Sociology
omid ghaderzadeh; Freshte khairandish
Abstract
IntroductionDespite social and cultural changes in Iranian society, patriarchy still has a hegemonic position and is reproduced through gendered institutions, including the family.in Iranian Kurdistan, the family, as a social institution and one of the main sources of socialization, has significant sanctity ...
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IntroductionDespite social and cultural changes in Iranian society, patriarchy still has a hegemonic position and is reproduced through gendered institutions, including the family.in Iranian Kurdistan, the family, as a social institution and one of the main sources of socialization, has significant sanctity and importance and has played a unique role in the construction of gender identity.gender identification in the context of the family has been associated with the subjugation of women. Recent studies have shown the continuation of subjugation and inferiority of Kurdish women (Ghaderzadeh & Hosseini, 2017; Ghaderzadeh & Khalghi, 2017; Ghaderzadeh & Abdollahzade, 2022; Rostampour, 2013; Shahriari, 2014).gender socialization is one of the conceptual and theoretical constructs that lead the way in understanding patriarchy and women's inferiority. Socialization is a process through which people find gender identity. They learn what is expected of them because of being a woman or a man and how to express these characteristics. Due to the fact that most sociologists believe that gender differences have a social origin, understanding gender socialization is important for analyzing the status of women (Wharton, 2012:56).understanding the dimensions and institutional sources of gender socialization and revealing it,s vulnerable strains is the precursor to redefining the social status of women in different fields of society.the practical importance of addressing the issue of gender socialization in the context of Kurdistan society becomes more relevant when women are abused openly and covertly in various fields.honor killings and murder by father or husband, the daily representation of news related to the assault of women on social networks and it,s increasing growth indicate asymmetric relationships and the weakness of dialogical and emotional democracy in the context of the family.based on field evidence, the city of Sanandaj is facing significant examples of gender inequality and gender violence. Therefore, the main question of the current research is, according to women's narratives, how does gender socialization take place in Sanandji families? And what are the sources and agents of gender socialization?MethodologyUnderstanding gender socialization in the context of the family requires studying the real life situation; Therefore, qualitative methodology has been adopted and among the qualitative methods, thematic analysis has been chosen as a method and strategy of data analysis to understand women's narrative of gender socialization.due to the events faced by women in childhood and adulthood and after marriage, the field of study is focused on a sample of married and working women in Sanandaj. By narrating the details of their lives and the events that happened in their lives and those of others, women provide rich data based on which gender socialization can be understood .on the other hand, due to the background nature of gender socialization and influence of ethnicity, the field of study is limited to Kurdish women of Sanandji.the sampling of the present study was a combination of targeted sampling and sampling with maximum diversity. In this study, theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting 30 interviews. In this study, after collecting data through semi-structured interviews, data was analyzed and interpreted using the thematic analysis approach.ResultsOne of the dimensions of gender socialization is gender roles. to understand the gender roles, the participants were asked what they do as women at home? Why do men refuse to do the things that women do? by analyzing the themes, we found 4 main themes: “identification with home,” “instrumental roles,” “patriarchal order of care,” and “glass ceiling and the difficulty of promotion of working women”.the interviewed women defined themselves by housework and the home environment, and since childhood, girls' cooperation and companionship in housework has been expected.most of the women admitted to asking men's permission in various matters, and men's ignorance of their work or leaving the house without men's permission has been associated with men's annoyance and anger.restrictions in the field of interactions and not being allowed to travel with friends or travel without family were among the common experiences of the interviewed participants.women believed that there is not much difference between housekeeping and employment in offices and institutions, and in both areas, the position of women is not recognized, and women's ideas are confiscated by men, and women's activities are hindered by men.after “gender roles”, another construct that helps to understand gender socialization is “gender stereotypes” which are resistant to change.gender stereotypes are closely related to social roles and perpetuate gender inequalities by legitimizing gender norms and identity.regarding the gender stereotypes related to the presence of women in public spaces, we