Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Assistant Professor Department of Geography and Tourism, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, university of Kashan, Kashan, Iran,
2 PhD Student, Department of Urban and rural planning, Faculty of Social Sciences University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Abstract
Parks and green public spaces are parts of the ecological fabric of cities to the extent that environmental life and the sustainability of cities depend on them. The aim of this research is to measure the level of citizens’ satisfaction with the quality of urban parks. The example studied is Women's Laleh Park in the city of Noorabad. To this end, efforts were made to evaluate and analyze the success or the failure of the quality of the park from the point of view of women. The current research is a quantitative research in terms of its purpose in the field of applied research and has deployed a descriptive-analytical approach based on the nature of the data.The statistical population of this research included all women who came to Laleh Park in a span from May to December 2022. The sample size included 200 women; this sample was assessed using Sample Power software with a confidence level of %95, a possible error of %5, and an alpha value of 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05. For data analysis, SPSS26 software was used due to its statistical capabilities, and AMOS24 software was deployed for structural equation modeling. To answer the hypotheses of the research, at the first stage, criteria and sub-criteria that explained the satisfaction of the multiple dimensions of women's park were compiled through documentary and library studies. Then, a questionnaire, consisting of 66 questions in the form of a five-point Likert scale, was designed and distributed among the women who came to Laleh Park. The distribution of the questionnaire was also done using a systematic sampling method during the peak hours of women’s visiting of this public space. It should be noted that the measuring scales included 6 general questions, 10 questions on safety and security, 10 social-cultural questions, 10 physical questions, 10 questions about health and environment, 10 questions about the furniture and environment of the park, and 10 questions about physical and mental health.In total, the results obtained from the current research are as follows. In an overall evaluation of the quality of Laleh Park, the findings showed that most of the studied sites were of low quality, and there were many weak points. The results also showed that the condition of Laleh Park was favorable in terms of quality in 3 items. 18 items were semi-optimal, and other 38 items had unfavorable status. Also, the results of the analysis of the second-order factor model showed that according to the women, participating in the research, satisfaction with physical-physical factors with a factor load of 0.86 had the highest priority and had the first place. After the physical-physical factor, the health and environmental index came second with a factor load of 0.78. The third rank belonged to park furniture index with a factor weight of 0.73. Further, it was found that safety and security index with a weight of 0.68 was in the fourth place, the health index with a weight of 0.58 came fifth. The cultural and social index was in the sixth place with a weight of 0.48.
Keywords
Main Subjects
Abbaszadeh, M. (2022). Evaluation of the factors influencing the presence of women in urban spaces, a case study of Urmia's historical market. Geographical Urban Planning Research, 10(4), 23-40. https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/?lang=en (In Persian)
Aghaei, V., Hosseinabadi, A., Haqihtian, M., & Hejazi, S. N. (2019). The effect of modern urban spaces on the rethinking of women's identity, with an emphasis on the women's garden of Isfahan city. Quarterly Journal of Urban Sociological Studies, 10(35), 183-208. https://urb.dehaghan.iau.ir/ (In Persian)
Aghaei, V., & Hashemi, J. (2018). Evaluation and analysis of the role of environmental and spatial components on the sense of security in the tourist centers of Ardabil city. Journal of Social Security Studies, 58, 191-228. http://sss.jrl.police.ir/?lang=en (In Persian)
Aghblag Salehian, S., & Yazdani, M. H. (2022). Potential threats to women's security in public spaces of Ardabil city. Bi-Quarterly journal of Policing & Social Studies of Women & Family, 10(2), 421-454. http://pssw.jrl.police.ir/ (In Persian)
Androulakia, M., Frangedakib, E., & Antoniadis, P. (2020). Optimization of Public Spaces Through Network Potentials of Communities. 1st International Conference on Optimization-Driven Architectural Design (OPTARCH 2019). Procedia Manufacturing, 44, 294–301. https://www.academia.edu/
Arkhodi Maududi, M., & Gholami, Y. (2018). Explaining the tourist motivation model using structural modeling in the city of Targahba. Spatial Planning Scientific Quarterly (Geography), 9(4), 67-82. https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/ (In Persian)
