economics
saadolah darabi; Hossein Mahmoudian
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration ...
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The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration of job seekers aged 20 to 45 referring to employment centers across the country. This study has been carried out with the help of the statistical technique of survival background analysis, through the refinement and analysis of about two million data records (collected by job seekers across the country and under the supervision of the Ministry of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare). The findings of this study indicate that compared to men, women have longer periods of unemployment and less chance to get a job. In explaining this finding, it can be said; Probably, one of the reasons could be that there are more jobs for men that do not suit the conditions of women. And in other words, women are facing limited job variety. Marriage and having children and raising children by women can also be one of the reasons for increasing the length of their unemployment period compared to men, which can be justified according to gender theories. Because gender theories, especially in Iranian culture, consider the main duties of women to be mainly education and upbringing of children, while in this culture, providing the income needed by the family has been the responsibility of men, and therefore it is expected to impose such a duty on men. to reduce the period of unemployment for this group.
Women and men looking for work in the age groups of 20 to 24 years have a lower average length of unemployment and more chances to get a job and get out of unemployment compared to other age groups. This finding can be explained with the help of job search theory. Because people aged 25 to 45, probably due to the improvement of their education level and skills, have more expectations for receiving high-paying jobs, and this causes them not to accept any job with any level of pay and therefore give up. They search for more jobs, which ultimately increases the length of the unemployment period among these people. Married, divorced and widowed job seekers (except for divorced and widowed men) have a lower risk of unemployment than single people. It seems that married, divorced and widowed people (especially among women) are under more pressure than single people to get a job in order to earn money and meet the needs of the family due to family responsibility and the burden of taking care of the family. They usually accept any job with any salary level. On the other hand, single people, due to having enough opportunity and without financial pressures, decide to accept or not accept the proposed job, and this may lead to an increase in the length of their unemployment period compared to married people. It is consistent with job search theory.
In both groups of men and women, uneducated job seekers have the highest unemployment risk and people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest unemployment risk category. The chances of leaving unemployment are higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels. This finding can be explained based on the skill theory (education and training). According to this theory, training and skill training programs increase the chances of a job seeker to find a job. Participating in training programs can provide a positive sign to employers and also reduce uncertainty about the employability of job applicants. According to other findings of this study, people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest risk of unemployment. have. On the other hand, the chance of leaving unemployment is higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels, so it seems that Iran's labor market has not yet reached a stage of complexity and maturity. which wants people with education levels higher than diploma on a wide level. And almost the skill requirement of the labor market has remained at the same diploma and sub-diploma levels for most jobs, due to the lack of innovation and the very slow growth of skill-oriented jobs.
Therefore, it is suggested to pay serious attention to the changes in the age and gender structure of the population in the policy making and management process of the country's labor market. Women are half of the country's population,
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Entrepreneurship
Fatemeh Alinejad; Morteza Akbari; Nematollah Shiri
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such ...
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The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County.The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County.The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County.
Women's Studies
Mahdie Mohammad taghizade
Abstract
Qualitative study of the influencing factors in the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in realizing social support for vulnerable families: Tehran city
Today, the social development of countries depends on the participation of non-governmental organizations in realizing the rights ...
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Qualitative study of the influencing factors in the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in realizing social support for vulnerable families: Tehran city
Today, the social development of countries depends on the participation of non-governmental organizations in realizing the rights of groups and people left in society. Considering that social support for vulnerable families is related to the responsibility and accountability of all members of the society on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is related to the rights of individuals in the society. Therefore, in this research, a qualitative study of the factors affecting the participation of community members in the realization of social support for families at risk of damage is done. The current research method is qualitative with interview technique. For this purpose, 20 women active in the field of women's society were selected by purposeful sampling among 50 women active in this field who are based in Tehran, and a semi-structured interview was conducted with the CEO or board member of 10 women. The results show that both external and internal factors have been effective on the participation of Semans in social support for families in harm's way. Therefore, according to these effective factors, the participation of cements is defined from an active participation to a passive participation, and in between, there will be semi-active, semi-passive, etc.
The social development of societies is a concept that has attracted the attention of theorists in recent decades. After the 1980s, studies showed that economic development cannot lead to balanced social development. From this point of view, the social dimensions of development and the intellectual and spiritual needs of man, along with his social presence in various cultural, social and economic fields, were considered important from the point of view of social policy makers. Based on this, one of the key indicators of development, the amount of people's active participation in the field of non-governmental organizations, was chosen in order to help achieve development and fill the deficiencies caused by underdevelopment (Abrahimabadi, 2019). Therefore, the reduction of the role of governments and their inability to solve various social, economic and political issues has interpreted the semans as the demanding forces of the society (Moggi, 2013). Therefore, during the past decades, governments have recognized the role of cement in improving the capacities of the society in order to participate in the development process. Also, the belief was strengthened that the cooperation between the government and Semans together makes possible more success in the path of development.From this point of view, the purpose of empowering Semans is to create a large and diverse community of these organizations that can strengthen sustainable development. According to the analyzed texts, fertilizers can be effective in sustainable development in four areas:
- They can act as a suitable substitute for governments in providing services and priorities such as family planning, child protection, development of small partnerships, environment, tourism, etc.
- Fertilizers are considered to strengthen civil society.
- Semans are a source of innovation, experience and testing new approaches in the path of realizing development.
- Semans play an important role in expressing the political expectations of the society to the government (Yasuri, 2018).
Thus, Semans entered the literature of civil society and were recognized by international forums.
From a social point of view, Semans play an important role in promoting public awareness, developing and empowering human resources, and introducing the role of women in realizing sustainable development and civil society (Abdollahi, 2015). Therefore, one of the most important characteristics of family members is their supervisory role and demanding family rights.These organizations can play an effective role in social services by giving feedback on their demands and expressing criticisms to improve the existing situation in the society. In order to improve the quality of life of all people in the society (Farahmand, 2015). In order to comprehensively improve the quality of the society, it is necessary to pay attention to the rights of all people, both men and women, and get the support of the Semans in realizing social services and reducing discrimination against them in this matter. Based on the analyzed documents, one of the main duties of family members is to attract the attention of different strata to the issues and demands of the family and realize social support for it at the national and international levels.
Accounting
vahid oskou; majid moradi; mohammad norouzi; sharzad seraj
Abstract
According to the theory of gender socialization, men and women, subject to different moral developments, express different values. Gender diversity reflects differences in the moral and personality traits of men and women, and people's actions reflect their inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, ...
