimacy, and the dominant pattern of intimate life in the third generation has obvious differences with the previous generations. Nowadays, marriages are mainly of an individual and romantic nature; Marital lives has a dynamic character and is based on negotiation; The nature of marital relationships tends to “pure relationship” and mutual interest; Women have an opposing approach to the patriarchal normative system; And expressing intimate actions in the presence of others is not much avoided, unlike the previous generations. The modernization of women has played an important role in this change. Therefore, this article describes the common pattern in the first and second generation with the term “traditional intimacy” and the common pattern in the third generation with the term “modern intimacy”.
Sociology
Ahmadreza Asgharpourmasouleh; Fariba Firouzi; Gholamreza Sedighouraee
Abstract
Finding and maintaining a job position is influenced by several factors, including gender. Women, especially women who are heads of households, face many concerns in finding and maintaining a job position. This study has focused on participants who are female heads of households and seek help from the ...
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Finding and maintaining a job position is influenced by several factors, including gender. Women, especially women who are heads of households, face many concerns in finding and maintaining a job position. This study has focused on participants who are female heads of households and seek help from the Relief Committee and tries to provide a perceptual image of the job search process and the lived experience of this group of women by using the grounded theory method. Findings show that the job opportunities of the women studied in most cases are so eroding and shaky that they can be considered less illuminating for the future of the client. In these women's lives, the challenges that arise in this process outweigh the potential strengths. They suffer from physical and mental exhaustion due to occupational activity beyond the typical retirement ages, and their physical condition will be threatened in the future. In addition, these women face challenges in the workplace that are related to their gender, which makes the workplace unsafe for them. This insecurity makes them reluctant to accept a job position. As a result, the emphasis on sustainable training is one of the effective strategies to improve their situation.
Sociology
Fatemeh Mansourian; Narges Nikkhah Ghamsari; Mohammad Ganji; sosan bastani
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to investigate and present the viewpoints of employed men and women graduates and the construct of gender in the workplace. In this study, in addition to avoiding one-dimensional and narrow view in the analysis of employment and gender, a GrandedTheory approach and ...
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The main purpose of this study is to investigate and present the viewpoints of employed men and women graduates and the construct of gender in the workplace. In this study, in addition to avoiding one-dimensional and narrow view in the analysis of employment and gender, a GrandedTheory approach and an exploratory one were employed. The qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews and purposive sampling method from 22 educated men and women working in Tehran. The data were analyzed with MAXQDA software and data-driven theory method.The paradigm model obtained from interpreting the viewpoints of the population under study indicated that the core phenomenon (gender construction of employment) could be defined based on the interactions of factors such as causal conditions (gender relations governing the work environment, gender beliefs and constructive rules); underlying conditions (challenges of the workplace, the nature of the workplace and the support of communication networks) and intervening conditions (recognizing the professional position, job quality and the paradox of the university and the labor market). While confirming qualitative findings, the analysis of data revealed that women experienced the gender construct and unequal access to resources more than men in workplace. In the final analysis it could be said that working women, when exposed to unequal access to opportunities and resources, can change the way of access to resources with their active action strategy, but this does not imply absolute freedom. The structure is imposed by rules and resources such as gender relations in the workplace, gender beliefs, constructive rules, lack of communication network support, authoritarian work environment, workplace challenges and paradoxes between the university and the labor market and it changes and limits women actions. Men, like women, acknowledged the existence of a masculine dominant environment in work, the existence of discriminatory laws, the challenges of the workplace, the paradox of the university, and the tendency of the labor market to exclude and marginalize women. Based on these results and a multivariate view of gender construction in the workplace, it is possible for women to achieve greater participation and leading the workplace to move towards avoiding gender domination by reviewing the employment policies, reforming managers' attitudes and balancing power in the family.
Sociology
Fatemeh Ghanipour Khondabi; Mohammad Hossein Asadi Davoodabadi; Omid Ali Ahmadi; Ali Roshanaie
Abstract
As the foundation for making a living as well as a context to demonstrate human creativity and capabilities, job and employment have not been free from the effects of gender, age, and class throughout history. The boundaries of these social variables’ impacts are determined by the dominant discourse ...