Badiei, L., Ezzatpanah, B., & Soltani, A. (2018). Explanation and analysis of sustainable urban development with emphasis on environmental components (case study: Sanandaj city), Journal of Research and Urban Planning, 10(36), 75-86. https://jupm.marvdasht.iau.ir/journal/contact.us (In Persian)
Bazi, Kh., Sami, J., Shiravand, M., & Moamri, I. (2019). Journal Geographical Notion, 12(23), 67-86. http://geonot.znu.ac.ir/ (In Persian)
Berman, M. G., Kross, E., Krpan, K. M., Askren, M. K., Burson, A., & Deldin, P. J. (2012). Interacting with nature improves cognition and affect for individuals with depression. J. Journal of Affective Disorders, 140, 300–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.012
Borja, A., White, M. P., Berdalet, E., Bock, N., Eatock, C., & Kristensen, P. (2020). Moving toward an agenda on ocean health and human health in Europe. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 37. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00037
Bratman, G. N., Anderson, C. B., Berman, M. G., Cochran, B., de Vries, S., & Flanders, J. (2019). Nature and mental health: an ecosystem service perspective. Science Advances, 5, eaax0903. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0903
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., & Greenberg, N. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395, 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Cartwright, B. D., White, M. P., & Clitherow, T. J. (2018). Nearby nature ‘buffers’ the effect of low social connectedness on adult subjective wellbeing over the last 7 days. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061238
Cheliotis, K. (2020). An Agent-Based Model of Public Space Use. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 81, 101476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101476
Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Zhao, X., Chang, H., Zhang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2021). The influence of China. Habitat International, 117, 0197397521001284.
Chiesura, A. (2005). The Role of Urban Parks for the Sustainable City. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(1), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003
Community Sports Parks on residents’ subjective well-being: A case study of Zhuhai City,
Cox, D. T. C., Shanahan, D. F., Hudson, H. L., Plummer, K.E., Siriwardena, G. M., Fuller, R. A., Anderson, K., Hancock, S. &. Gaston, K.J. (2017). Doses of Neighborhood Nature: The Benefits 96 for Mental Health of Living with Nature. BioScience, 67(2), 147-155. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw173
Derose, K., P. Han, B., Williamson, S., & Cohen, D, A. (2018). Gender Disparities in Park Use and Physical Activity among Residents of High – Poverty Neighborhoods in Los Angeles. Womens Health, 28(1), 6-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2017.11.003
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(4), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6.
Diener, E., Seligman, M. E. P., Choi, H., & Oishi, S. (2018). Happiest people revisited. Perspectives on Psychological Science. Journal Sage, 13(2), 176–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617697077
Ebrahimi Bozani, M., Mokhtari Malekabadi, R., & Hamidi, F. (2021). An analysis on improving the quality of urban public spaces with a creative city approach (case study: Lar city). Journal of Sustainable Urban and Regional Development Studies, 2(4), 138-155. http://www.srds.ir/Journal/Metrics (In Persian)
Fakhrian, A., Khakpour, M., & Danaei, B. (2010). Analysis of the role of social functions of urban parks based on the location and general conditions of the region: The study of regions one and six of Mashhad Municipality, Geographical Space Journal, 12(40), 190-211. http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/ (In Persian)
Gascon, M., Triguero-Mas, M., Martínez, D., Dadvand, P., Forns, J., & Plasència, A. (2015). Mental health benefits of long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces: a. systematic review International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12, 4354–4379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120404354
Ghahri Lalkelu, S., Darskhon, R., Faramarzi Asli, R., Mir Gholami, M., & Sabbagh Dehkhavarghani, S. (2019). Analyzing the factors affecting the desirable territory of women in urban parks using the factor analysis method, research case: El Goli Park, Shams Women's Park, Valiasr Park, Tabriz. Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, 23(70), 55-74. https://jgs.khu.ac.ir/ (In Persian)
Golli, A., Zad Vali Khajeh, Sh., & Zad Wali, F. (2013). Evaluation of gender attitude in the design of urban spaces (Case study: Shams Women's Park in Tabriz). Woman in Development and Politics, 11(2), 171-188. https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/ (In Persian)