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According to the theory of gender socialization, men and women, subject to different moral developments, express different values. Gender diversity reflects differences in the moral and personality traits of men and women, and people's actions reflect their inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, the presence of women in the composition of the audit committee and the board of directors causes the effectiveness of the organization and reduces the costs of corporate representation, and this reduces financial irregularities in companies through the opportunistic behavior of managers.The development of the capital market and the rules established by the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization in line with the regulatory environment in accepted companies have increased the level of management in companies. However, due to information asymmetry between shareholders and managers, accounting irregularities also exist.However, according to the fuzzy management theory, when the firm's performance is poor, managers tend to provide information in a vague and complex manner because the market may react to the information disclosed in a complex manner with a delay.This means that managers publish explanatory reports as a form of purposeful, deliberate and conscious perception management, in order to manipulate and deviate the perception of investors, which causes irregularities in accounting. In this regard, according to a statement, the American Securities Exchange Commission announced that 55% of companies use inappropriate approaches to recognize profits. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of women's presence on the board of directors and the audit committee on accounting irregularities was investigated. Using the elimination sampling method and applying the sample selection conditions, a sample consisting of 167 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2013 to 2020 was selected and tested using a multivariate regression model based on panel data technique. Findings indicate that the presence of women in the audit committee and board of directors reduces financial irregularities in companies.During recent years, the corporate governance environment of listed companies has improved significantly. However, information asymmetry between investors and managers still exists. In such a situation, corporate governance mechanisms reduce the cost of representation in the company. Therefore, a set of corporate governance factors such as the audit committee can be effective in reducing representation problems and improving the company's performance. In this regard, the audit committee can replace many of the company's shortcomings that cause agency problems; These defects may include the opportunistic behavior of the management, reducing the independence of the independent auditor, and the inefficiency of the internal control systems, which play a very important role in curbing the company's financial irregularities. Also, during the recent years, the presence of women in the management fields of the company, especially in the board of directors and the audit committee, has grown considerably. According to the first hypothesis of the research, the presence of women in the audit committee reduces the financial uncertainty of the company. The obtained result can be argued that the presence of women in the audit committee is a suitable way to improve reporting and increase the reliability of financial statements for users. Better monitoring of managers' reporting, which is made possible by the presence of female representatives in the audit committee, can increase performance and thus reduce agency costs and increase financial health and thus reduce financial irregularities in the company. The result obtained is in line with the research of According to gender theory, women have a significant contribution to economic success, which includes valuable work and contributes to the well-being and comfort of humans. Also, according to feminist economic theory, women are more inclined to make moral judgments. Female managers have different decision-making styles and different perspectives. They can also enhance the depth of board discussions by challenging traditional practices and policies. Therefore, women can present different points of view in the board of directors and make more informed decisions and lead to increased transparency. According to the second hypothesis, the presence of women in the board of directors reduces financial irregularities in companies. The obtained result can be argued that the presence of women in the board of directors is considered a factor to prevent opportunistic behavior, because women in the board of directors reduce their personal motivations due to more monitoring of managers' behavior and as a result, this reduces financial irregularities.
Law
Zainab esmati; Latifeh Hosseini; mohammad mahdi Hosseinmardi
Abstract
The constitution at the top of the hierarchy of laws has played an influential role in explaining the human rights status of women in any society. the status of women's rights has been one of the concerns of the Islamic Republic of Iran since the adoption of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic ...
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The constitution at the top of the hierarchy of laws has played an influential role in explaining the human rights status of women in any society. the status of women's rights has been one of the concerns of the Islamic Republic of Iran since the adoption of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the very beginning, the role and position of women in advancing the lofty goals of society based on religious values was considered. Women's welfare rights are one of the topics discussed during the adoption of the Iranian constitution after the Islamic Revolution Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the position of women's welfare rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran's Constitution. In the present article, this research question has been investigated which according to the principles of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, what are the welfare rights of women in terms of gender equality and opportunities and what are the priorities of the law for them? The present study aims to examine the issue of demands for welfare rights in the field of social security for women in Iranian society as important human resources in the structure of the current constitution. by using an analytical approach and library resources. Support mechanisms to study the centrality of the optimal model of welfare rights and livelihood security for women. The results show that the four decades of experience of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the achievements of the constitutional system based on national-religious values in the light of the divine caliph's approach to human sovereignty indicate that women in the welfare economy system as citizens of the society have social security in various fields women.The constitution at the top of the hierarchy of laws has played an influential role in explaining the human rights status of women in any society. the status of women's rights has been one of the concerns of the Islamic Republic of Iran since the adoption of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the very beginning, the role and position of women in advancing the lofty goals of society based on religious values was considered. Women's welfare rights are one of the topics discussed during the adoption of the Iranian constitution after the Islamic Revolution Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the position of women's welfare rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran's Constitution. In the present article, this research question has been investigated which according to the principles of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, what are the welfare rights of women in terms of gender equality and opportunities and what are the priorities of the law for them? The present study aims to examine the issue of demands for welfare rights in the field of social security for women in Iranian society as important human resources in the structure of the current constitution. by using an analytical approach and library resources. Support mechanisms to study the centrality of the optimal model of welfare rights and livelihood security for women. The results show that the four decades of experience of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the achievements of the constitutional system based on national-religious values in the light of the divine caliph's approach to human sovereignty indicate that women in the welfare economy system as citizens of the society have social security in various fields women.priorities of the law for them? The present study aims to examine the issue of demands for welfare rights in the field of social security for women in Iranian society as important human resources in the structure of the current constitution. by using an analytical approach and library resources. Support mechanisms to study the centrality of the optimal model of welfare rights and livelihood security for women. The results show that the four decades of experience of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the achievements of the constitutional system based on national-religious values in the light of the divine caliph's approach to human sovereignty indicate that women in the welfare economy system as citizens of the society have social security in various fields women.society have social security in various fields women.
Women's Studies
Fariba Alasvand
Abstract
The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization ...
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The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization or trend-setting structures have not been raised and strengthened in this approach. Except for some of the books and articles that have been published in the last two decades and presented good comparative studies that can inspire new researches, most of these studies are still involved in issues such as knowing or not knowing the rules of justice, justice as a criterion for Friday and congregational imamate. , the difference between the sharia and customary meaning of justice, criticism of women's rights and duties with the measure of justice and the like. Therefore, a research that proposes to strengthen those theoretical dimensions of justice that leads to pragmatism and structuring about it is necessary. Therefore, this article aims to strengthen this dimension and to present the necessities that are necessary in organizing a pragmatic theory of justice, and because in the last century, one of the challenges of justice, especially its Islamic approach, rights and benefits Social is for women, the field of investigation and comparisons has been placed on the issue of justice for women.
