Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
n
Abstract
An imposter phenomenon is about people who have very high scientific and artistic abilities and abilities, but do not internalize these beliefs and achievements. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the causal relationship between masculinity and femininity gender roles and family flexibility with self-centered self-mediating self-denial mediation in girls and boys in Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz. The statistical population of all undergraduate students was studying in the academic year 1396-1397. Of these, 200 (120 boys and 80 girls) were selected by multi-stage random sampling. The instruments used in this study included the Rice and colleagues shortness form (SCS) questionnaire (2011), Bami's gender role-related questionnaire (BSRI), the Clancy's CIPS (1985) scale and Shakeri family's resilience scale (1382). Results indicated that the relationship between gender roles of masculinity and femininity and family flexibility and Imposter by Self-compassion is mediated. The results of the group specificity of structural relations showed that the relationships between gender roles of masculinity and femininity, family flexibility, Imposter and Self-compassion were equivalent for both groups. All of the regression weights in the global model and for each of the two groups (girl and boy), were statistically significant and model' predictors accounted for 18 percent of the variance in Imposter. The results showed that female students showed gender role of femininity and higher scores in dementia and lower levels of self-incapacitation than men. But men were associated with male gender roles and high levels of Self-compassion and lower scores in imposter.
Keywords
Main Subjects
[1] حجازی، الهه؛ رضادوست، زهرا (1391). »بررسی اثر جنس و طرح‌واره‌های جنسیتی بر الگوهای دوستی«، زن و جامعه، ش 3، ص 75ـ77.
[2] رضائی، سجاد؛ قلی‌پور، فاطمه؛ رشادتی، سحر (1394). »نقش راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان و ترجیحات جنسیتی مردانگی‌ـ زنانگی در خشونت‌ورزی دختران نوجوان«، رویش روانشناسی، دورة 5، ش 14، ص 5ـ27.
[3] شاکری، سهراب (1382)، «بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی، پرسش‌نامة انعطاف خانوادگی»، پایان‌نامة کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد کرج.
[4] شهبازی، مسعود؛ رجبی، غلامرضا مقامی، ابراهیم؛ جلوداری، آرش (1394). »ساختار عامل تأییدی نسخة فارسی درجه‌بندی تجدید‌نظر‌شده شفقت خود در گروهی از زندانیان«، مجلة روش‌ها و مدل‌های روان‌شناختی، س 6 ، ش 19، ص 31ـ46.
[5] شهنی ییلاق، منیجه؛ بساک‌نژاد، سودابه (1386). »بررسی رابطة انواع راهبردهای خودابزاری دفاعی با نشانگان وانمودگرایی«، مجلة دانشور رفتار، ش 25، ص 61ـ74.
[6] علی‌اکبری دهکردی، مهناز؛ زارع، حسین؛ اصغرنژاد فرید، علی‌اصغر؛ هاشمیان، زارع (1395). «بررسی ابعاد رفتاری و شناختی اضطراب اجتماعی در دورة نوجوانی با جنسیت و نقش‌های جنسیتی»، مجلة روان‌پزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران، س22، ش 4، ص 340ـ347.
[7] Barnard, L. K., & Curry, J. F. (2012). “The relationship of clergy burnout to self-compassion and other personality dimensions”, Pastoral Psychol. 61, PP 149–163. doi: 10.1007/s11089-011-0377-0.
[8] Bem‚ S. L. (1974). “The measurement of psychological androgyny”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology‚ 42(2)‚ PP 155-62. doi:10.1037/h0036215.
[9] Bian, L., Leslie, S.-J., & Cimpian, A. (2017). “Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children’s interests”, Science 355, PP 389–391. doi: 10.1126/science.aah6524.
[10] Chapman, A. (2015). “Using the assessment process to overcome Imposter Syndrome in mature students”, Journal of Further and Higher Education, 41 (2)‚ PP 112-119.
[11] Clance, P.R., & Imes, S. (1978). “The impostor phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention”, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 15(3), PP 1-8.