Hami, A., & Faham, E. (2016). Physical development of women's parks based on motivational prioritization (Women's park in Sahand city). Scientific-Research Publication of Physical Development Planning, 2(4), 65-56. https://psp.journals.pnu.ac.ir/ (In Persian)
Hammen, C. (2005). Stress and Depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 293-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938
Hashem Zahi, S., Hafez Rezazadeh, M., & Karimian Bostani, M. (2019). Analysis of the dimensions and components of women's position in the planning and design of public spaces in Iranian-Islamic cities (Case study: Zahedan city). Scientific-Research Quarterly of New Attitudes in Human Geography, 13(3), 214-200. https://geography.garmsar.iau.ir/ (In Persian)
Hashim, N. H. M., Thani, S. K. S. O., Jamaludin, M. A., & Yatim, N. M. (2016). A Perceptual Study on the Influence of Vegetation Design towards Women’s Safety in Public Park. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 234, 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.244
Hataminejad, H., Muradpour, N., & Safai Reinh, M. (2019). Analysis of factors affecting the vitality of future urban spaces for the presence of women. Journal of Future Cities Vision, 1(3), 15-30. https://jvfc.ir/index.php?slc_lang=en&sid=1 (In Persian)
Hazeri, S. (2011). Investigation and evaluation of the function and success of women's parks, (Case study: Tabriz city). 4th National Scientific Conference of Geography Students, Tehran. https://psp.journals.pnu.ac.ir/ (In Persian)
Hend, H. Y. (2019). Livable city: An approach to pedestrianization through tactical urbanism. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 58, 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2019.02.005
Heydari Chianeh, R., Ahaderi, S., Timuri, R., & Ahmadi, T. (2013). Measuring the success rate of women's parks from the perspective of citizens, a case study: Tabriz Metropolis. Urban and Urnan Regional Studies and Research, 5(20), 142-127. https://jzpm.marvdasht.iau.ir/ (In Persian)
Heydari, R., Ahaderi, S., Raushi, Sh., & Araboni, Z. (2013). Evaluation of the functional suitability of women's parks using AHP model (Case example: Tabriz metropolis). Journal of Regional Planning, 3(12), 21-34. https://psp.journals.pnu.ac.ir/ https://jzpm.marvdasht.iau.ir/ (In Persian)
Hormozi, M., Kalbasi, Anaraki, K., B.louchpour, M., & Qaidi, H. (2013). Survey of citizens' satisfaction with urban parks and green spaces, case study: two parks in Bandar Abbas, Proceedings of the International Congress on Sustainability in Architecture and Urban Planning, Masdar: Secretariat of the International Congress on Architecture and Urban Planning. https://civilica.com/doc/377777/ (In Persian)
Irvine, K., Warber, S., Devine-Wright., P., & Gaston, K. (2013). Understanding urban green space as a health resource: a qualitative comparison of visit motivation and derived effects among park users in Sheffield, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 417–442. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10010417
Jennings, V., & Bakmole, O. (2019). The relationship between social cohesion and urban green space: an in Helsinki, Finland. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 40, 114–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030452
Keniger, L., Gaston, K., Irvine, K., & Fuller, R. (2013).What are the benefits of interacting with nature? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health IJERPH 10, 913–935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10030913
Kiani Salami, Seddiqeh. (2019). Examining and explaining the pattern of spending leisure time, measuring attitudes and identifying obstacles in leisure tourism spaces for women (case example: Kashan), Bi-Quarterly journal of Policing & Social Studies of Women & Family, 8(2), 493-522. http://pssw.jrl.police.ir/ (In Persian)
Kleinschroth, F., & Kowarik, I. (2020). COVID-19 crisis demonstrates the urgent need for urban greenspaces. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 18(6), 318-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fee.2230
Kopaei, Golrokh, Naghizadeh, Mohammad., & Habib, Faraj. (2015). The effect of the physical factors of play spaces on the creativity of children aged 6 to 21 in urban parks, Journal of Urban Studies Quarterly, 6(21), 39-50. https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/ (In Persian)
Kruize, H., van Kamp, I., van den Berg, M., van Kempen, E.,Wendel-Vos,W., & Ruijsbroek, A. (2020). Exploring mechanisms underlying the relationship between the natural outdoor environment and health and well-being – results from the PHENOTYPE project. Environment International, 134, 105173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105173.
Leigh-Hunt, N., Bagguley, D., Bash, K., Turner, V., Turnbull, S., & Valtorta, N. (2017). An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health 152, 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.035.