Weighing each ruling with justice means to consider justice as the criterion of all of them or the legislative goal of all of them. Although such a statement is not approved, it is necessary to fill the empty space of mandatory rules with fair laws and legislate fair laws in the administration of the country and governance. As some authors believe, if the rulings in the laws of the Islamic Republic are in accordance with the explicit text of the Qur'an and frequent hadiths, they are the same revelation and cannot be criticized by the standard of justice, but in the case of other laws, if the revelation is silent, they are evaluated by the standard of justice. Therefore, paying attention to justice in the establishment and falsification of secondary and government rulings is an absolute and necessary principle (Danesh Pajoh, 2013, 204). As a result, if justice is a criterion in some of the laws of the country, among the most important topics in this regard is the processing of the theory of justice, which includes clear theoretical and practical aspects as a strategy for managing society. Although these dimensions have been the focus of domestic researchers in the studies of the last two decades, they need to be explored more and focused on micro-issues. In the path of transition from the praise of justice in its religious studies to practical theoretical processing, one should know what is the most important theoretical and practical challenge of justice in this field. This is the main question in this article. To answer this question, the author's effort is to present one theoretical consideration and two practical considerations in the theorizing of justice centered on women. The theoretical consideration deals with the challenge of the inequality criterion, and the practical consideration deals with the two issues of perception measurement and indexing for justice, and in all cases, it focuses on the issue of women. After collecting the necessary data, the method of the article is content analysis and a documentary and fundamental article.
Among the most important issues of justice is the processing of a theory including clear theoretical and practical dimensions as a strategy for managing society. Although these dimensions have been the focus of domestic researchers in the studies of the last two decades, they need to be explored more and focused on micro-issues. In the path of transition from the admiration of justice in its religious studies to practical theoretical processing, one should know what the most important theoretical and practical challenge of justice in this field is. This is the main question in this article. In order to answer this question, the author's effort is to present one theoretical consideration and two practical considerations in the theorizing of justice with the focus on women. After collecting the necessary data, the method of the article is content analysis and a documentary article.
economics
mohamad mehdi zare shahne; Mehdi akaberi tafti; ebrahim bahraminia; ehsan salimi
Abstract
Introduction: The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development ...
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Introduction: The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development without expert and efficient human resources. Many factors are effective in the empowerment of human resources, among which education is one of the most important. Gender differences and gaps in education can be introduced as one of the basic obstacles to economic growth and development, and it may prevent women from participating in society. The majority of social experts believe that Iranian society has undergone many social, cultural, political, and educational changes in the last few decades, especially after the Islamic revolution. One of the most important developments, like many developing countries, has been the expansion of education at various levels. This event has been associated with the significant participation of women and girls in education. In order to investigate the impact of these changes in this research, has been investigated, the impact of the positive momentum of women's education and technology on macroeconomic variables such as production, investment, and employment in Iran.
Method: The Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model has been used to achieve the research goals. In this model, the economy is divided into three sectors: households, firms, and the government. Households include people (women and men) who gain utility from consuming goods and services and keeping money and lose utility from working and have the goal of maximizing their utility according to the constraints of the household budget. Firms are producers of intermediate and final goods. A continuum of monopolistically competitive firms produces intermediate domestic goods using labor and capital. There is perfect competition in the production of final goods, with the output of intermediate firms as inputs and according to a production function with constant returns to scale. The imperfect competition in the goods market is introduced by assuming that each firm produces a differentiated good for which it sets the price. Some constraints are imposed on the price adjustment mechanism by assuming that only a fraction of firms can reset their prices in any given period. In particular, a model of staggered price setting due to Calvo (1983) and characterized by random price durations is adopted. Finally, the central bank and the government implement monetary and financial policies.
Findings: The obtained results from impulse response functions show positive impulse of women’s education increases production and investment, as well as employment.
Discussion: According to the results of the research, it is recommended to pay more attention to appropriate investments in the field of women's education by using appropriate policies in order to obtain as many benefits as possible for scientific development and higher economic growth. In such a way that practical training in jobs related to women increases female labor force participation and creates new job opportunities.
Rural Development
naser seifollahi; golsum akbari arbatan
Abstract
The modern world has already taken the first step towards a fundamental technological reality, the digital economy. The modern global labor market is a complex multi-component and dynamic system that is constantly influenced by information technology and requires changes in the content of the work process, ...
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The modern world has already taken the first step towards a fundamental technological reality, the digital economy. The modern global labor market is a complex multi-component and dynamic system that is constantly influenced by information technology and requires changes in the content of the work process, its organization, the structure of employment and social and labor relations. This article examines the role of the digital economy on women's home businesses. In this article, "working women" are considered as an integral part of the labor market and a determining factor in the innovative development of the digital economy. Previous studies show that women's participation in domestic work is largely influenced by technological developments. This research challenges this issue by relying on the perspective of digital transformation, paying serious attention to the contribution of women in the continuation of rural jobs. Women have been the drivers of economic growth in the world, but most of the existing entrepreneurship researches have studied male entrepreneurs, so that there has been less focus on women. Most women entrepreneurs start their own businesses for economic progress or to gain more independence, which has affected the growth of female entrepreneurs in home businesses as one of the largest types of businesses in the global economy.
Considering the importance of this issue, it is important to identify the opportunities and challenges of the digital economy in rural women's home businesses. We highlight key challenges and opportunities as well as policy recommendations to support women's home-based businesses in rural areas. With this aim, this research has compiled and validated a conceptual framework using the qualitative method of thematic and thematic analysis (theme analysis) in a descriptive way and through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The statistical population includes experts, experts, and business owners of rural women, among whom 12 people were selected and participated in this research through purposive sampling. The number of samples follows the law of saturation. Considering that the reliability level is more than 60%, the reliability of coding was confirmed and it can be claimed that the reliability level of the current interview analysis is appropriate. In order to ensure the validity of the research, it was tried to be a statistical sample of people who have the necessary knowledge and expertise in the context of the research, as well as to minimize the intervention of researchers in the research, and also to obtain the coding results from a number of experts, their reference and final approval regarding the extractive framework
Based on the results of the analysis technique, the challenges and opportunities of the digital economy in rural businesses, which include two comprehensive and central themes, 10 organizing themes and 52 basic themes. The opportunities facing the digital economy in rural businesses with 5 organizing themes and 21 basic concepts that include things such as job value creation, convergence of technology with economic goals, global customer orientation, networking capability, business resilience, which transform capability into potential value. They provide in the implementation of digital economy.
