Document Type : Practical article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Alzahra University, Department of women and family studies

2 Assistant Professor of police university

Abstract

The present study attempts to investigate the social integration of prisoners via a grounded theory approach. It is aimed to explain a model for successful social integration of female offenders. In this qualitative study, the data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 21 women who had a record in the Welfare Services Organization, and all of whom have had previous experience of being in jail. Then, using a grounded theory approach, the data were analyzed and coded. The exploratory findings of the study show that various factors contribute to the formation of the core category, that is, “social integration as a move towards the normalization of life and social adaptation” of women. Other contextual factors such as personal characteristics is supported and not rejected by the family and access to capitals are significant too. Moreover, interventional factors such as maternal motivation, empowerment and rehabilitation of women, and not using drugs influence the process of social integration. Analytical findings indicate that the strategies and solutions for social integration of women have two categories of environmental appropriateness and sanitation, and the development of social networks. Ultimately, all these factors and strategies contribute to satisfaction from life, adaptability and social organization, or in other words, social integration of women.

Keywords

Main Subjects

[1] ابراهیمی، شهرام (1391). «بازپروری عادلانة مجرمان»، نشریة آموزه‏های حقوق کیفری، دانشگاه علوم اسلامی رضوی، ش 3، بهارـ تابستان.
[2] استراوس، انسلم؛ کوربین، چولیت (1390). مبانی پژوهش کیفی: فنون و مراحل تولید نظریة زمینه‌ای، ترجمة ابراهیم افشار، تهران: نی.
[3] افراسیابی، علی (1389). «امکان بازپذیری اجتماعی بزهکاران در بسترهای کیفری و پساکیفری موجود»، فصل‌نامة مطالعات پیشگیری از جرم، س 5، ش 15، تابستان، ص34ـ57.
[4] بولک، برنارد (1385). کیفرشناسی، ترجمة علی‏حسین نجفی ابرندآبادی، تهران: مجد، چ 4.
[5] رستمی تبریزی، لمیاء (1392). «نقش مرحلة پسا‌کیفری در پیشگیری از تکرار جرم با تکیه بر بزهکاری زنان»، مجلة تحقیقات حقوقی، ش 61.
[6] صادقی فسایی، سهیلا؛ میرحسینی، زهرا (1393). «تحلیل جامعه‌شناختی روایت زنان از زندان، پس از آزادی»، فصل‌نامة زن در توسعه و سیاست، دورة 12، ش 3، ص 342ـ362.
[7] علیزاده اقدم، محمد‌باقر (1394). «خصوص نقش فعالیت‌های فرهنگی در اصلاح و تربیت و بازگشت زندانی به زندگی شرافت‌مندانه»، طرح پژوهشی دفتر آموزش و پژوهش سازمان زندان‌ها.
[8] کرد‌میرزا، عزت‌الله (1392). «بررسی تبعات زندان برای زنان زندانی استان البرز»، طرح پژوهشی به سفارش مرکز آموزش و پژوهش سازمان زندان‌ها و اقدامات تأمینی و امنیتی کشور.
[9] کرسول، جان (1394). پویش کیفی و طرح پژوهش، انتخاب از میان پنج رویکرد، ترجمة حسن دانایی‌فرد و حسین کاظمی، تهران: صفار، چ 2.
[10] کونانی، سلمان؛ سلطانی بیدگلی، رضا (1390). «اصلاح و درمان مجرمان در حقوق کیفری ایران»، فصل‌نامة تعالی حقوق، ص11ـ34.
[11] فلیک، اووه (1387). درآمدی بر تحقیق کیفی، ترجمة هادی جلیلی، تهران: نی.
[12] نژادسبزی، پروانه (1391). «بررسی تبعات زندان برای زنان زندانی استان لرستان»، طرح پژوهشی به سفارش مرکز آموزش و پژوهش سازمان زندان‌ها و اقدامات تأمینی و امنیتی کشور.
[13] Adams, E.B., Chen, E.Y. & Champan, R. (2016). “Erasing the mark of a criminal past: ex-offenders’ expectations and experiences with record clearance”, Punishment & Society, 0(00): PP 1-30
[14] Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. S. (2006). “The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment”, Crime & Delinquency52(1), PP 7-27.
