Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Assistant professor, Entrepreneurship Development Department, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 MSc. Student in Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Despite significant progress in promoting gender justice in the workplace, gender dynamics further affect women's career opportunities and advancement. This article highlights coaching strategies to help female clients navigate these dynamics and advance their careers. Drawing on research and best practices, this article builds on the recognition and understanding of gender differences while avoiding harmful stereotypes. In this research, women identified studies related to the areas of coaching strategies in the workplace by using the methods of review systems and by searching in databases and specifying indicators to get the opinion of the input researches, we analyzed the data using a narrative synthesis. The studies included in this review used different coaching interventions, including one-on-one coaching, group coaching, and mentoring programs. Several studies have focused on the impact of mentoring on gender-based biases, including perceptions of women in leadership positions and the impact of mentoring on men's attitudes toward female leaders. This systematic literature review highlights the effectiveness of coaching in addressing gender-based biases, identifying and overcoming barriers to advancement, and developing effective communication and leadership skills for women in the workplace. In this paper, we conclude that while progress toward gender equity remains a struggle, mentoring can play a critical role in helping women reach their full potential in the workplace.
Keywords
Main Subjects
Alsop, R. (2007, July 17). How to raise female M.B.A. enrollment. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January, 31, 2009, from: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118462888966268184.html.
Block, C. J., Gupta, A., & Li, A. (2022). Can a relationship buffer women leaders against the negative consequences of anger expression?. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 133, 103665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103665
Brescoll, V. L., & Uhlmann, E. L. (2008). Can an angry woman get ahead? Status conferral, gender, and expression of emotion in the workplace. Psychological science, 19(3), 268-275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02079.x
Carr-Rufino, N. (1993). The Promotable Woman: Advancing Through Leadership Skills. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. https://www.amazon.com/Promotable-Woman-Advancing-Through-Leadership/dp/0534189849
Chitsaz, E., Tajpour, M., Hosseini, E., Khorram, H., & Zorrieh, S. (2019). The Effect of Human and Social Capital on Entrepreneurial Activities: A Case Study of Iran and Implications. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 6(3), 1393-1403.
Chitsaz, Ehsan & Zeinali Araghtu, Mohammad Mahdi. (2019) Compassionate coaching. Tehran Academic Jehad Organization. 130-150 (In Persian)
Chitsaz, Ehsan and Lotfi, Mohammad Amir. (2019) Brain coaching. Tehran Academic Jehad Organization. (In Persian)
Cox, E., Bachkirova, T., Clutterbuck, D. (2010). The complete handbook of coaching. Los Angeles, Calif. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318492847_The_complete_handbook_of_coaching_Los_Angeles_Calif
Cunningham, G. B., Ahn, N. Y., Anderson, A. J., & Dixon, M. A. (2019). Gender, coaching, and occupational turnover. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 27(2), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2018-0038
de Haan, D., & Knoppers, A. (2019). Gendered discourses in coaching high-performance sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 55(6), 631–646. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690219829692
DeBoer, K. (2004). Gender and Competition: How Men and Women Approach Work and Play Differently. Monterey, CA: Coaches Choice. https://www.amazon.nl/-/en/Kathleen-J-Deboer/dp/158518876X
Dennis, W. (2012), “Small business: lessons of the recession, women-owned businesses adapt and emerge stronger, national federation of independent business world economic forum”, Global Gender Gap Report 2012, available at: www.weforum.org/reports/globalgender- gap-report-2012.
Desvaux, G., Devillard-Hoellinger, S., & Baumgarten, P. (2007). Women matter: Gender diversity, a corporate performance driver. Available at: http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/paris/home/womenmatter/pdfs/Women_matter_oct2007_english.pdf.
Downey, M. (2003). Effective Coaching: Lessons from the Coaches' Coach. Texere. https://www.amazon.nl/-/en/Myles-Downey/dp/1587991721
Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2007). Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership. Harvard Business Review, 85(9), 63–71. https://hbr.org/2007/09/women-and-the-labyrinth-of-leadership
Eagly, A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., & Van Engen, M. L. (2003). Transformational, Transactional, and Laissez-Faire Leadership Styles: A Meta-Analysis Comparing Women and Men. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 569–591. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.569
Esser, A., Kahrens, M., Mouzughi, Y., & Eomois, E. (2018). A female leadership competency framework from the perspective of male leaders. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 33(2), 138-166. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-06-2017-0077
Evans, G. (2001). Play Like a Man, Win Like a Woman: What Men Know About Success that Women Need to Learn. New York: Broadway Books. https://www.amazon.com/Play-Like-Man-Win-Woman/dp/076790463X
Fels, A. (2004). Do Women Lack Ambition? Harvard Business Review, 82(4), 50–60. https://hbr.org/2004/04/do-women-lack-ambition
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Universty Press. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674970960
Goffee, R., & Jones, G. (2000). Why Should Anyone Be Led by You? Harvard Business Review, 63–70. https://hbr.org/2000/09/why-should-anyone-be-led-by-you
Grant, A. M. (2001). Towards a Psychology of Coaching:The Impact of Coaching on Metacognition, Mental Health and Goal Attainment. University of Sydney. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228598134_Towards_a_psychology_of_coaching
Gurian, M., & Annis, B. (2008). Leadership and the sexes. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. https://lib.ugent.be/nl/catalog/rug01:001295839
Helgesen, S. (1990). The female advantage : women’s ways of leadership. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Currency. https://cmc.marmot.org/Record/.b10667659
Hewlett, S. A. (2002). Executive Women and the Myth of Having It All. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2002/04/executive-women-and-the-myth-of-having-it-all
