Women's Studies
shohre rowshani
Abstract
Work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. University faculty members are faced with more difficulties to establish the balance between career and family ...
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Work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. University faculty members are faced with more difficulties to establish the balance between career and family roles, especially mothering, due to having a large amount of job duties. Various conditions are effective in the balanced performance of roles, and its identification can create the necessary grounds for solving the obstacles of establishing the balance between occupational and maternal roles and as a result, be useful for performing these roles as best as possible. In this regard the purpose of the present study was to identify the conditions that affect the balance between work and mothering among women university faculty members based on their lived experience.The present research was conducted using a qualitative method. The target population are women who are faculty members of the universities of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, who have the experience of mothering and employment together. The selection of the participants was done with the purposeful sampling method and taking into account the maximum diversity. The information was collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Sampling and conducting interviews continued until data saturation was reached, and based on this, 20 faculty members of Tehran universities were interviewed. After converting the interviews into text, the interviews were coded using the summary content analysis technique and the conditions affecting the balance between the job role and mothering were extracted.Based on the data analysis, the conditions affecting the establishment of balance include eight main categories: "attitude towards mothering and employment", "Quality of support and companionship by family", "Quality of support and companionship by university", "job requirements of faculty members", "personal characteristics", "children's childhood difficulties", "children's presence at home" and "access to material facilities" and each of them included several sub-categories. The category "attitude towards mothering and employment" includes a positive attitude towards mothering and a positive belief towards employment and mothering together, the category "Quality of support and companionship by family" includes the support and accompaniment by spouse, the lack of support and accompaniment by spouse, the support and accompaniment by one's own family and the spouse and Lack of support and companionship by one's family and spouse, the category "Quality of support and companionship by university" includes understanding the conditions and companionship of the member by colleagues and university officials, lack of understanding of the difficulties and requirements of the mothering role by the university officials, depriving the member of opportunities for Career success due to mothering and the lack of legal support for the role of mothering, the category of "job requirements of faculty members" includes the time urgency of some career activities, the need to focus strongly on career activities in the primary years, the impossibility of using the rules of hours of Breastfeeding and reduction of working hours, the impossibility of actually using maternity leave, the need to spend a lot of time continuously for work activities, the specific job conditions of the field of study, the need to spend a lot of time to achieve career success, the lack of a clear boundary between work and family life, the necessity of continuity of work activities at home, the requirements of career growth and promotion, and the quantity-oriented rules in evaluating the job success, the category of "individual characteristics" includes being hard-worker, perfectionism and scientific obsession, Being highly responsible in work and obsession in child rearing, the category of "children's childhood difficulties" includes breastfeeding difficulties, childhood mischief, dependence Child to mother and the difficulties of using kindergarten, the category of "children's presence at home", including the presence of children at home during summer vacations, the presence of children at home due to the closure of kindergartens and schools, and the presence of children at home due to illness, the category of "access to Material facilities" included the distance from work to home, financial ability and vehicle. Some conditions, such as the support and companionship of the spouse and the university, have a more prominent role in establishing balance, and in addition to helping women to successfully fulfill their career and motherhood duties, by reducing the tensions of fulfilling roles simultaneously and creating the Reassurance and calmness are effective in playing a balanced role of work and motherhood and it is necessary to pay special attention to them.
Shohre Rowshani; Maryam Tafte; Zohre Khosravi
Abstract
The growth of divorce in Iranian society and its negative consequences have made it necessary to pay attention to this social problem. The purpose of this study is to present strategies to reduce divorce and its negative consequences. For this purpose, we have used qualitative meta-analysis method, by ...
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The growth of divorce in Iranian society and its negative consequences have made it necessary to pay attention to this social problem. The purpose of this study is to present strategies to reduce divorce and its negative consequences. For this purpose, we have used qualitative meta-analysis method, by examining 70 selected divorce studies in the last two decades (1998-2018), it has classified the factors of divorce and its negative consequences and then presented strategies for reducing the divorce and its negative consequences. Based on the findings, the factors of divorce can be classified into four categories of incorrect spouse choice, lack of knowledge and skills of spouses and maladaptation, bad performance of spouses, and adverse economic conditions. Accordingly, we can propose solutions based on training courses and consulting services by the responsible entities, and obligation of spouses to participation. We have also studied the negative consequences of divorce for women and children. Solutions to reduce these consequences are including eliminate legal challenges, teaching parents to minimize divorce harms for children, providing counseling services, culturalization and family support for divorced women, and reforming society's attitude to divorced women and their children.
Women's Studies
Susan Bastani; Shohre Rowshani; Nahle Gharavi Naeeni
Abstract
The current study aims to investigate the way married women living in Tehran face with disruption of sense of tranquility in marital life. This research has been done using grounded theory method and deep interview technique. As a result of encounter with disruption of sense of tranquility, which is ...
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The current study aims to investigate the way married women living in Tehran face with disruption of sense of tranquility in marital life. This research has been done using grounded theory method and deep interview technique. As a result of encounter with disruption of sense of tranquility, which is the result of the gap between the assets and demands of women, it has become necessary for women to adopt a set of strategies with two general approaches of "change in assets" including modification of the spousal relationship, management of interactive problems with families, improvement of the status of children, attention to self and removal of structural barriers, with the aim of changing the available status into a desirable one, and "change in demands" including reduced demands, patience and forgiveness and selection of the null relationship, with the aim of accepting the available status. Choosing these strategies and their effectiveness is affected by a set of conditions such as “decision-making factors" including the husband's approach, religious beliefs, dominance of affection and exterior constraint.