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As the foundation for making a living as well as a context to demonstrate human creativity and capabilities, job and employment have not been free from the effects of gender, age, and class throughout history. The boundaries of these social variables’ impacts are determined by the dominant discourse in each period in the historical trend and in a certain social-cultural texture through exercising existent social powers.By choosing discourse theory and analysis based on Laclau and Murphy, the present research explores the history of women employment and its effects on individual and social lives of Iranian women and families. The present research is based on historical documents and data from different periods of Iran history: pre-modern, Qajar colonial economy, Pahlavi, and Islamic Revolution.The results show that in the discourse of Islamic Revolution - with “equality and non-similarity of rights for men and women” being its central signifier – a semantic system of signifiers, such as chastity and hijab, segregation by gender in professions and workplaces, and expectation for women to be at home, has been formed. Emphasis on a healthy and safe workplace along with simultaneous and tensionless playing of wife and mother’s role have made women employment in Iranian post-revolution period distinctive and better in comparison with Pahlavi Period and before.
Sociology
Ghasem Zaeri; fatemeh yusefinejad
Abstract
Abstract The policy of Compulsory "Unveiling" was implemented in January 1936 (Dāy 1314) as the official policy of the First Pahlavi Regime, and accordingly, women were forced to unveil by the police force. In September 1943, during the Second Pahlavi era, the government ordered to eliminate the term ...
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Abstract The policy of Compulsory "Unveiling" was implemented in January 1936 (Dāy 1314) as the official policy of the First Pahlavi Regime, and accordingly, women were forced to unveil by the police force. In September 1943, during the Second Pahlavi era, the government ordered to eliminate the term "compulsory" in this policy. This article is studying the resistance of social actors, in particular women's agency, to the implementation of this law and will show that in three main periods, from 1927 to 1935, and from 1935 to 1941, and from 1941 to 1943, three different forms of resistance against unveiling has been formed. The beginning of World War II in 1939 and the occupation of Iran by the Allies in 1941 are the most important structural changes that have provided context for action of social actors. The Second Pahlavi required that the clergy (Ulamā) support his monarchy or at least they do not disagree with it. This is another important change that helps the institutional revival of the clergy as an important power in topic of hijab. The article will show that there is no uniform and planned process in confronting women with "Unveiling" whereas this is resulted from the historical and social dispersed forces which provides the context for "Return to Hijab" in 1943. Women pursue a set of strategies against the policy of unveiling such as positive resistance and innovation in clothing design, negative resistance and physical conflict with police officers, immigration, staying at home and social deprivation, as well as petitioning for legal authorities. During the course of this resistance and return, the next discourse of hijab is formed such as "Hijab as Freedom" or the responsibility of the government to promote hijab. The Foucault method of analyzing historical trends, and first-hand documents, and official reports of the police and the Ministry of Interior, and oral history at the aforementioned time periods has been used in this paper.
Sociology
Ahmad Ghiasvand; sara asadi
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the marital life experiences of women in Kermanshah. These women are the ones who have spent at least a decade of their married life together and are unwilling to divorce. The research method was narrative analysis and purposeful sampling was used. Finally, ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the marital life experiences of women in Kermanshah. These women are the ones who have spent at least a decade of their married life together and are unwilling to divorce. The research method was narrative analysis and purposeful sampling was used. Finally, 20 women were interviewed. Qualitative analysis (themes) The story of women's marital stability experience can be narrated in five situations: First position: family's desire to get married: This situation involves two sub-categories: the preference for family experience and interest over the girl's interest in marriage. stage two: Couples living under one roof: This includes events and conflicts that include: feelings of childlessness for mothers, sexual needs, conflict until divorce.Stage Three: Impact on Couples' Adaptation: After the height of conflict, couples gradually adapt. It has a great impact on separation from the paternal family and independence. Stage Four: Begin Honeymoon Living: Couples' attention to shared desire gives them a sense of calm. Women also experience some form of marital stability after having children. Stage Five: Satisfying Marital Life: At this point, women have had enough experiences to continue living. They have also learned to manage relationships within and outside the family. Thus, the stability of marital life can be narrated in the form of external family supervision and couples' internal commitment.
Sociology
Shahla Bagheri; Javad Madahi; Tahere Lotfi Khachki
Abstract
Single life, increased age of marriage, a huge number of single girls over 30 years old, high number of single educated people and the public discourse marriage have convinced the scholars to consider these as social issue. The purpose of this study is to address the meaning and causes of delayed marriage ...
