Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student, Department of Islamic Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

3 Associate Professor, Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

The emergence of various conflicts and challenges as a result of Muslims' presence in European countries as well as the growing Muslim diaspora within a predominately secular context have sparked significant concerns in the field of social sciences. Concurrently, it is imperative to address the process of self-identification among Muslim immigrant women in Europe, as well as the potential obstacles they encounter in relation to their religious identity. Numerous studies have been conducted on this topic. This investigation implements a qualitative meta-analysis methodology to evaluate research conducted between 2010 and 2023 regarding the religious identity challenges of Muslim women in the European diaspora. The host society's negative attitudes and behaviors, the imposition of specific lifestyles on Muslim women, the uneven progression of Muslim immigrant women, internal scrutiny and prejudice, the clash between Islamic and European lifestyles, and the experience of double marginalization were all identified as six religious identity challenges. Muslim women have adopted four fundamental strategies: personalizing their religious identity, engaging in membership and participation within Islamic centers, embracing multidimensional and flexible identities, and endorsing a discourse of pure Islam. Indeed, this study illustrates that Muslim immigrant women in European societies are subjected to mutual pressures from both the host and their own communities. They attempt to manage these pressures and achieve a sense of equilibrium in their daily lives by implementing a diverse array of strategies.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Ahmed, S., & Gorey, K. M. (2023). Employment discrimination faced by Muslim women wearing the hijab: Exploratory meta-analysis. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 32(3), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2020.1870601
Akbari Karimabadi, N. (2014). The role of Islamophobia in increasing the trend towards Islam in Europe and America. Epistemological Religious Currentism in the International Arena, 5(2), 15-52. (In Persian)
Alex, N. (1969). Black in blue: A study of the Negro policeman. New York, NY: Appleton-Century Crofts.
Ali, Wijdan. (2006). Clichés of Muslim women in the West and their own world. Quaderns de la Mediterrània, 7 , 29-36.
Bartkoski, T., Lynch, E., Witt, C., & Rudolph, C. (2018). A meta-analysis of hiring discrimination against Muslims and Arabs. Personnel Assessment and Decisions, 4(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.25035/pad.2018.02.001
Beck, C. T. (2002). A meta-synthesis of qualitative research. MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 27(4), 214-221.
Benoist, A. D. (2004). On identity. Originally appeared in Éléments, 113.
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
Bloom, P. B. N., Arikan, G., & Courtemanche, M. (2015). Religious social identity, religious belief, and anti-immigration sentiment. American Political Science Review, 109(2), 203–221.     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055415000143
Coser, L. A. (1994). The lives and thoughts of great sociologists (M. Al-Thalari, Trans.). Scientific Publication. (In Persian)
Duderija, A., & Rane, H. (2019). Islam and Muslims in the West. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92510-3
Fadil, N., & Cesari, J. (2005). Individualizing faith, individualizing identity: Islam and young Muslim women in Belgium.
Farooqui, J. F., & Kaushik, A. (2022). Growing up as a Muslim youth in an age of Islamophobia: A systematic review of literature. Contemporary Islam, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-022-00482-w
Ghanbari Barzian, B., & Hemmati, M. (2014). Religious identity in Iranian society: A systematic review of studies (2001-2013). Applied Sociology, 26(3), 117-138. (In Persian)
Goffman, I. (2007). Dagh Nang: Thinking about a solution for the lost identity. Translated by: M. Kianpour. Publishing House.
Golmohammadi, A. (2010). Globalization and identity crisis. National Studies, 10(3), 11-48. (In Persian)
Jafarinjad, M., & Qaidi, M. (2012). Psychological operations: Hollywood in spreading the wave of Islamophobia. Journal of Operations Studies Psychiatry, 37, 11-13. (In Persian)
Kathawalla, U. K., & Syed, M. (2021). Discrimination, life stress, and mental health among Muslims: A preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis. Collabra: Psychology, 7(1), Article 28248.  https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.28248
Mead, J. H. (1964). On social psychology: Selected papers. University of Chicago Press.
Mohammadi, M., Foaldian, M., & Akbari, H. (2022). Hot disgrace: A systematic review of studies conducted in Iran. Iranian Sociology, 82(23), 98-130. (In Persian)
Mohseni, A. (2015). Contexts and identity challenges facing Muslims in Europe. Political Studies of the Islamic World, 5(4), 154-178. (In Persian)
Noorbakhsh, Y. (2019). Atlas of the world's Muslim minorities with an emphasis on Shiites. Tehran: Tehran University Press. (In Persian)
Said, E. (2011). Orientalism. Translated by: L. Khanji. Tehran: Amirkabir. (In Persian)
Samari, G., Alcalá, H. E., & Sharif, M. Z. (2018). Islamophobia, health, and public health: a systematic literature review. American Journal of Public Health108(6), e1-e9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304402
Seol, K. O. (2010). Religious identity as a mediator between religious socialization from parents, peers, and mentors and psychological well-being and adjustment among Korean American adolescents.
Sezgin, Z. (2022). Muslims’ sense of belonging and identification in the Western world: An overview and comparison of scientific literature in North America and Europe. In Muslims in the Western World: Sense of Belonging and Political Identity (pp. 11–28). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99487-7_2
Shahnavaz, W. A. (2017). Identification and analysis of drivers affecting celibacy in Iran. Iranian Social Issues Quarterly, 10(2), 157-191. (In Persian)
Spivak, G. C. (2023). Can the subaltern speak? In Imperialism (pp. 171–219). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003101536-9
Stockemer, D., & Moreau, S. (2021). Muslim immigrants' sense of identity and belonging in the Western world: A comprehensive review. Nations and Nationalism, 27(1), 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12622
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In Political psychology (pp. 276–293). Routledge.       https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203505984-16