found two main themes: “genderization of public spaces” and “insecurity in public spaces and blaming women”.one of the central topics in the current research was understanding the personality dimensions of women. Based on the understanding of women, the two main themes of “expressive identity” and “genderization of work and education” have formed gender stereotypes related to women's personality.among the other topics investigated were gender stereotypes in the field of family planning and management, based on women's narratives, two main themes were reached: “risklessness and dependent decision-making” and “gender separation of family planning and management”.in order to understand the gender stereotypes related to choosing a spouse and marital relations, interviews were conducted with women regarding topics such as the process of marriage and choosing a spouse for children, having children, and marital relations. From the analysis of the themes, 3 main themes were obtained: “urgency and strictness in the marriage of girls”, “woman as a sexual object” and “woman as an honor”.the last subject under investigation was the recognition of the sources of women's socialization. Based on the data, “family and relatives” and “mass communication media” have formed the main sources of gender socialization of women.ConclusionOne of the distinguishing features of the current research was acknowledging the role of the family and especially the role of mothers in the continuation of gender inequalities through internalization and reproduction of gender roles and stereotypes. Participating women have actually perpetuated and consolidated gender roles and stereotypes by following the example of mothers.In addition, mass communication media along with family represent women in the framework of gender roles and stereotypes.Contrary to studies that have emphasized women's resistance to accepting conventional social identities, the findings of the present study indicate the weakness of gender awareness in kurdistan society.due to the dominance of patriarchal social and cultural structures, weak institutional support and exclusion from the labor market, women are unable to deconstruct gender stereotypes and redefine gender roles.still in kurdistan, a woman is associated with the honor and honor of the family, and women consider family issues as a personal and private matter.in order to understand gender roles and stereotypes as a social problem, it is necessary to sensitize the society and convince the members of the society about the harmful nature of gender socialization and in this way, women should be organized.the structure and system of male ideology is reproduced through gender socialization and has imposed expectations on women that have perpetuated gender discrimination and inequality; Therefore, according to Giddens, an emancipatory politics is necessary for women, and this implies the deconstruction of the patriarchal discourse, the horizontalization of couple relations, and emotional democracy in the context of the family.
Women's Studies
Omid Qaderzadeh; Parivash Hoseini
Abstract
The scope of power of housewives is subject to limitations due to their fragile and vulnerable position in the economic and social structures. One of the areas on the basis of which women’s empowerment could be assessed is the decision-making process in everyday life. The purpose of this research ...
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The scope of power of housewives is subject to limitations due to their fragile and vulnerable position in the economic and social structures. One of the areas on the basis of which women’s empowerment could be assessed is the decision-making process in everyday life. The purpose of this research is to reconstruct the lived experience of married women in decision-making and explore the fields, consequences and the ways of women’s exposure to the phenomenon of decision-making through the perception and mental conceptualization of the actions that they exploit in their everyday life as a source of power to enhance their agency in the environment. The present study was carried out with a qualitative approach in the grounded theory. Target sampling with maximum diversity was used to select the samples; and semi-structured interview was used to collect the data. The results of interview with 28 samples of Sanandaj women indicate that self-esteem, re-conceptualization and risk-taking, family support, gender stereotypes, experience (of decision making), and resources available to women constitute the grounds for decision making of women. The semantic reconstruction of the experience and understanding of women of decision making shows the women appeal to such strategies as logical dialogue, due and timely fulfillment of responsibilities, financial independence and support, raising the expectations, and strike. The decision-making experience for women contributes to their sense of value, collective belonging, self-reliance, empowerment and self-esteem.
Sociology
Omid Qaderzadeh; Fatemeh Gholami; Elahe Gholami
Abstract
Single girls are among the groups that are subject to rejection because of their fragile and vulnerable situation in social and economic structures. The current study aims to reconstruct the meaning of singleness experience and find the backgrounds and the way single girls encounter singleness through ...