Hillman, A.J. and Keim, G.D. (2001). Shareholder value, stakeholder management, and social issues: what's the bottom line?. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 125-139. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3094310
Hopkins, K., Meyer, M., Afkinich, J., Bialobrzeski, E., Perry, V., & Brown, J. (2022). Facilitated peer coaching among women human service professionals: Leadership learning, application and lessons learned. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 46(3), 184-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2021.1961963
Ibarra, H., & Obodaru, O. (2009). Women and the Vision Thing. Harvard Business Review. Available at https://hbr.org/2009/01/women-and-the-vision-thing
Jackson, S., & Bourne, D. J. (2020). Can an online coaching programme facilitate behavioural change in women working in STEM fields. International Coaching Psychology Review, 15(1), 20-36. https://researchportal.coachingfederation.org/Document/Pdf/abstract_3510
Josephs, L., Warach, B., Goldin, K. L., Jonason, P. K., Gorman, B. S., Masroor, S., & Lebron, N. (2019). Be yourself: Authenticity as a long-term mating strategy. Personality and Individual Differences, 143, 118-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.020
Kilburg, R. R. (1996). Toward a conceptual understanding and definition of executive coaching. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 48(2), 134–144. https://doi.org/10.1037/1061-4087.48.2.134
Koenig, A. M., & Eagly, A. H. (2014). Evidence for the social role theory of stereotype content: Observations of groups’ roles shape stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(3), 371–392. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037215
Kottke, J. L., & Agars, M. D. (2005). Understanding the processes that facilitate and hinder efforts to advance women in organizations. The Career Development International, 10(3), 190–202. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430510598319
Lai, L. (2014). The Development and Validation of a Coaching Psychologist Competency Framework through Job Role Analysis: Focusing on the Effective Coaching Relationship. Division of Occupational Psychology (DOP) Annual Conference, hosted by the British Psychological Society (BPS): Brington. https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/14266/
Mariani, M., Mattei, A., Storchi, L., & Vignoli, D. (2019). The ambiguous effects of public assistance to youth and female start-ups between job creation and entrepreneurship enhancement. Scienze Regionali, 18(2), 237–260. https://doi.org/10.14650/93649
Miller, L. C., Cooke, L., Tsang, J., & Morgan, F. (1992). Should I brag? nature and impact of positive and boastful disclosures for women and men. Human Communication Research, 18(3), 364–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1992.tb00557.x
Nishii, L. H. (2013). The Benefits of Climate for Inclusion for Gender-Diverse Groups, Academy of Management Journal, 56(6). https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0823
O’Neil, D. A, Hopkins, M. M. & Bilimoria, D. (2008). Women’s Careers at the Start of the 21st Century: Patterns and Paradoxes. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(4), 727-743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9465-6
Parsloe, E. (1992). Coaching, Mentoring, and Assessing: A Practical Guide to Developing Competence. Kogan Page. https://www.amazon.nl/-/en/Eric-Parsloe/dp/074940664X
Passmore, J., & Fillery-Travis, A. (2011). A critical review of executive coaching research: A decade of progress and what's to come. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 4(2), 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17521882.2011.596484
Place, K. R., & Vardeman-Winter, J. (2018). Where are the women? An examination of research on women and leadership in public relations. Public Relations Review, 44(1), 165–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.10.005
Ragins, B., Townsend, B., & Mattis, M. (1998) Gender gap in the executive suite: CEOs and female executives report on breaking the glass ceiling. Academy of Management Executive, 12, 28-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AME.1998.254976
Reade, I., Rodgers, W., & Norman, L. (2009). The under-representation of women in coaching: A comparison of male and female Canadian coaches at low and high levels of coaching. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4(4), 505-520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/174795409790291439
Reardon, K. (1995). They don’t get it, do they? Boston: Little, Brown. https://adams.marmot.org/Record/.b15286241
Rosener, J. (1999, November/December). Ways Women Lead. Harvard Business Review, 119–125. https://hbr.org/1990/11/ways-women-lead
Schwartz, F. (1989, January/February). Management Women and the New Facts of Life. Harvard Business Review, 65–76. https://hbr.org/1989/01/management-women-and-the-new-facts-of-life
Segovia-Pérez, M., Figueroa-Domecq, C., Fuentes-Moraleda, L., & Muñoz-Mazón, A. (2019). Incorporating a gender approach in the hospitality industry: Female executives’ perceptions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76, 184–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.05.008
Shinnar, R. S., Hsu, D. K., Powell, B. C., & Zhou, H. (2018). Entrepreneurial intentions and start-ups: Are women or men more likely to enact their intentions? International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 60–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242617704277
Smith, D. (2000). Women at work : leadership for the next century. Upper Saddle River, NI: Prentice Hall. 225-235. https://www.worldcat.org/title/women-at-work-leadership-for-the-next-century/oclc/42463180
Tannen, D. (1986). That’s Not What I Meant! How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships. New York: Ballantine. https://www.amazon.com/Thats-What-Meant-Conversational-Relationships/dp/0062062999
Tannen, D. (1990). You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. In Women and Language (Issue 2). New York: Ballantine. https://www.amazon.com/You-Just-Dont-Understand-Conversation/dp/0060959622
Tannen, D. (1994). Talking from 9 to 5: How Women’s and Men’s Conversational Styles Affect Who Gets Heard, Who Gets Credit, and What Gets Done at Work. New York: William Morrow and Company. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED383018
Vasudevan, R. and Wasilkowska, K. (2018). “Entrepreneurship development interventions for women entrepreneurs: an update on what works”, Issue Brief no. 7, International Labour Organization.
Whitmore, J. (1992). Coaching for Performance: A Practical Guide to Growing Your Own Skills. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. 70-90. https://books.google.nl/books/about/Coaching_for_Performance.html?id=B9thPwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
)