Zeinab Kavehfirouz; Bizhan Zare; Hossein Shamsedini
Abstract
Iran in recent decades with the steep fall in fertility is facing a demographic issue. According to the movement of Iranian society towards modernity as a result of lifestyle changes, the big question raised in the present research is that ”what lifestyle changes can affect reproductive attitudes ...
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Iran in recent decades with the steep fall in fertility is facing a demographic issue. According to the movement of Iranian society towards modernity as a result of lifestyle changes, the big question raised in the present research is that ”what lifestyle changes can affect reproductive attitudes of activists?” This study was designed aiming at investigating the attitudes toward childbearing, with an emphasis on lifestyle factors among women who want to get married referring to health care networks in Tehran. Using survey methods and techniques, 384 women in Tehran were studied. According to the results we can say that 83.3 percent of pre-marriage women have average and poor attitude toward childbearing and its functions. The lifestyle and its constituent components (body management, free time, cultural consumption and socioeconomic status) have a significant relationship with attitudes toward childbearing, and 32% of the change in attitudes toward childbearing is explained by the independent variable. Also, among the aspects of lifestyle, socio-economic status has the highest impact on the dependent variable. In other words, the mentioned variable, in addition to the direct effect on women's attitudes toward childbearing in Tehran, also influence all aspects of lifestyle, and cultural consumption variable, in addition to the immediate effect on women's attitudes, is influenced by the other dimensions of lifestyle. After socioeconomic status, body management affects women's attitudes toward childbearing.
Rural Development
Ali Shams; Nazilla Nabizadeh; Hosein Shabanali Fami
Abstract
Any economic development planning of rural regions needs an initial investigation of rural women's role in the production system, hence the purpose of this descriptive- survey study was to investigate rural women's role in animal husbandry activities. The statistical population consisted of all rural ...
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Any economic development planning of rural regions needs an initial investigation of rural women's role in the production system, hence the purpose of this descriptive- survey study was to investigate rural women's role in animal husbandry activities. The statistical population consisted of all rural families (N=6571) in Charuymaq county among which 135 were selected through a multistage randomised sampling method based on Cochran's sampling formula. The research tool was a researcher-constructed questionnaire the validity of which was verified by a panel of experts in the related field and to check its reliability, a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was computed which was higher than 0.7 for composite constructs. The results showed that majority of women (60.7%) had a neutral attitude toward animal husbandry activities. Hard nature of animal activities was the most important barrier of women's participation. Preparing households food requirements (self-consumption) and feeling responsibile toward household were the most intrinsic and extrinsic motives of women regarding their participation, respectively. The majority of women had a low level of mass media information usage and TV was the first source of their information gathering. Women had the highest participation in milking and processing and the least in grazing the animals.
Hasan Sarayi; Pegah Roshanshomal
Abstract
Induced abortion is one of the problems to which some women resort for different reasons including family planning, to hide their illegal relations, avoid unwanted pregnancy, rape, etc. Physical and psychological aftermaths of abortion on women who experience it as well as cultural and social conditions ...
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Induced abortion is one of the problems to which some women resort for different reasons including family planning, to hide their illegal relations, avoid unwanted pregnancy, rape, etc. Physical and psychological aftermaths of abortion on women who experience it as well as cultural and social conditions of abortion show the importance of paying attention to the problem. This research aims to study the social factors affecting pregnant women’s attitude to induced abortion. The research was performed through survey method and statistical population was all women at the fertility age in Tehran in the year 2006. Sample size was calculated according to formula: 300 people and quota sampling was used. The results of multivariate regression analysis show that variables like religiosity, the attitude of the family and relatives towards abortion, and the social class involve 26 percent of variance related to the attitude of the women towards abortion. Fading faith and piety among women, according to the results, has a direct relationship with increased positive attitude towards abortion. Other variables such as age, education, and occupational status are not related to do women’s attitude towards having abortions.
M.R. Hamzaei; A.H. Papzan; M.A. Sharifi
Volume 8, Issue 4 , February 2011
Abstract
The term reference group can refer to any group that influences the attitude
and behavior of individuals. The theory is often used to describe two major types of relationships between individuals and groups which are known as "normative" reference group behavior and "comparative" reference group behavior. ...