[12] Cokley, K., Awad, G., Smith, L., Jackson, S., Awosogba, O., Hurst, A., et al. (2015). “The roles of gender stigma consciousness, impostor phenomenon and academic self-concept in the academic outcomes of women and men”, Sex Roles, 73, PP 414–426. doi: 10.1007/s11199-015-0516-7.
[13] Cokley, K., McClain, S., Enciso, A., and Martinez, M. (2013). “An examination of the impact of minority status stress and impostor feelings on the mental health of diverse ethnic minority college students”, J. Multicult. Coun. Dev. 41, PP 82–95. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2013.00029.x.
[14] Coryell, J. E., Wagner, S., Clark, M. C. & Stuessy, C. (2013). “Becoming real: adult student impressions of developing an educational researcher identity”, Journal of Further and Higher Education. 37 (3), PP 367-383.
[15] Cowman, S. E., and Ferrari, J. R. (2002). “Am I for real?” Predicting impostor tendencies from self-handicapping and affective components. Soc Behav Pers. 30, 119–126. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2002.30.2.119
[16] Dudăua‚ D. P. (2014). “The relation between perfectionism and impostor phenomenon”, Social and Behavioral Sciences‚ 127‚ PP 129-133.
[17] French‚ B. F.‚ Ullrich-French‚ S. C.‚ & Follman‚ D. (2008). “The psychometric properties of the Clance Imposter scale”, Personality and Individual Difference‚44‚ PP 1270-1278.
[18] Furnham, A., Reeves, E., and Budhani, S. (2002). “Parents think their sons are brighter than their daughters: sex differences in parental self-estimations and estimations of their children’s multiple intelligences”, J. Genet. Psychol. 163, 24–39. doi: 10.1080/00221320209597966.
[19] Gaonhia‚ M. (2015). “Imposter phenomenon among Hmong college student”,The accompanying research report is submitted to the University of Wisconsin-Stout
[20] Gardner, S. & Holley, K. (2011). “Those Invisible barriers are real: The progression of first-generation students through doctoral education”, Equity and Excellence in Education, 44(1), PP 77-92.
[21] Garwick, M.R., Ford, A.C., & Huges, J.L. (2011). “Impostor phenomenon and females’ self-esteem, gpa, and relationship with mother”, Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences, 10. Retrieved from http://www.kon.org/urc/v10/garwick.html.
[22] Gilbert, P. (Ed.). (2005). “Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy”, New York, NY, US: Routledge
[23] Hutchins, H. M. (2015). “Outing the imposter: a study exploring imposter phenomenon among higher education faculty”, New Horiz in Adult Education & Human. Resourse Development. 27, PP 3–12. doi: 10.1002/nha3.20098. Identity‚ 2(3)‚ 223-50.
[24] Jermann, F., Van der Linden, M., d'Acremont, M., & Zermatten, A. (2006). “Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ)”, European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(2), PP 126-131.
[25] Jones, I. (2010). “Senses of Belonging and Fitting in? Affinities and Emergent Identities.” Widening Participation and Lifelong Learning 12 (2), PP 23–35.
[26] Jöstl, G., Bergsmann, E., Lüftenegger, M., Schober, B., & Spiel, C. (2012). “When will they blow my cover? The impostor phenomenon among Austrian doctoral students”, Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 220(2), PP 109–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/ a000102.
[27] King, J. E., and Cooley, E. L. (1995). “Achievement orientation and the impostor phenomenon among college students”, Contemp. Educ Psychol. 20, PP304–312. doi: 10.1006/ceps.1995.1019
[27] Krieger‚ T., Sander Martig‚ D., Brink‚ E., & Berger‚ T. (2016). “Working on self-compassion online: A proof of concept and feasibility study”, Internet Interventions‚ (6)‚ PP 64-70.
[28] Knights, D. & Clarke, C. (2014). “It’s a bittersweet symphony, this life: Fragile Academic Selves and Insecure Identities at Work”, Organizational Studies. 35 (3), PP 335-357.
[30] Kumar, S., and Jagacinski, C. M. (2006). “Imposters have goals too: the imposter phenomenon and its relationship to achievement goal theory”, Pers Individ Differ. 40, PP147–157. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.014.