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Single life, increased age of marriage, a huge number of single girls over 30 years old, high number of single educated people and the public discourse marriage have convinced the scholars to consider these as social issue. The purpose of this study is to address the meaning and causes of delayed marriage among girls. We have used qualitative methodology and grounded theory strategy. The interviewees have been selected in a targeted manner and 33 female students were studied for more than one year. Up to 15 major categories and a core category were extracted from data coding. Education and reflexivity of individualistic opportunitiess continued education are some obstacles for that. The most important factors are including experience of having relationship, negative memories, and fear of divorce, job restrictions, and reliability. Some important factors of the delayed marriage are including irresponsibility, very difficult culture, and financial independence of women, modern romantic relationships, western lifestyle, and obsessive-compulsive aging. The concept of “Single experience, meaningful delay” was selected as the final category. A paradigm was extracted from the data at the end of the model.
Sociology
Nafiseh Faghihi Moghadas; Fahimeh Momenirad; Saeed Sharifi
Abstract
Maturity is one of the most important stages of human development, and its developmental characteristics can cause various kinds of deviations and disorders. Girls, due to their experiences of physical and mental changes, enter the stage of physical and sexual maturity earlier than boys. Their problems ...
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Maturity is one of the most important stages of human development, and its developmental characteristics can cause various kinds of deviations and disorders. Girls, due to their experiences of physical and mental changes, enter the stage of physical and sexual maturity earlier than boys. Their problems in the health, psychological and social dimensions are more than boys due to physiological differences, social roles and governing traditions in society. Because no research has been conducted to identify and disclose the diverse behaviors of adolescent girls, this present study is to analyze the deviant sexual behaviors of matured girls by inductive qualitative method. This research was carried out using theoretical sampling method. Up to 17 girls aged from 12 to 15 years old were purposefully sampled for the aim. In this research, the technique used for data collection was semi-structured and deep interviewing, and the grounded method (systematic: Strauss & Corbin) was used for data analysis. The analysis ultimately addresses 9 main categories including technology-driven sexual activity, risky leisure, passive self-stimulation, emotional disturbances, poorly-sustained parenting-and-addiction, lack of good sexual education, lack of self-regulation motivational skills, religious environments and environmental stimuli, incitement and the core of abnormal sexual socialization.
Sociology
Mansore Zarean; Ommolbanin Chaboki
Abstract
Consumerism as one of the characteristics of the modern world is not limited to commodity consumption. Consumerism has affected communication and even emotional relationship between couples. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between consumerism on couples' relationship and ...
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Consumerism as one of the characteristics of the modern world is not limited to commodity consumption. Consumerism has affected communication and even emotional relationship between couples. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between consumerism on couples' relationship and the liquid love. This is a descriptive explanatory study. The method of this study is survey and the statistical population included all married women and men in Tehran. We have selected 384 of them by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed there is a meaningful relationship between consumption and liquid love with 95% confidence level. Stepwise regression analysis also showed that independent variables of consumerism can predict 10.1 percent of variance in the liquid love. These findings suggest that the culture of consumerism and looking at human as a commodity can affect relationships between couples and weaken the sustainability of marital life
Sociology
Vahid Ghasemi; Somayeh Arab Khorasani; Ali Rabbani Khorasgani
Abstract
Studies about gender and family institute with recent changes leading to family disruption shows that women are experiencing exiting from shadows and finding new identity. Studying women residents with the history of at least one marriage and divorce in Tehran city based on grounded theory method shows ...
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Studies about gender and family institute with recent changes leading to family disruption shows that women are experiencing exiting from shadows and finding new identity. Studying women residents with the history of at least one marriage and divorce in Tehran city based on grounded theory method shows a process that focuses on constructing meaning of marriage and family life. This revealed experience and redefinition of living space and the dimension of new identity. Given the women emotional and sexual demands and development of their social capitals, the women are going to change a one-gender public and private living space. Due to unknown peculiarities and dimensions in one hand and ignorance of men to the changes on the other hand and ultimately lack of common language makes the situation ambiguous for men and women and makes family life confusing and discrete.
Sociology
Mohammad Reza Qaemi Nik; Tayebeh Najafi
Abstract
There are two different viewpoints on the approach of the Iranian society to the phenomena of veiling, especially female veiling. The first is the resistance of Muslim Iranians to the forced unveiling (kashf-e hejab) in Reza Pahlavi`s monarchy and the second, according to some opinions, is reaction Iranian ...