Lo, Y. L. & Lee, M. Y. K. & Cheung, L. T. O., & Ma, A. T. H. (2021). Place attachment and political orientation: The case of localists in Hong Kong, Asian Journal of Social Science, 13, 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajss.2020.11.003.
Lucas, R. E., & Dyrenforth, P. S. (2006). Does the existence of social relationships matter Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes (pp. 254–273). New York: Guilford Press.
Madureira, H.; Nunes, F.; Oliveira, J. V., & Madureira, T. (2018). Preferences for urban green space characteristics: a comparative study in three Portuguese cities, Environments Journal, 5(23), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments5020023
Mahvash, Mohammad., & Saadvandi, Mehdi. (2015). Content indexing in architecture, Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture, 6(20), 154-137. http://jria.iust.ac.ir/ (In Persian)
Maniruzzaman, K. M. (2021). “An analysis of residents’ satisfaction with attributes of urban parks in Dammam city, Saudi Arabia”. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12, 3365-3374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.11.020
Markevych, I., Schoierer, J., Hartig, T., Chudnovsky, A., Hystad, P., & Dzhambov, A.M. (2017). Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: theoretical and methodological guidance. Environ. Res., 158, 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.028
Mehr Afshar, Fatemeh. (2016). Designing a women's campus with a sustainable design approach and increasing social interactions, the third annual conference on architecture, urban planning and urban management research. https://civilica.com/doc/651155 (In Persian)
Moarab, Yasser; Sadat, Mahdis., & Salehi, Ismail. (2015). Analysis and study of the vitality of new urban parks, a case study, Tehran water and fire park, Geographical Planning of Space Quarterly journal, 6 (20), pp. 193-208. http://gps.gu.ac.ir/ (In Persian)
Mona Mirehie., & Heather J. Gibson. (2020). The relationship between female snow-sport tourists' travel behaviors and well-being, Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, Article 100613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100613
Montgomery, C. (2013). Happy city, transforming our lives through urban design. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Moore, T. (2021). Planning for place: Place attachment and the founding of rural community land trusts, Journal of Rural Studies, 83, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.02.007
Moulay, A., Ujang, N., & Said, I. (2017). Legibility of neighborhood parks as a predicator for enhanced social interaction towards social sustainability. Cities, 61, 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.11.007
Mouratidis, K., & Poortinga, W. (2020). Built environment, urban vitality and social cohesion: Do vibrant neighborhoods foster strong communities? Landscape and Urban Planning, 204, 103951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103951.
Nasser, Maryam., & Mohammadi, Asghar. (2015). Evaluation of citizens' satisfaction with the quality of urban parks, (case study: Ahar city parks), Urban Management Study Quarterly, 8(26), 43-56. https://ums.srbiau.ac.ir/ (In Persian)
Nazm Far, H., Alavi, S., & Eshghi Chahar Borj, A. (2017). Security evaluation in urban public spaces, a case example: Tehran City Parks, The Journal of Spatial Planning, 22(2), 134-165. https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/ (In Persian)
Pourahmad, A., Rokhsari, H., Ranjbari, A., & Hosseinabadi, M. (2017). Evaluation of the environmental quality of urban disciplinary spaces (case example: women's parks in Yazd city), Journal of Geographical Notion, 10(19), 81-102. http://geonot.znu.ac.ir/journal/about (In Persian)
Quaid Rahmati, S., Reza Ali, M., Hashemi Zahi, S., & Javan, F. (2016). Investigating effective factors on promoting social interactions in urban parks (Case study: Zabul city). Human Geography Research, 49(4), 915-901. https://doi.org/10.22059/jhgr.2017.61741 (In Persian)
Quan, C., Ren, Y. Q., Xiang, L. H., Sun, L. D., Xu, A. E., Gao, X. H., ... & Zhang, X. J. (2010). Genome-wide association study for vitiligo identifies susceptibility loci at 6q27 and the MHC. Nature genetics, 42(7), 614-618. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.603
Rahnama, M. R., & Shaddel, L. (2019). Evaluation of the spatial relationship between the social health of Mashhad women and urban green spaces; What factors affect their presence in urban green spaces, Human Geography Research Quarterly, 54(1), 45-65. https://doi.org/10.22059/jhgr.2020.277866.1007882 (In Persian)
Rasidi, M. H., Jamirsah, N., & Said, I. (2012). Urban Green Space Design Affects Urban Resident’s Social Interaction. Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 68, 464-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.242.