[31] Li, S., Hughes, J.L., & Thu, S.M. (2014). “The links between parenting styles and imposter phenomenon”, Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 19(2), pp 50-57.
[32] McGregor, L. N., Gee, D. E., and Posey, K. E. (2008). “I feel like a fraud and it depresses me: the relation between the imposter phenomenon and depression”, Soc. Behav‚ 36, PP43–48. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2008.36.1.43
[33] Neff ‚ K. D. (2003). “Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward one self”, Self and identity‚ 2(2)‚ PP 85-101.
[34] Neff ‚ K. D., & Rude‚ S. S., & Kirkpatrick‚ K. L. (2007). “An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits”, Journal of Research in Personality‚ 41(4), PP 908-16.
[35] Neff, K. D. (2004). Self-compassion and psychological well-being. Constructivism in the Human Sciences. 9, 27-37.
[36] Neff, K. D. (2017). “Self-Compassion Guided Meditations and Exercises”, Available at: http://self-compassion.org/category/exercises/#exercises.
[37] Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). “Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults". Self and Identity, 9, PP 225–240. doi: 10.1080/ 1529886090297930.
[38] Neureiter, M., and Traut-Mattausch, E. (2017). “Two sides of the career resources coin: career adaptability resources and the impostor phenomenon”, J. Vocat. Behav. 98, PP 56–69. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2016.10.002.
[39] Odou‚ N., & Brinker‚ J. (2014). “Exploring the relationship between rumination, self-compassion, and mood”, Self and Identity‚13(4), PP 449-59.
[40] Patzak, A.‚ Kollmayer‚ M.‚ & Schober‚ B. (2017). “Buffering impostor feelings with kindness: The mediating role of self-compassion between gender-role orientation and the impostor phenomenon”, Frontiers in psychology‚ 8‚ PP 1-12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01289.
[41] Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). “Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale”, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 18, PP 250-255.
[42] Safarzadeh, S., Esfahaniasl, M., & Bayat, M. R. (2012). “The relationship between self-concept and achievement motive with imposter phenomenon in students of the Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz”, Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2(12), PP 12802-12808.
[43] September, A. N., McCarrey, M., Baranowsky, C., Parent, C., & Schindler, D. (2001). “The relation between well-being, impostor feelings, and gender role orientation among Canadian university students”, Journal Social Psychology. 141(2), PP 218-32.
[44] Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1975). “Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(1), PP 29-39.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0076857.
[45] Tatum, K. J. (2013). “Adherence to Gender Roles as a Predictor of Compassion and Self-Compassion in Women and Men”, Ph.D. thesis, Baylor University, Waco, TX.
[46] Thompson, T. (2004) “Failure- avoidance” parenting, the achievement environment of the home and strategies for reduction”, Learning and Instruction, 14 (1), PP 3- 26.
[47] Thompson, T., Foreman, P., & Martin, F. (2000). “Imposter fears and perfectionistic concern over mistakes”, Personality and Individual differences, 29, PP629-647.
[48] Wang‚ X., Chen‚ Z., Poon‚ K., Teng‚ F., & Jin‚ S. (2016). “Self-compassion decreases acceptance of own immoral behaviors”, Nurse Education Today‚ 46‚ PP 109-114.
[49] Watson, G.C., & Betts, A.S. (2010). “Confronting otherness: An e-conversation between doctoral students living with imposter syndrome”, Canadian Journal for New Scholars in Education, 3(1), PP 1-13.
[50] Wren‚ A. A., Somers‚ T. J., Wright‚ M. A., Goetz‚ M. C., Leary‚ M. R., Fras‚ A. M., Huh‚ B. K., Rogers‚ L. L., & Keefe‚ F. J. (2012). “Self-compassion in patients with persistent musculoskeletal pain: relationship of self-compassion to adjustment to persistent pain”, Journal Pain Symptom Manage‚43(4), PP 759-70.
[51] Yarnell, L. M., Stafford, R. E., Neff, K. D., Reilly, E. D., Knox, M. C., & Mullarkey, M. (2015). “Meta-analysis of gender differences in self-compassion”, Self- Identity, 14, PP 499–520. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2015.1029966
.
)