Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 PhD Student of Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
3 Assistant professor of Sports Management, Mobarakeh branch, Islamic Azad University, Mobarakeh, Iran.
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to present a model to explain the ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management. Philosophically, this research is interpretationist and from the point of view of inductive approach. In terms of strategy, this study is a data base theory type and a qualitative research type. The data was obtained through interviews, and the statistical community consists of 15 experts in the field of sports management. The snowball method was used for sampling and the sampling continued until the theoretical saturation limit was reached. To collect information, a semi-structured interview was used, and in order to analyze the data, three overlapping processes of open coding, axial coding and theoretical coding were used. By considering the text of all the interviews in the open coding stage, 303 concepts were identified, and after combining similar codes, 23 concepts were obtained. Then, in the axial coding phase, ten main categories were determined. The results showed that the selection criteria for management positions in sports organizations are not fair due to cultural and individual reasons. It is suggested that the selection criteria be such that both hierarchy is considered and starting from the middle level; As a result, the laws should be adjusted in such a way that the presence of women in social and cultural fields, including sports activities, becomes more prominent and the selection of women is based on meritocracy and specialization.
Keywords
Main Subjects
Chisholm, B. M. A., Spivey, C. A., Hagemann, T., & Josephson, M. A. (2017). Women in leadership and the bewildering glass ceiling. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 74(5), 312-324. https://academic.oup.com/ajhp/article-abstract/74/5/312/5102757
Abbasi, M.. (2019). Examining the views of Muslim thinkers about the management of women and the contents of hadiths. Scientific Quarterly of Hadith Sciences, 26(1), 104-131. http://hadith.riqh.ac.ir/article_13159.html?lang=en (In Persian)
Abinaya, M. S., & Alamelu, K. (2022). Glass Ceiling Issues In The INDIAN Banking Sector. Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship, 16(1), 33-40. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359369260
Ahmadi, S. Azadi, R. Kihani, M. (2018). The effect of the glass cliff on the performance of female managers and employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, with the mediating role of organizational silence. Two Quarterly Journals of Sociology and Lifestyle Management, 4(11), 1-41. https://civilica.com/doc/1230661 (In Persian)
Allahayari, F. Sajjadi, N., & Bayati, H. (2018). Investigating the attitude of municipal sports workers about the glass ceiling and the socialization of weakness in women. Sports Management, 10(3), 447-435. https://doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2019.29771.881 (In Persian)
Alsarve, D. (2022). Achieving gender equity: barriers and possibilities at board level in Swedish sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1-17. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/16184742.2022.2112256
Ashuri, M., Seyed Ameri, M., & Moharamzadeh, M. (2019). Compilation of the model of professional qualifications of female managers with an emphasis on trans-oriented change management in the Ministry of Sports and Youth. Organizational Behavior Management Studies in Sports, 7(26), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.30473/fmss.2020.52669.2128 (In Persian)
Ataf, Z., Ghasemi Hamedani, I., & Haj Alian, M. (2017). The effect of the glass ceiling on the non-employment of female managers in government organizations in Mazandaran province. State Administration Mission Quarterly, 8(27), 92-81. https://www.sid.ir/paper/199072/fa (In Persian)
Azad Nazari, M., Talebpour, A., & Kashani, M. (2019). Perception of champion female athletes on sports gender inequality. Sociological Studies, 13(49), 181-212. https://jss.tabriz.iau.ir/article_677368.html (In Persian)
Choi, S. (2019). Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: Social Capital Matters for Women’s Career Success. International Public Management Journal, 22(2), 295-320. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10967494.2018.1425225
Cohen, J. R, Dalton, D. W., Holder, W. L. L., & McMillan, J. J. (2020). An analysis of glass ceiling perceptions in the accounting profession. Journal of Business Ethics, 164(1), 17-38. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-018-4054-4
Doruk, Ö. T., & Pastore, F. (2022). A Tale of Parallel Processes of Gender (In-) Equality: How Big is the Glass Ceilings for Mena Women? GLO Discussion Paper, No. 1062, Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4114711
Esmaeilpour, R., & Tafaghodi, H. (2017). Content analysis of women’s management and job promotion obstacles. Women in Development and Politics, 15(2), 169-185. https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2017.62352 (In Persian)
Fernandez, R. M., & Rubineau, B. (2019). Network recruitment and the glass ceiling: Evidence from two firms. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 5(3), 88-102. https://www.rsfjournal.org/content/5/3/88.abstract