The theme of challenges and factors affecting the digital economy in rural businesses refers to the challenges and problems and factors affecting the implementation of digital technologies. The conceptual categories related to the challenges theme include 5 organizing themes and 31 primary concepts, which are: digital process gaps, creating a black economy for rural businesses, adverse social effects, cultural aspects, technological risks that make the implementation of the digital economy more difficult And finally, in order to develop a digital economy, a model of rural women's home businesses was proposed. that the conceptual framework of the research has been developed based on a survey of experts in this field, and the conclusions, suggestions and limitations of the research have been stated.
The theme of challenges and factors affecting the digital economy in rural businesses refers to the challenges and problems and factors affecting the implementation of digital technologies. The conceptual categories related to the challenges theme include 5 organizing themes and 31 primary concepts, which are: digital process gaps, creating a black economy for rural businesses, adverse social effects, cultural aspects, technological risks that make the implementation of the digital economy more difficult And finally, in order to develop a digital economy, a model of rural women's home businesses was proposed. that the conceptual framework of the research has been developed based on a survey of experts in this field, and the conclusions, suggestions and limitations of the research have been stated.
Sociology
Mahdieh Akhondi; karam habibpour gatabi; zahra hazrati soomeae
Abstract
The issue of women's political participation in developing countries is a complex phenomenon and is related to the dynamics and development of political systems. Women and their participation, especially in politics, seem to have become an important issue in social life in recent decades. The development ...
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The issue of women's political participation in developing countries is a complex phenomenon and is related to the dynamics and development of political systems. Women and their participation, especially in politics, seem to have become an important issue in social life in recent decades. The development of political systems in a nation depends on the level of political participation of its citizens regardless of gender. The purpose of this research is to understand and analyze the situation of women's political participation, which was done with qualitative methodology and grounded theory method. For this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 women living in Tehran who were selected by purposeful sampling and a combination of snowball strategies and maximum changes. The interviews lasted between 30 minutes and 4 hours on average, and in some cases, the interviews continued in several sessions. The duration of the data collection process through interviews lasted about 6 months. the text of the interviews was read line by line and conceptualized. In the axial coding, these concepts were placed next to each other and based on the semantic overlap, they became central categories. Finally, the core category was obtained at a more abstract level than the previous two stages. It is necessary to mention that the data coding process started from the second interview onwards and until the end of the analysis, the interview and analysis proceeded simultaneously. In order to ensure the quality of the research, TConstructed concepts and research results were regularly shared with the participants during the work process and after the completion of data analysis. Also, a large part of the interviews was recorded (with the full consent of the participants) and the other part was recorded simultaneously during the interview due to the opinion of the participants regarding the lack of consent to audio recording. In terms of observing ethical considerations, participants' consent was obtained before starting the interview. Also, by explaining the purpose, topic and method of the research, the interviewees got to know the work process so that if they don't want to participate in the interview, they will be given sufficient choice. Protection of personal and private information of individuals is a very important dimension in research work, and for this reason, the researcher recorded, recorded and used the data with full consent and with the permission of each person participating in the research, and the individuals were assured that Information will be kept confidential. Among these measures, which were used to prevent the disclosure of the real identity of the participants, was the use of pseudonyms in the registration of their information.After analyzing the data, 85 primary codes, 7 core categories and one core category were extracted through the data coding system: Causal conditions (economic issues and challenges, egalitarian governance), background conditions (unequal political structure and patriarchal challenges), intervening conditions (personal-spiritual factors), strategies (meritism and creating a platform for prosperity) and consequences (active political activism of women and rejection of passivity) political). Also, "women's political participation; "Meaningful and multifaceted action" was counted as the core category and finally, the paradigm model extracted from the data was established. The paradigm model of the research shows the conditions (causal, contextual and intervening), strategies and consequences of women's political participation in Tehran. According to this model, economic conditions and its challenges and political and governance factors are among the important obstacles in women's political participation.The findings indicate that women are active actors and activists in political participation and take actions based on political issues; An action of the type of participation that by identifying the obstacles and facilitating factors can open the way for their active political participation as effective citizens in the field of politics. Finally, it should be mentioned that the present study was accompanied by several limitations and difficulties for interviewing and gaining the cooperation and trust of women who view the society with suspicion. Women who are considered by the family and society as the second gender and have come to believe that they are caught in a vicious cycle, that they do not find any other solution than migration or isolation, and on this basis, it cannot be claimed that the whole semantic constructions of the mentioned people about participation Politically, it has been completely narrated. However, the data and findings of the present research, which were extracted in a comparative manner with other participants and other researches, indicate issues that can be considered even to this extent.
Physical Education and Sports Science
marzieh movafagh; Rasool Nazari; Elham Moshkelgosha
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to provide a model and explain ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management. In terms of philosophy, the current research is interpretive type, in terms of approach it is establishment type, in terms of strategy it is of foundational data theory type, ...
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The purpose of this research was to provide a model and explain ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management. In terms of philosophy, the current research is interpretive type, in terms of approach it is establishment type, in terms of strategy it is of foundational data theory type, in terms of research selection it is of qualitative research type and in terms of time period it is cross-sectional type and to collect its data from The interview tool is used. The statistical community of this research was made up of experts in the fields of sports management and educational sciences, psychology and political sciences, and managers and experts of the General Department of Physical Education. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used and the sampling continued until the theoretical saturation limit was reached, so 15 interviews were conducted. To collect information, semi-structured interviews were used, and for data analysis, three overlapping processes of open coding, axial coding, and theoretical coding were used. By adapting the text of all the interviews in the open coding stage, 303 concepts or initial codes were identified, which were reduced to 23 codes after aggregating similar codes together. Then, in the axial coding stage, 10 main categories were determined by considering the semantic affinity of the identified concepts. Based on the results of the research, it was found that the selection criteria for management positions in sports organizations are not fair due to cultural and individual reasons. It should be hierarchically and starting from the middle level, with bills that lead to laws that make the presence of women in social and cultural fields, including sports activities, more prominent, and women are selected in the current positions and positions with an attitude of meritocracy and specialization. Also, the structural concepts in this field should be modified in order to change the attitudes towards women and their capabilities.