[15] Arditti, J., & Few, A. (2008). Maternal distress and women’s reen-try into family and community life. Family Process, 47, 303-321. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2008.00255.x
[16] Bahr, S.J., David, C., & Ward, C. (2012). “The process of offender reintegration: Perceptions of what helps prisoners reenter society”, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 13(4), PP 446-469
[17] Belenko, S. (2006). “Assessing released inmates for substance-abuse-related service needs”, Crime & Delinquency52(1), PP 94-113.
[18] Binswanger, I. A., Nowels, C., Corsi, K. F., Glanz, J., Long, J., Booth, R. E., & Steiner, J. F. (2012). “Return to drug use and overdose after release from prison: a qualitative study of risk and protective factors”, Addiction science & clinical practice, 7(1), P 3.
[19] Bloom, B., Owen, B. A., & Covington, S. (2003). Gender-responsive strategies: Research, practice, and guiding principles for women offenders. Washington, DC: National Institute of Corrections.
[20] Bui, H. N., & Morash, M. (2010). “The impact of network relationships, prison experiences, and internal transformation on women's success after prison release”, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation49(1), PP 1-22.
[21] Burnett, R.,& Maruna, S. (2004). “So, „prison works,‟ does it? The criminal careers of 130 men released from prison under home secretary”, Michael Howard. The Howard Journal, 43(1), PP 390-404
[22] Chikadzi, Victor (2017) Challenges Facing Ex-Offenders When Reintegration In To Mainstream Society In Gauteng South Africa, Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk Vol 53 No 2; Issue 8
[23] Cobbina, J. E. (2010). “Reintegration success and failure: Factors impacting reintegration among incarcerated and formerly incarcerated women”, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 49, 210-232. doi:10.1080/10509671003666602.
[24] Dowden, C., & Andrews, D. A. (1999). “What works for female offenders: A meta-analytic review”, NCCD news45(4), PP 438-452.
[25] Giordano, P. C., Cernkovich, S. A., & Rudolph, J. L. (2002). “Gender, crime, and desistance: Toward a theory of cognitive transformation”, American journal of sociology107(4), PP 990-1064.
[26] Holtfreter, K., & Morash, M. (2003). “The needs of women offenders”, Women & Criminal Justice14(2-3), PP 137-160.
[27] Lincoln, Y. S., &Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry (Vol. 75). Sage.
[28] O’Brien, P. (2002). “Evaluation of Grace House: Using past experience to inform future results”, Unpublished report. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago.
[29] Opsal, T., & Foley, A. (2013). “Making it on the outside: Understanding barriers to women’s post-incarceration reintegration”, Sociology Compass, 7, 265-277. doi:10.1111/soc4.12026
[30] Pelissier, B. (2004). “Gender differences in substance use treatment entry and retention among prisoners with substance use histories”, American Journal of Public Health94(8), PP 1418-1424.
[31] Rosenthal, A., & Wolf, J. E. (2004). Unlocking the potential of reentry and reintegration(Working paper). Retrieved from http://www.communityalternatives.org/pdf/unlocking_poten-tial.pdf.
[32] Silverman, D. (2013). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. SAGE Publications Limited.
[33] Visher, C.A. (2011). Incarcerated fathers: Pathways from prison to home. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 24(1), 9-26. doi:10.1177/0887403411418105
[34] Wallace, D., Fahmy, C., Cotton, L., Jimmons, C., McKay, R., Stoffer, S., & Syed, S. (2016). “Examining the role of familial support during prison and after release on post-incarceration mental health”, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60, PP 3-20.