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There are two different viewpoints on the approach of the Iranian society to the phenomena of veiling, especially female veiling. The first is the resistance of Muslim Iranians to the forced unveiling (kashf-e hejab) in Reza Pahlavi`s monarchy and the second, according to some opinions, is reaction Iranian people to the forced veiling or law of veiling in the Islamic Republic era. In the first era, under the influence of Reza Pahlavi’s Western Modernization, unveiling is considered to be imposed, and in the second era, veiling. However, between the two periods, there is a 37 years period of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Despite of continuity of the forced unveiling policies, this era has been less analyzed. Unlike Reza Pahlavi`s period, forced unveiling not only was not directly in the real social scene, but also, it was disseminated through media and to influence the unconscious mind of social actors. Furthermore, since the 1960s, these policies have been linked to the plan for development of capitalism. In the present study, "the image of unveiling" has been used to express the pictorial feature of unveiling. In the West, the unveiling picture of men or women`s organs was expanded under the development of music and cinema industry, after World War II. Before that time, revealing of the images of feminine or masculine bodies was limited, or at least, wasn’t the symbol of modernity, progress and personality. In the present research, the Critical Theory of Frankfort School and methodological of Culture Industry which was formulated in the second half of the twentieth century, has been employed to investigate the status of the picture of unveiling and the influence of the policies of the second Pahlavi on that. It can be concluded that, the attention to the pictorial feature of unveiling that began from the second Pahlavi`s era can explain superficial contradiction of the two opinions on Iranian reaction to veiling. With the continuation of media images during the Islamic Republic era, it seems necessary to make further researches on the contrast of veiling picture-unveiling picture.
Sociology
Farhad Darvishi Setalani; Zohreh Hemmati
Abstract
Participation and political activity of women in political history of Iran has been appeared in different ways. The issue has played a significant role in the course of Iran's historical changes and certainly will also be influential in future of its political participation. This paper as an applied ...
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Participation and political activity of women in political history of Iran has been appeared in different ways. The issue has played a significant role in the course of Iran's historical changes and certainly will also be influential in future of its political participation. This paper as an applied research type, depending on a descriptive-survey method, attempts to explore the women's participation trend in Iran's politics in the next decade. In this research, using an open questionnaire, we asked the professors and experts about the indicators of Iranian women's activity in politics and analyzed the responses by the obtained items using inductive content analysis method. The results have been classified in seven categories including Individual-psychological, political, social, cultural, economic, and communication indicators and institutional features. Then, based on the Schwarz Steps for scenario, we have extracted triple dimensions from the seven categoriesincluding Quadruple Scenarios of the Future of Iranian Women in Politics, low impact of women's presence, institutional change and formation of a secular pattern of participation in Iran, leading women by creating equal political, economic opportunities, and removing social cultural failures, promoting the current status of women's participation.
Sociology
Nahid Hosseini; Seyed Mohammad Seyed Mirzaie; Bagher Sarokhani
Abstract
Today, the family has undergone dramatic changes due to various social, economic and cultural conditions. The marriage of the young people is an issue with downward trend that raised social concern at micro and macro levels. The purpose of this study is to identify the meaning of the marriage and the ...
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Today, the family has undergone dramatic changes due to various social, economic and cultural conditions. The marriage of the young people is an issue with downward trend that raised social concern at micro and macro levels. The purpose of this study is to identify the meaning of the marriage and the mental image of youth about marriage and how they choose strategies for marriage. The research approach is qualitative and its methodology is the grounded theory. The participants were selected through a theoretical and purposeful sampling of 28 single Youth from different regions of Tehran in 2017. The data were collected by semi-structured deep interview techniques. The research data were categorized based on open, axial and selective coding and to obtain ultimately the core of the research. The results of the research show that the "rejection" answers of the participants to the marriage are mainly due to four main categories including fear, reluctance, decline of transcendental values and pleasure. Their semantic reasons are mainly in the three main categories including livelihood issues such as the insecure economy, the inability to manage costs, and women's financial independence, and also inclusive values such as ethical values and social-communicational relations, including the social status and the current relationship between the two sexes. In the end, it is suggested that for the marriage of young people, first of all, it is necessary to pay attention to their livelihoods such as employment and income, socialization of the norms and value infrastructures affecting the family institution leading to development of communication relationships.
Sociology
Manijeh Navidnia; Ebrahim Shamloo
Abstract
One of the social harms that threatens the community is a spouse who presents himself in different ways in the institution of the family. The purpose of the present study is to identify the relationship between social factors affecting wives abusers in 2017. The relationship has been analyzed by using ...