Considering the current situation, the first suggestion is to make it hierarchical and starting from the middle level, with bills that will lead to laws that will make the presence of women in social and cultural fields, including sports activities, more prominent and take better advantage of them. come The second suggestion also suggests that women should be selected in the current positions and positions with an attitude of meritocracy and specialization, and women should gain the trust of the society with their successful performance. It should be noted that this research has faced limitations. It should be considered in generalizing the results. The first limitation is that this research has only covered the views of the participants in the research, i.e. experts in the fields of sports management and educational sciences, psychology and political sciences, and managers and experts of the General Directorate of Physical Education, so their opinions can be generalized to Not all the beneficiaries of sports are women. On the other hand, in this research, due to the qualitative nature of the research, it was not possible to determine which of the determinants play the greatest role in explaining the methods of reducing gender inequality in Iran's sports management, and how much their role is. Therefore, future researchers are suggested to examine the views of all the beneficiaries of women's sports regarding the issue of reducing gender inequality in their sports management and by presenting a comparative study of their differences and similarities, their opinions to study Also, future researchers are suggested to determine which of the factors is more important and preferable in future planning and allocation of resources by conducting a quantitative study while verifying qualitative structures using multi-criteria decision-making studies. Pay more attention to them.
The general conclusion derived from the most important suggestions was that the explanation of the ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management is the basis of gender equality in sports, the existence of equal opportunities for women and men in the sports environment, equal access to sports opportunities, close relationship with They have equal presence in important departments, especially in decision-making mechanisms. In today's society, women have managed to get more education, but there is a problem why they have not received the same opportunities for career advancement as their male counterparts, and there is concern to conduct research due to the almost equal population of women compared to men and also the interest This research is due to the neglected capabilities of women in the management and development of sports, and the subject to be considered is why women have not been able to achieve their rightful position in management positions in sports.
Political sciences
Ali Alihoseni
Abstract
In today's modern world, one of the most important prerequisites for the development and stability of countries is the optimal use of all human resources, especially understanding the relevance of women's role in social and political affairs. Although equal participation and leadership of women ...
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In today's modern world, one of the most important prerequisites for the development and stability of countries is the optimal use of all human resources, especially understanding the relevance of women's role in social and political affairs. Although equal participation and leadership of women in political and public life is necessary to achieve the goals of sustainable development in the world; However, the available evidence and data indicate that women are underrepresented at all levels of decision-making around the world, and the achievement of gender equality in political and social life is still out of reach. In the meantime, Europe is the only region in the current era that, within the last two decades and in the light of relatively appropriate policies in the field of women, have had this relative opportunity to increase their political participation at the national and regional levels, while trying to increase their competence and credibility. Defend at the highest political, legislative and judicial levels. The present article, by applying the theory of feminism and benefiting from Jones' policy model, tries to answer the central question that the experience of women's presence in the field of policy and decision-making in the European continent, especially in the parliamentary field, refers to what issues and considerations and its output. What dimensions and consequences did it include? The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of women in policy-making and decision-making in European national and regional parliaments. And the research method is qualitative and using library documents and resources.The research findings show that the discussion of gender equality as one of the main indicators of feminism in the European Union has found its real place and women have taken steps on an equal footing with men in political and economic decision-making. In Europe, in the last decade, many women have taken the most important positions of power. This shows that Europe is moving faster in gender equality in the political field. Europe has been pursuing gender equality in a targeted way for years. Therefore, in the field of politics, by paving the way for women, they tried to make the voice of half of the society heard. By assuming executive and legislative positions, women have found an opportunity to show their political expertise and competencies. Women politicians who may have gender biases support policies and policies that remove formal and informal obstacles from their path in order to involve and participate more women and play a role model for the future generation of women provides. The presence of women in the political positions of the presidency, prime minister and ministerial positions, along with the approval of laws such as the abortion law, family support and child protection, women's leave and child care, health and treatment, policies related to workers' compensation and social welfare budget. ; Among the determining factors and effective legislative measures, which gradually provided a suitable platform to stabilize the position of women in accepting high political and parliamentary responsibilities.
Accounting
mahdi filsaraei
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of board gender diversity on a firm’s investment inefficiency. We document that firms with gender-diverse boards have significantly less investment inefficiency than firms without gender-diverse board and the fraction of female directors on the board is significantly ...
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This paper investigates the impact of board gender diversity on a firm’s investment inefficiency. We document that firms with gender-diverse boards have significantly less investment inefficiency than firms without gender-diverse board and the fraction of female directors on the board is significantly negative correlated with investment inefficiency.
According to the analysis of past information, this research is a quasi-experimental type of research. Also, due to the fact that the results obtained from the research solve a specific problem or issue, in terms of practical purpose and in terms of method, it is of the type of correlation analysis with regression approach. Due to the fact that this research uses past information to test hypotheses, it is a type of post-event research. In terms of theory, the research is of the affirmative research type and in terms of reasoning, it is of the inductive type. On the other hand, this research is a type of quasi-experimental research in the field of financial and accounting research. In terms of the hypothesis testing model, the current research is considered one of the correlational researches (type of correlational research). The research data is also a type of composite data. The relationship between the independent and dependent variables of the research is investigated using the multivariate linear regression model.In order to that, the research hypothesis was based on a statistical sample consisting of 108 companies during the years 2017 to2021 and tested using multivariate regression models.
The analysis of the research sample shows that there is a significant negative relationship between the gender diversity of the board of directors and investment inefficiency. The results also showed that board independence moderates the relationship between board gender diversity and investment inefficiency. But the CEO's tenure does not moderate the relationship between the gender diversity of the board and investment inefficiency.
Research results show that gender diversity of the board of directors helps monitoring, especially when corporate governance is weak. Some researchers have found that women are more risk-taking and conservative in making investment decisions. Female directors are more likely to join supervisory committees, and boards with higher proportions of female directors use more equity-based compensation for their directors. In summary, the results show that the gender diversity of the supervisory board increases and reduces investment inefficiency. The presence of a female manager at the head of the organization as a managing director or as a member of the company's board of directors can have positive effects on improving the performance with more supervision from the female manager according to their personality characteristics and also improving the quality of providing financial reports, increasing the company's efficiency and increase productivity. Men and women, exposed to different moral development, tend to develop different values, which leads to different attitudes and behaviors. For example, men attribute value to money, progress, and power, while women are more concerned with social relationships and are interested in performing assigned tasks more effectively and are more likely to obey rules. In addition, compared to boards where all directors are men, women can present different views in the board of directors and make more informed decisions, leading to increased transparency at the level of the board of directors.
Women's Studies
Jamileh Alamolhoda; parastoo alikhani; morteza rezaeizadeh; esmaeal jafari
Abstract
Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies ...