Rasmussen, M. & Laumann, K. (2013). The academic and psychological benefits of exercise in healthy children and adolescents. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(3), 945–962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10212-012-0148-z
Richard, M. (2013). Is physical activity in natural environments better for mental health than physical activity in other environments? Social Science & Medicine, 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.012
Roe, J., & Aspinall, P. (2011). The restorative benefits of walking in urban and rural settings in adults with good and poor mental health. Health & Place, 17, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.09.003
Sagarchi, F. (2008). Global Women's Sports Village (Malmo, Sweden), Journal of Manzar, 3, 5-18. (In Persian)
Saidi, M., Khairuddin, R., & Behzadfar, M. (2019). Explanation of factors affecting the vitality of the public space, a case study: Intersection Valiasr Tehran. Journal of Sustainable City, 3(2), 57-92. (In Persian)
Schindler, M., Texier, M., & Caruso, G. (2022). How far do people travel to use urban green space? A comparison of three European cities, Applied Geography. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102673
Sheikhi, H., Abbas Nejad, H., & Haqqani, E. (2016). Improving the quality of urban parks to enhance social productivity and prevention of anomalies, Ilam Mellat Park, Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 6(21). (In Persian)
Sherer, P. M. (2006). Why America Needs More City Parks and Open Space.
Sirgy, M. J. (2012). The psychology of quality of life: Hedonic well-being, life satisfaction, and eudaimonia (Vol. 50). Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media.
Smith, K. J., & Victor, C. (2019). Typologies of loneliness, living alone and social isolation, and their associations with physical and mental health. Ageing Society, 39, 1709–1730. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X18000132
Tandogan, O., & Ilhan, B. S. (2016). Fear of Crime in Public Spaces: From the View of Women Living in Cities. Procedia Engineering, 161, 2011– 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.795
Tardest, Z., Rajabi, A., & Meshkini, A. (2019). Realization model of native indicators of biophilic city (Case study: Districts 9 and 10 of Tehran metropolis). Journal of Sustainable City, 3(1), 123-146. (In Persian)
Thomsen, J., Powell, R., & Monz, C. (2018). A systematic review of the physical and mental health benefits of wildland recreation. J. Journal Park. Recreat. Administration. 36. https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2018-V36-I1-8095
Tibbalds, F. (1992). Making people friendly towns: Improving the public environment in towns and cities. Longman Press, Harlow, Esse. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203469521
Vaillant, G. E. (2012). Triumphs of experience: The men of the Harvard Grant Study. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press.
Wexler, M. N., & Oberlander, J. (2017). The Shifting Discourse on Third Places: Ideological Implications. Journal of Ideology, 38(1), 1-35. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/ji/vol38/iss1/4
White, M. P., Alcock, I., Grellier, J., Wheeler, B. W., Hartig, T., & Warber, S.L. (2019). Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing. Scientific. Reports, 9, 7730. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44097-3
White, M. P., Elliott, L. R., Gascon, M., Roberts, B., & Fleming, L. E. (2020). Blue space, health and well-being: A narrative overview and synthesis of potential benefits. Environmental Research, 191, 110169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110169
White, M. P., Pahl, S.,Wheeler, B. W., Depledge, M. H., & Fleming, L. E. (2017). Natural environments and subjective wellbeing: different types of exposure are associated with different aspects of wellbeing. Health & Place, 45, 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. healthplace.2017.03.008
Why Women only? (2007). Published by the Women’s Resource Center, October. London.
World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. Geneva. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf?sequence=1
Wright, F. L. (2000). Brodacre city: Anew community plan, in: city Reader (Legate, R.T. and stout. F.Eds). Rutledge. London and New York.
Yang, Y., Wang, L., Passmore, H.-A., Zhang, J., Zhu, L., & Huajian, C. (2020). Viewing nature scenes reduces the pain of social ostracism. The Journal of Social Psychology, 1–19 https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2020.1784826
Zare, Z., & Amiri Ahmadi, R. (2018). Comparison of the effectiveness of creating urban spaces for women in the city of Tehran, from the perspective of women and men. Scientific-Research Quarterly of New Attitudes in Human Geography, 11(3), 292-302. https://geography.garmsar.iau.ir/ (In Persian)
)