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The term reference group can refer to any group that influences the attitude
and behavior of individuals. The theory is often used to describe two major types of relationships between individuals and groups which are known as "normative" reference group behavior and "comparative" reference group behavior. "Normative" reference group theory is also known as a guide for individuals' behavior, since it provides a guideline for people's behavior. Moreover, "comparative" reference groups give individuals a basis for comparing themselves or their group with other individuals or groups and yet influence individuals' feelings and behavior. When objective standards for behavior, opinions, or emotions are unavailable, people look up to others for reference or comparison. Therefore, reference/comparison groups serve two functions; firstly they provide normative guidance and secondly they offer standards for self-evaluation and comparison. Sociologists tend to apply the notions of reference/ comparison group when they are useful or seem appropriate, often in post hoc studies. Most of the research, which specifies to which groups an individual will refer, the directions in which comparisons are made and the conditions under which comparisons occur, has been conducted in the field of psychology, partly because selective comparisons are considered as important coping strategies. The purpose of this article is to analyze the attitude of the youth towards reference groups, to indicate the effective factors and to determine gender differences in Sanandaj city of Kurdistan Province. The study is conducted during the year 2009 and the research method consists of descriptive survey. Interviews with young people in the form of 267 questionnaires (including 309 boys and 318 girls) are conducted by multistage cluster sampling proportionate to size. A panel of experts assess the validity of the research and thus determine its reliability by Cronbach's Alpha (0.82) and Test- retest. The statistical methods utilized in the research include correlation analysis, factor analysis and regression analysis. Having specified details of the nature of reference groups, attitude towards reference group (including Professors, Peer group, Parents, Religious figures, Artists, Actors, Teachers, Professors, sportsmen, Policy makers) is examined between boys and girls. Results of the study show that girls demonstrate higher tendency and a more positive attitude towards professors, parents and students and thus there's a significant difference in this aspect as compared with boys. However, while boys opt for professors, peer group and university students as their source of reference, they show lower attitude towards them. Percentage frequency distribution and comparison of mean indicate that girls have a more positive attitude towards membership reference groups (MRG) while boys have significantly greater level of positive attitude towards non-membership reference groups than girls. The results of the statistical method indicate that four factors (including performance assessment of socialization agents (MTM1), social participation characteristics, subjective norms and subjective esteem acquiring) explain 73% of the total variation of attitude towards MRG, with respect to their relative significance.
Volume 1, Issue 7 , November 2003
Abstract
Rapid technological and cultural changes of the past two centuries in developed countries and their effects on modernization in other societies, including Iran, have preoccupied many social scientists. This study aims to measure the level of modernity among women who are active in the cultural realm ...
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Rapid technological and cultural changes of the past two centuries in developed countries and their effects on modernization in other societies, including Iran, have preoccupied many social scientists. This study aims to measure the level of modernity among women who are active in the cultural realm (teaching profession). Modernization theories confirm that conditions such as urban dwelling, industrialization, level of education, communication, social participation, socialization patterns, and socio-economic status accelerate modernization. The modem individual believes in science, adapts to new experiences, seeks equality and independence, is achievement-oriented, civil-minded, global and democratic, and takes risks. The study applied secondary data and surveyed women teachers in the city of Tehran. The findings reveal that 72.3% of the instructors are modern-oriented and that education length and social status has a significant relationship with levels of modernity.
Volume 1, Issue 6 , June 2003
Abstract
Common futures in the definitions of new social movements, allow us to call the ongoing process among Iranian women a “social movement”. This movement is distinguished by women challenging legal inequality among men and women and other deficiencies in different aspects of their life. To understand ...
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Common futures in the definitions of new social movements, allow us to call the ongoing process among Iranian women a “social movement”. This movement is distinguished by women challenging legal inequality among men and women and other deficiencies in different aspects of their life. To understand the goals and principals of the movement, a survey on the attitudes of activists in Iranian women social movement is carried out. The samples are selected from women NGOs. The research findings show an organized move among Iranian women with the goal of improvement in their life. The main futures of the movement are: efforts to decline legal inequalities, fact based evaluation, and concerns on sex differences, without any prejudice. The most and basic problem of Iranian women is legal inequality between men and women which is rooted in cultural values, biased and inferior attitudes of society towards women.
Volume 1, Issue 4 , September 2002
Abstract
Women’s management has brought up admirable achievements in the organizations of different countries. But in most of the government organizations of Iran the tendency is toward appointing male managers. It seems the reasons of such selection are more gender factor rather than capacities and abilities ...
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Women’s management has brought up admirable achievements in the organizations of different countries. But in most of the government organizations of Iran the tendency is toward appointing male managers. It seems the reasons of such selection are more gender factor rather than capacities and abilities of appointees. According to management theories, there are many factors behind the issue. This article aims to answer the question of:" With the improvements in women's education and social participations in recent years, why women do not have access to managerial positions in the government?”
Factors of organization’s culture, male managers' attitude toward women and their managerial skills have been studied. The findings provide evidences on negative attitudes of male decision-makers about women's abilities for management. Also, organizational culture does not favor the presence of women at the management level. In addition, there is no significant difference between male and female managers in their cognitive skills.