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Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and cannot be considered as an intellectual foundation for the empowerment of Muslim women: Some of these reasons are: 1- Moral values and spiritual aspects of human life are not very relevant. 2- Emancipation and relativism in defining sexual identity can destroy the dignity of women. 3- Dominance of some special values by advanced countries should not be accepted without considering local culture and norms. As a result, it becomes necessary to identify a set of principles derived from divine perception to act as a foundation for empowering Muslim women. The current research sought to identify these principles.
Research method: What principles govern the Islamic understanding of gender issues? In response to this question, the researchers committed to the interpretation paradigm; Because in order to derive principles about gender issues in Islamic perception, one should also refer to the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers. The research question was raised in 8 focus group meetings with 32 Muslim researchers and thinkers who sought to expand Islamic perception in the matter of empowering Muslim women in their research or social activities. The role of the researchers in the focus group meetings was limited to encouraging the members to ask each other or comment on the experiences and views raised. Through open coding, the spoken evidence of the sessions was analyzed and through the participant feedback method, the validity of the findings was increased.
Findings: Six principles were found as the governing principles of Islamic understanding of the concept of gender, which were: complementarianism, dynamics in time and place, social emotion, selectivity, equality in opportunities for excellence, and competitiveness. There are internal relationships among these principles. For example, complementarianism is one of the effects of competition avoidance, or social affection is a prerequisite for providing equal opportunities for excellence.
Conclusion: The six principles obtained have a greater capacity than the three dominant-egalitarian-liberating mentalities for empowering Muslim women. The importance of context and environment, in addition to the failure of non-divine intellectual foundations in empowering women, can be counted among the reasons for this. Of course, rethinking gender according to an Islamic understanding has been the focus of researchers such as Abbasi and Mousavi (2014) and Qasimpour and Aliabadi (2017) and they have emphasized on referring to religious texts and rereading them correctly. However, the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers have not been analyzed. Identifying these principles can guide economic, educational, social, cultural, social, and political empowerment and act as an umbrella for the empowerment of Muslim women. Of course, the findings of this research cannot be generalized due to its qualitative nature, and in order to formalize one or more Iranian-Islamic intellectual foundations, it requires qualitative and quantitative efforts by other researchers as well.
Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and cannot be considered as an intellectual foundation for the empowerment of Muslim women: Some of these reasons are: 1- Moral values and spiritual aspects of human life are not very relevant. 2- Emancipation and relativism in defining sexual identity can destroy the dignity of women. 3- Dominance of some special values by advanced countries should not be accepted without considering local culture and norms. As a result, it becomes necessary to identify a set of principles derived from divine perception to act as a foundation for empowering Muslim women. The current research sought to identify these principles.
Research method: What principles govern the Islamic understanding of gender issues? In response to this question, the researchers committed to the interpretation paradigm; Because in order to derive principles about gender issues in Islamic perception, one should also refer to the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers. The research question was raised in 8 focus group meetings with 32 Muslim researchers and thinkers who sought to expand Islamic perception in the matter of empowering Muslim women in their research or social activities. The role of the researchers in the focus group meetings was limited to encouraging the members to ask each other or comment on the experiences and views raised. Through open coding, the spoken evidence of the sessions was analyzed and through the participant feedback method, the validity of the findings was increased.
Findings: Six principles were found as the governing principles of Islamic understanding of the concept of gender, which were: complementarianism, dynamics in time and place, social emotion, selectivity, equality in opportunities for excellence, and competitiveness. There are internal relationships among these principles. For example, complementarianism is one of the effects of competition avoidance, or social affection is a prerequisite for providing equal opportunities for excellence.
Conclusion: The six principles obtained have a greater capacity than the three dominant-egalitarian-liberating mentalities for empowering Muslim women. The importance of context and environment, in addition to the failure of non-divine intellectual foundations in empowering women, can be counted among the reasons for this. Of course, rethinking gender according to an Islamic understanding has been the focus of researchers such as Abbasi and Mousavi (2014) and Qasimpour and Aliabadi (2017) and they have emphasized on referring to religious texts and rereading them correctly. However, the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers have not been analyzed. Identifying these principles can guide economic, educational, social, cultural, social, and political empowerment and act as an umbrella for the empowerment of Muslim women.
Sociology
Fateme Bazgir
Abstract
This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s ...
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This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s lived experiences of social exclusion in a deep way. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling from the residents of Haj Seddique and Farzanegan nursing house in Khorramabad city. The data were gathered by way of deep semi-structured interview. The findings show that the causal conditions of social exclusions are: women’s lack of independent economic status (lack of financial support and loss of ability to work), decline of traditional solidarity in the family (decline of mothers’ authority, generational gap, the growth of individualism) and the transformation of lifestyles (transformation of home’s equipment, semantic change of family labor and the domination of gender bias). These causal conditions are activated through some intervening conditions such as: extreme pessimism and feeling of loneliness. The first one is characterized by mistrust in society and internal vulnerability; and the second factor can be observed in nostalgia for a golden past and the feeling of being forgotten. These two causal and intervening conditions, together, have strong consequences on the life and personality of elderly women, so that they feel that they are dis-embedded from the life-world and thrown into the way of gradual death. That is why they represent some symptoms such as silence/ aggressiveness, feeling of rootlessness and self-illness. Or, they believe in extreme fatalism and dying experiences. In a short way, we can say that living in nursing homes in Khorramabad city, which is semi-traditional and semi-modern, imply one main point: being cut off from the lifeworld and accepting gradual death. This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s lived experiences of social exclusion in a deep way. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling from the residents of Haj Seddique and Farzanegan nursing house in Khorramabad city. The data were gathered by way of deep semi-structured interview. The findings show that the causal conditions of social exclusions are: women’s lack of independent economic status (lack of financial support and loss of ability to work), decline of traditional solidarity in the family (decline of mothers’ authority, generational gap, the growth of individualism) and the transformation of lifestyles (transformation of home’s equipment, semantic change of family labor and the domination of gender bias). These causal conditions are activated through some intervening conditions such as: extreme pessimism and feeling of loneliness. The first one is characterized by mistrust in society and internal vulnerability; and the second factor can be observed in nostalgia for a golden past and the feeling of being forgotten. These two causal and intervening conditions, together, have strong consequences on the life and personality of elderly women, so that they feel that they are dis-embedded from the life-world and thrown into the way of gradual death. That is why they represent some symptoms such as silence/ aggressiveness, feeling of rootlessness and self-illness. Or, they believe in extreme fatalism and dying experiences. In a short way, we can say that living in nursing homes in Khorramabad city, which is semi-traditional and semi-modern, imply one main point: being cut off from the lifeworld and accepting gradual death. This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s lived experiences of social exclusion in a deep way. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling from the residents of Haj Seddique and Farzanegan nursing house in Khorramabad city. The data were gathered by way of deep semi-structured interview. The findings show that the causal conditions of social exclusions are: women’s lack of independent economic status (lack of financial support and loss of ability to work), decline of traditional solidarity in the family (decline of mothers’ authority, generational gap, the growth of individualism) and the transformation of lifestyles (transformation of home’s equipment, semantic change of family labor and the domination of gender bias). These causal conditions are activated through some intervening conditions such as: extreme pessimism and feeling of loneliness.