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One of the social harms that threatens the community is a spouse who presents himself in different ways in the institution of the family. The purpose of the present study is to identify the relationship between social factors affecting wives abusers in 2017. The relationship has been analyzed by using a descriptive-analytical approach and using a questionnaire tool and using SPSS software. The statistical population is consisted of 120 married women who were selected by random sampling method. The results show that male-dominated attitudes have a significant and meaningful relationship with the wife abuse. There is also a significant difference between spouses of different ages. The final results of the study indicated that as the patriarchal system, the unequal power, male dominance over women, the patriarchal domination system, the superiority of the male class on women, and the oppression of women in society are increased, and the violation against women in society is also increased. This can, itself, intensify the role of the patriarchal system and its prevalence.
Sociology
Javad Shojaei; Bahjat Yazdkhasti
Abstract
Statistics indicates that fertility is falling below the level of replacement. In parallel to this declining trend, we see an increase in the proportion of one-child families. This change in the family structure affects the quality of one-child life and, due to role limitation, the one-child socialization ...
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Statistics indicates that fertility is falling below the level of replacement. In parallel to this declining trend, we see an increase in the proportion of one-child families. This change in the family structure affects the quality of one-child life and, due to role limitation, the one-child socialization process has different conditions. Therefore, one-child as a social phenomenon must be studied precisely. The existing studies focus on quantitative explanations of the change in fertility behavior, and the meaning of these behaviors is less well-known. Also, few studies that have been performed on one-child, have "why" assumptions; it is important to identify the "Quiddity" of one-child. The current research, by adopting a phenomenological approach, describes the experience of one-child living in Tehran. The data were collected through a deep interview with twenty girls over the age of 18 years using with purposive sampling, analyzed by smith's six-step technique. Twelve themes were extracted from data analysis. The themes are: " reign in family, in regret of other positions, extreme expectations, loneliness: Just yourself and yourself, need for family support, in search of compensation, credit link, weakness in emotional relationships, destructive worries, parent's educative encounter, self-adjustment, and confrontation with stereotypes". The findings of this study could provide a clear picture of one-child lived experience. In a general conclusion, the lived experiences of subjects show that those who are the only child are usually different in terms of life skills and individual capabilities, and this difference often shows itself in extremity. It should also be noted that one-child, because of lack of conflict of interests, usually has more facilities and welfare leading to emergence of some specific themes listed above.
Sociology
Yosra Mahmoodi; Hasan Mohadessi Ghilovaei
Abstract
The current research aims at sociological investigation and understanding of body industry and cosmetic surgeries of women. This research is conducted using qualitative approach and grounded theory method. The tool used to collect data was a semi-structured interview. Targeted sampling was used to select ...
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The current research aims at sociological investigation and understanding of body industry and cosmetic surgeries of women. This research is conducted using qualitative approach and grounded theory method. The tool used to collect data was a semi-structured interview. Targeted sampling was used to select the interviewees and theoretical sampling was used to identify the number of people. The population under study is women living in Tehran who have experienced cosmetic surgery. The number of examined sample is 27 women aged 20-60 who have experienced cosmetic surgery. Based on the findings, the causal of the research were the fear of being rejected and a negative mental picture of oneself. The desire for beauty and physical expressiveness is the pivotal cause of surgery, which has happened in the context of social values and family conditions. Social constraints, sense of conflict, intervening conditions, promotions and encouragement by others for surgery are the facilitating reasons of this phenomenon. The implications and effects of the body industry, found in this study, are increasing confidence, saving time and economic savings.
Sociology
Soheila Alirezanejad; Elahe Khakpour Marvasti
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the effect of money and its dual function on the continuity of a family. In this regard, mixed method (field research and survey) is designed. The data were collected through semi-structured interview and questionnaire. The findings reveal that based on a traditional role ...
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This research aims to analyze the effect of money and its dual function on the continuity of a family. In this regard, mixed method (field research and survey) is designed. The data were collected through semi-structured interview and questionnaire. The findings reveal that based on a traditional role men are bread winners of the family. Women’s ability of making money may bring a new financial challenge for men’s traditional role as breadwinners of family; which can create sort of new marital economic relations in the family. However, when this role is disturbed by women, some serious challenges happen in family’s life. This condition, particularly in the early years of marriage when the wife is young, results in emergence of the idea of separation. However, feminine money creates some experience of co-breadwinning for family which may create a new balance between spouses. As the age of marriage increases, this balance may prevent marital separation. Then, as sort of catalyst, feminine money plays a dual role in separation between spouses.