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Single girls are among the groups that are subject to rejection because of their fragile and vulnerable situation in social and economic structures. The current study aims to reconstruct the meaning of singleness experience and find the backgrounds and the way single girls encounter singleness through perception and subjective meaning of the girls who are involved in this process. The current paper was conducted by applying qualitative approach and the grounded theory among single girls of Ivan County. In order to choose the samples, we used purposive sampling and also we used maximum diversity for collecting data from Semi-structured interviews. In this case study, 28 single girls participated. They were different in terms of using economic, social and cultural capitals. The findings suggest that women are subject to singleness because of war trauma and education. In between , stabilization of accepted reasons, the need for commitment, gender-based nature of public space, and accepted restrictions are shown to be the facilitator reason, and dependency depiction in media is represented as confounding condition. Reconstructing the meaning of girls’ experience and understanding singleness imply the camouflage obligation, religious places as a friendly place, politics of presence, tendency to female occupations, rethinking and virtualization of relationships. Based on the current study, girls’ lived experience of singleness results in psychological violence, double isolation, ambiguous future and feeling of being a burden. Also, the core category implies the unavailability of situations.
Sociology
Omid Qaderzadeh; Seyede Chiman Hosseini
Abstract
The origins of sports traditionally dates back to its practice encouraged by religion, custom or militancy, and, therefore, was considered a wholly masculine practice. Due to the inextricable link between sports and body management, nowadays, leisure and health have transcended their meaning beyond a ...
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The origins of sports traditionally dates back to its practice encouraged by religion, custom or militancy, and, therefore, was considered a wholly masculine practice. Due to the inextricable link between sports and body management, nowadays, leisure and health have transcended their meaning beyond a certain gender and, consequently, sports has become a wholly ordinary practice for women. To attain an insight into the women’s experience and understanding of sports, this research conducted a semi-structural interview with 30 samples of women with sports experience, using a Grounded Theory method. The results show that the practice of sports by women is chiefly due to their concern about the maintenance of symmetry in the spatial-locative context and body fitness.Incidentally, striving for equality, maintaining an idealistic view of the body as a facilitating element, and the widespread broadcast of sports and its popularization have also been contributing factors.The meaningful implications of women’s appreciation of sports include their consciousness towards sports (sports as a functional identity), deconstruction of the social strata, body symmetry and pleasure. The research concludes that sports has offered women social acceptance, the opportunity to rethink and transcend physical and psychological well-being.
Women's Studies
Omid Ghaderzade; Sara Khazaie
Abstract
This research seeks to explore and examine the semantic implications women's sense of insecurity in public spaces city of social interpretationism approach. In this study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews and GT is used to analyze the data. Using theoretical and purposive sampling, ...
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This research seeks to explore and examine the semantic implications women's sense of insecurity in public spaces city of social interpretationism approach. In this study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews and GT is used to analyze the data. Using theoretical and purposive sampling, 27 women were interviewed. Finally, collected data were analyzed and coded in the form of 10 key categories and a core category. Data analysis and modeling paradigm suggests sexual harrament, afraid of defamation and gender socialization as causal conditions, coded gendered space as a field, Objection body women interferor conditions accepting women as corporately. Corporations by being mentioned in terms of interactions, such as concealment. The evasion moved to adopt believes it has stirred fear and social isolation.
Psychology
Omid Ghaderzadeh; Ahmad Qolami
Abstract
Eating, as a way for Body Management reproduces a social function and meaning beyond itsbiological performances. Thus, it’s meaning has been transformed from a bodily need to afundamental element in expression and narrativeness of social identity and social positions.The main question of this paper ...
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Eating, as a way for Body Management reproduces a social function and meaning beyond itsbiological performances. Thus, it’s meaning has been transformed from a bodily need to afundamental element in expression and narrativeness of social identity and social positions.The main question of this paper targets the ways women reconstruct and reinterpret theirsocial positions through food and eating. Field operation of the research is conductedaccording to the ethnographic method. Data of research gathered through Semi-structuredinterview technique and the data analyzed by grounded theory. The findings, based oninterviewing with 30 women informants, demonstrated fundamental changes in their lifeworldand subjective orientation to food and eating. According to their perspective, food andeating is interpreted as obviating starvation, simplicity, operational, aesthetics and Stylizationsignificances among women.