Women's Studies
GOODARZ SHAHMORADI; azhin abbaspour; Hossein SADEGHI
Abstract
Abstract
Women's entrepreneurship is increasingly important for creating new jobs and contributing to the social and economic growth of their communities, however, the mutual influence and nuances of women's entrepreneurship and culture are less studied. Globally and especially in upper middle ...
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Abstract
Women's entrepreneurship is increasingly important for creating new jobs and contributing to the social and economic growth of their communities, however, the mutual influence and nuances of women's entrepreneurship and culture are less studied. Globally and especially in upper middle income countries, women make up about one third of successful and innovative entrepreneurs focused on national and international markets. Almost half of them are also involved in the wholesale/retail sector and a fifth in the public sector and social services (18.5% of women vs. 10.1% of men). Studies show that there is little cultural support for female entrepreneurs and less successful female founders are celebrated as role models. The purpose of this research is to obtain a framework regarding the impact of cultural attitudes on the social development of women's entrepreneurship.In this research, consolidated studies and a combination of the results of research conducted in the field of women's entrepreneurship development based on cultural attitudes. has been studied. Based on this, in the current research, the total number of articles searched related to the topic is 1547 articles between 2010-2021, of which 305 articles were selected and 17 articles were included in the analysis basket in accordance with the standard protocol, and this analysis basket was analyzed to acceptable values. By applying the meta-analysis method and using the comprehensive meta-analysis software CMA2, this research has examined the correlation coefficients and statistical samples of the previous studies. The values used in the statistical tests in the hypotheses have been analyzed after being converted into the effect size. Based on the effect size (1.345) there is a positive and significant effect between cultural attitude and the development of women's social entrepreneurship, which according to Cohen's effect size interpretation, this effect is considered strong. Finally, the results of this research may be used in the field of entrepreneurial business and sociology. The research findings show that based on Cohen's effect size, cultural attitude has a positive, significant and strong impact on the development of women's social entrepreneurship. The hypothesis of this research has been proven and cultural attitude has a positive, significant and strong effect on the development of women's social entrepreneurship. It is suggested that more field studies be done on the cultural variables and sub-variables of the Iranian society, various ethnicities, cultures and subcultures, as well as their impact on the development of women's social entrepreneurship. Also, effective ways to change cultural attitudes regarding the development of women's social entrepreneurship should be formulated and presented in the form of executive instructions. Generally, the results of many similar studies confirm the conclusions of the present study and indicate the positive and direct impact of cultural attitudes on the development of women's social entrepreneurship.
Urban
Mana Vahidbafandeh; Melika Vahidbafandeh; Javad Imani Shamloo
Abstract
Analyzing the relationship between gender and space together makes the roles and needs of each man and woman clear, especially in urban spaces. This analysis helps to understand how the constructive roles of women lead to the production and reproduction of desirable social relations in urban spaces. ...
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Analyzing the relationship between gender and space together makes the roles and needs of each man and woman clear, especially in urban spaces. This analysis helps to understand how the constructive roles of women lead to the production and reproduction of desirable social relations in urban spaces. The presence of women in public and urban spaces not only reflects but also narrates the desirable relationships of a society. This research has been done in order to better understand the needs of women in order to redefine urban spaces, in total, very few studies have been done in the world to understand gender differences in public spaces. The main goal of this research is to identify the dimensions and components that affect the formation of desirable urban spaces for women using the meta-analysis method.
The searches were done manually and based on the keywords "urban spaces, women" and for sub-keywords, the words "park, public space, single-gender spaces" are substituted with the first keyword, which is included in the process to improve the effectiveness of the topic to provide a more accurate output. Also, the words AND and OR are used for better search of keywords. The period of study is from 1395 to 1401 in Persian sources and between 2016 to 2022 in English sources. Scopus, Elsevier, Web of Science databases have been used to properly use the sources and access the basic information of the articles in the field of Latin sources and to take advantage of Persian sources, relevant keywords have been used in the databases of scientific documents of Iran (Irandoc), the database of national publications Magiran, ElmNet, Civilica, and Google Scholar. The data collection method according to the PRISMA protocol, which is the standard for meta-analysis studies, Also, Spss software has been used to perform meta-analysis tests, and its output has been produced as forest, bubble, funnel (diffusion bias), and heterogeneity detection charts. VOSviewer software has also been used to measure scientific databases for content production in the field of study.
The results show that the main dimensions of the research include physical and functional, structural and spatial, individual and personality, and cultural and social dimensions in the design of urban spaces. The position of researches in the field of urban space design suitable for women in the world research literature is important. So that the highest frequency of studies among English sources has been done in China and India due to the significant population of women, followed by Iran and Australia. Also, the most words related to the main research keywords for producing articles in recent years have been around security and gender. Finally, the researches of this article show that the meta-analysis method can be an effective help in identifying the design components of desirable urban spaces for women.
Women's Studies
Saeed Gholamrezaei; Fatemeh Rahimi-Feyzabad; Fateme Movahedian
Abstract
Rural areas suffer from special problems that must be taken into account to realize the real dimension of the phenomenon. In the meantime, the issue of "rural women's employment" as one of the most important social and economic issues, has gained great importance today. A better understanding ...