Gray, E, L., & Weese, J. (2020). Barriers to senior leadership positions for women in sport management: perceptions of undergraduate students and insights from their professors. The University of Western Ontario, Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. https://search.proquest.com/openview/7947622a384de15fcbe1d4346192c237/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Groeneveld, S., Bakker, V., & Schmidt, E. (2020). Breaking the glass ceiling, but facing a glass cliff? The role of organizational decline in women's representation in leadership positions in Dutch civil service organizations. Public Administration, 98(2), 441-464. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/padm.12632
Habibi Rad, A. Honary, H. Shabani Bahar, G. Kashkar, S. (2022). Analyzing the phenomenon of the glass ceiling, background and intervening conditions in the management of women's sports in Iran. Quarterly Journal of the Center for Strategic Studies of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, 21(56), 74-57. https://doi.org/10.22034/ssys.2022.1628.2139 (In Persian)
Heydari Darani, Z., Majidifar, Z., & Rezayan, A. (2021). Women born in the 60s and their role in the future; Qualitative study on building blocks of future images (Case study of female professors in Isfahan). Women’s Scientific Quarterly in Culture and Art, 13(4), 561-584. https://doi.org/10.22059/jwica.2021.328570.1659 (In Persian)
Jafari, E., Sharififard, F., & Shahram, A. (2019). Future research of women's participation in decision-making and sports management roles in the country. Scientific Quarterly of Sports and Youth Strategic Studies, 47, 284-265. https://www.sid.ir/paper/411944/fa (In Persian)
Janadleh, A., & Pouya, Z. (2019). Barriers to Women’s Job Promotion in Iran: Role Requirements or Structural Limitations (A Qualitative Meta-analysis of the Recent Decade). Social Sciences Quarterly (Scientific) of Allameh Tabatabai University, 26(84), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.22054/qjss.2019.33428.1842 (In Persian)
Kara, F. M., Colakoglu, T., & OGUT, E. E. E. (2016). Career barriers of women managers in sports organisations. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences, 2(3), 82-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18826/ijsets.04634
Kazemian, M., Ebrahimi, Gh., & Hemti, Z. (2014). Cultural consumption and factors related to it, a case study: Mazandaran University students. Society for Cultural Studies. Institute of Human Sciences and Culture Studies, 5(2), 133-153. https://socialstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1678.html (In Persian)
Khatibi, A., Heydari Nejad, S., Shetab Booshehri, S. N., & Hashemi, E. (2019). Obstacles and solutions to the development of financial resources for women’s sports in Iran. Sports Management Studies, 12(63), 112-89. https://doi.org/10.22089/smrj.2020.8249.2827 (In Persian)
Lathabhavan, R., & Balasubramanian, S. A. (2017). Glass ceiling and women employeesinasian organizations: a tri-decadal review. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 9(2), 1-28. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/APJBA-03-2017-0023/full/html
Latifo lahi, P., Shafi, A., Kayseri, Z., Reza Doost, Z., Hashemi, L., & Amiri, F. (2022). Designing the model of the glass ceiling with the approach of data base theory. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Human Resources Studies, 12(1), 131-151. https://www.jhrs.ir/article_150421.html?lang=en. (In Persian)
Lesch, L., Kerwin, S., Thormann, T. F., & Wicker, P. (2022). Critical Masses and Gender Diversity in Voluntary Sport Leadership: The Role of Economic and Social State-Level Factors. Sustainability, 14(10), 6208. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106208
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1990). Judging the quality of case study reports. Internation Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 3(1), 53-59. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0951839900030105
Mehdizadeh, A., Abdavi, F., & Afshari, M. (2018). Glass ceiling theory in the field of women's sports: a comparative comparison and presentation of a quantitative model. Journal of Human Resource Management in Sports, 7(1), 45-59. https://doi.org/10.22044/shm.2020.7995.1905 (In Persian)
Mehrara, A., Shafipour, F., Dianti, R., & Zare Zaidi, A. (2018). Glass ceiling, from challenges and solutions to empowering women. Bimonthly Specialized Scientific Research in Humanities, 3(2), 45-57. https://www.sid.ir/paper/515305/fa (In Persian)
Miller, L. (2021). The Professional Struggles of Contemporary Korean Women: Origins and Consequences of the Glass Ceiling. Asia Pacific Studies Master’s Program. University of San Francisc, 1-29. https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone/1008/
Mirshekaran, Z., Bahrololoum, H., & Bagheri, H. (2019). Investigating factors affecting the development of Iranian women’s championship sports. Contemporary Researches in Sports Management, 9(18), 1-14. https://www.sid.ir/paper/369877/fa (In Persian)
Molaei, P., Alvani, M., Zahedi, Sh., & Alinejad, A. R. (2019). A meta-analysis on the identification of obstacles to the promotion of women to management levels in Iran’s government organizations. Career and Organizational Counseling Quarterly, 12(42), 224-1999. https://jcoc.sbu.ac.ir/article_100054.html (In Persian)
Moradi, A., Hosseini, M., & Moradi, R. (2017). Prioritizing the obstacles facing working women in performing sports activities in Alborz province. Journal of the School of Health and Institute of Health Research, 15(1), 23-34. https://sjsph.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5476-fa.html (In Persian)
Motameni, A., Hemti, A., & Moradi, H. (2014). Identifying and prioritizing obstacles faced by women in sports activities. Sports Management Studies, 6(24), 111-130. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_145.html (In Persian)
Mousavirad, T., Farahani, A., & Bayat, P. (2016). Prioritizing barriers to women's management in sports using the Analytical Hierarchy (AHP) method. Applied Research in Sports Management, 5(1), 111-119. https://arsmb.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_2989.html. (In Persian)
Najarzadeh Arani, S., Nargesian, A., Amiri, M., & Safiri, Kh. (2019). Presenting the model of women’s leadership style in public sector management positions with emphasis on the role of national culture. Public Administration, 12(1), 117-141. https://jipa.ut.ac.ir/article_73337.html (In Persian)
Nazari Azad, M., Talebpour, A., & Kashani, M. (2019). Perception of gender inequality in sports of champion female athletes. Sociological Studies, 13(49), 181-205. https://jss.tabriz.iau.ir/article_677368.html (In Persian)
Nazari, R., & Latifi, A. (2018). Analysis of the effect of glass ceiling on improving the managerial position of women in sports organizations of Isfahan province. Sports Management, 10(3), 477-465. https://doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2019.108225.1205 (In Persian)
Nystén, L. (2022). Career Interruptions and The Glass Ceiling: How Parenthood and Organisational Policies Impact a Woman’s Career Advancement in the Financial Sector in Finland: 1-91. https://helda.helsinki.fi/dhanken/bitstream/handle/10227/491730/Nysten_Lydia.pdf?sequence=1
Organista, N. (2020). The Top is Always Reserved for Men: Gendering of Leadership Positions in Polish Sports Federations. Polish Sociological Review, 212(4), 497-516. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=919095
Ozbey, S. (2019). Metaphorical perception of sports management students on women in sport concept. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(4), 193-203. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331874442_Metaphorical_Perception_of_Sports_Management_Students_on_Women_in_Sport_Concept
Pallekumburar, P. G. C. Y., & Anjala, A. K. (2022). Female Government School Teachers, Glass Ceiling Effect And Organizational Commitment. IJCIRAS, 4(8), 20-24. http://www.ijciras.com/PublishedPaper/IJCIRAS1795.pdf
Pape, M. (2020). Gender segregation and trajectories of organizational change: The underrepresentation of women in sports leadership. Gender & Society, 34(1), 81-105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243219867914
Sadeghipour, H., Jahaniyan, M., & Mousavi, R. (2015). Challenges and opportunities for women's sport in Bushehr province and its development solutions. Strategic Studies of Sport and Youth, 14(29), 1-18. https://www.sid.ir/paper/507889/fa (In Persian)
Safari, M. (2022). Women’s career development in sports management theory data foundation. Kes Bokar Journal in Sports, 2(1), 106-87. https://www.magiran.com/paper/2456127 (In Persian)
Samaei, L., Ganjouei, F., Azadfada, Sh., & Porsoltan, H. (2021). Predicting Empowerment of Female employees of the Ministry of Sport and Youth Based on Glass Ceiling and Organizational Justice. Sport Sciences Quarterly, 12(40), 11-30. https://ssqj.karaj.iau.ir/article_683046.html (In Persian)
Shabani, A., Razavi, M., & Hadavi, F. (2019). Development of an analytical structural model for the development of women's championship sports. Contemporary Researches in Sports Management, 9(18), 53-64. https://www.sid.ir/paper/398211/fa (In Persian)
Simmons, K. (2011). Women in Top Management Positions in the Sport Industry: Breaking Down the Barriers and Stereotypes, 1-32. https://fisherpub.sjf.edu/sport_undergrad/22/
Sims, C., Carter, A., & Moore De Peralta, A. (2021). Do servant, transformational, transac-tional, and passive avoidant leadership styles influence mentoring competencies for faculty? A study of a gender equity leadership development program. Human Re-source Development Quarterly, 32(1), 55-75. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hrdq.21408
Soumya, R. R, & Sathiyaseelan, A. (2021). Mindfulness: An emotional aid to the glass ceiling experiences. Cogent Psychology, 8(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2021.1907911
Tavsuli, A., & Jalalund, A. (2015). The difference in the management style of women and men, the necessity of women's presence in management fields. National corporate governance conference. https://www.sid.ir/paper/842914/fa (In Persian)
Titus, S. (2011). Female sport administrators’ experiences of organizational fit in the workplace. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 17, 123-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajpherd.v17i3.68081
Valiente, C. (2022). The impact of gender quotas in sport management: The case of Spain. Sport in Society, 25(5), 1017-1034. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17430437.2020.1819244
Welch, N. M., Siegele, J. L., & Hardin, R. (2021). Double Punch to the Glass Ceiling: Career Experiences and Challenges of Ethnic Minority Female Athletic Directors. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 29(1), 20-28. https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/wspaj/29/1/article-p20.xml
)