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Rural areas suffer from special problems that must be taken into account to realize the real dimension of the phenomenon. In the meantime, the issue of "rural women's employment" as one of the most important social and economic issues, has gained great importance today. A better understanding of rural women’s employment, and the limitation they face, is necessary for the targeting and design of policy interventions. The scarce economic and employment opportunities women can access in rural areas have been focused mostly on self-employment. Indeed, in many countries, rural women are often self-employed as own account workers (running small businesses with no employees). Women's self-employment can improve both women's intrahousehold bargaining position and their children's health, nutrition, and education outcomes. Rural women's self-employment and their success in creating jobs not only brings economic benefits but also social and cultural benefits. In such a situation, the cooperative sector is a suitable field for rural women's self-employment through strengthening the participation culture. Cooperatives with the participation of their members can play an important role in reducing poverty, creating self-employment, and increasing employment and entrepreneurship of rural women. But before making any effort to improve the employment status of rural women, it is necessary to investigate the rural women's intention to start cooperatives. Therefore, there is a need to clarify the most influential elements in shaping personal decisions to start a self-employed business in the form of cooperatives. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting the behavioral intention of rural women members of Lorestan Province micro-credit funds towards self-employment in cooperatives using Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT). SCCT (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994, 2000) is concerned with the interplay between a variety of personal, environmental, and behavioral variables that are assumed to give rise to people’s academic and career-related interests, choices, and performance outcomes. Among its personal variables, the theory emphasizes the central role of self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations, and goals (intention) in enabling people to assert personal control on behalf of their career efforts. However, SCCT is equally concerned with variables, such as environmental supports and barriers that may either promote or restrict the exercise of personal control. This study was designed and implemented through a survey method. The statistical population consisted of all rural women members of Lorestan Province Micro Credit Funds (N= 1087) who sampling of multistage quota proportional to the sample size through Krejcie and Morgan sampling table resulted in to select of 307 samples. Data collection in this study was conducted using a researcher-made questionnaire. After preparing the questionnaire and confirming its validity by the experts panel, its reliability was confirmed through a pilot study by calculating Cronbach's alpha values for the variables investigated. Structural equation modeling was used to determine factors influencing rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives through AMOS24. Pearson's correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between Social Cognitive Career Theory variables. Correlation results show that the self-employment intention variable had a positive and significant relationship with the variables of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, social support, and interests. Also, the self-employment intention variable has a negative and significant relationship with the social barriers variable. To investigate factors affecting the intention of rural women members of Lorestan province micro-credit funds towards self-employment, structural equation modeling was used using AMOS24 software. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that the interests variable has the highest direct impact on rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives and self-efficacy has the highest indirect influence on rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives. One of the most important development goals in most countries is job creation and poverty alleviation in rural areas, especially for rural women who are half of the rural population and since this deprived section of the society is a large part of the workforce needed in the agricultural sector, giving importance to their needs should be prioritized in development plans. For this purpose and to meet the financial and economic needs of women and create income, self-employment and increase their self-confidence, the formation of cooperatives can be effective. But a vital issue that is important in this regard is the factors that influence the decision and intention of rural women to start investing and working in cooperatives. Based on the results, the Social Cognitive Career Theory was a suitable theory to predict rural women's self-employment intention.
Physical Education and Sports Science
Mohammad Reihani; Shahram Abdi
Abstract
Today, sports has become an important issue in society and its role in women's society is undeniable. The emphasis of sociologists, psychologists, doctors, etc. is on women to do sports because women are the main pillar of society and family, and a healthy family is one whose mother is healthy. ...
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Today, sports has become an important issue in society and its role in women's society is undeniable. The emphasis of sociologists, psychologists, doctors, etc. is on women to do sports because women are the main pillar of society and family, and a healthy family is one whose mother is healthy. In different societies, creating suitable grounds for women's sports is considered an important and national issue, and the presence or absence of women in sports activities is considered a global indicator of the social status of women in society. One of the most important aspects of women's sports is championship sports, and promoting this aspect of sports can lead to the development and promotion of society. In fact, the importance of the development of championship sports in the general sense and the development of women's sports in a specific sense due to the high capacity of earning medals and creating social vitality in women reveals the necessity of conducting such a study. In addition, it seems very necessary to set goals to examine the status of women in North Khorasan province in championship sports and provide strategies and solutions to overcome the obstacles and challenges ahead. North Khorasan province has a high capacity to introduce champion female athletes to the country due to the diverse cultural and climatic conditions on the one hand and the youngness of the administrative structure of the province on the other hand. Therefore, considering the importance of strategic planning in the development of championship sports, the need to pay attention to this importance in the development of women's championship sports in North Khorasan province seems more necessary than ever. A suitable solution is to prepare a strategic plan for women's championship sports in the province, which will reach its proper position with the realization of this and the development of championship sports.
The current research is descriptive-survey in terms of research method, applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection, it is mixed (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population includes managers, deputies and experts (sport and youth general directorates of North Khorasan province, sport and youth office in Bojnord county, sports committees and clubs in North Khorasan province), the university professors in the field of sports science, coaches and female champion athletes of North Khorasan province. The statistical sample in the qualitative section included 14 people from the statistical community. The sampling method in this section was purposeful and based on expertise, experience, and knowledge of women's championship sports in North Khorasan province. The statistical sample in the quantitative section included 23 people who were selected purposefully. The data collection tool in the qualitative phase was a semi-guided exploratory interview as well as a SWAT analysis session with a group of members of the statistical sample of the research to identify variables and complete the questions and questions resulting from library studies. In the current research, descriptive methods were used to examine demographic variables and a framework called comprehensive framework for developing a model strategy (SWOT) was used to obtain strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Finally, the ANP method and Super Decisions software were used to prioritize strategies.
The findings of the research in the development of women's championship sports showed 9 strengths, 16 weaknesses, 11 opportunities and 13 threats. According to the total score of strategies formulated in this section, it can be stated that the competitive strategic position is the dominant strategy in this section. The most important strategies obtained in the research include the compilation of guidance and support programs in the path of growth of female athletes from beginner to advanced, Strengthening and investing in active and medal-winning sports for women in the province, and Special attention paid to holding appropriate and regular training camps throughout the year, sending women to national competitions, holding joint camps with champions from other provinces, and providing proper supplies and support to the teams. It is appropriate for the officials and guardians of sports in the province to pay special attention to the strategies obtained from this research for the development of women's championship sports in the province.
Women's Studies
hadie Parhizkar; azar alimohammadi; sedighe tahere Asadzade; MARYAM Hashempour-Sadeghian
Abstract
Bad wardenic women are often people who always face very serious challenges in life, because the home and family environment, which should be a safe and supportive environment for them, becomes a traumatic and responsible environment for them. They face many personal and social problems that affect their ...
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Bad wardenic women are often people who always face very serious challenges in life, because the home and family environment, which should be a safe and supportive environment for them, becomes a traumatic and responsible environment for them. They face many personal and social problems that affect their relationships with their family members and the mental fatigue of the bad wardenic woman. Economic problems and negative social pressures should also be added to the issues affecting these women. But despite all these problems, some of these women are even responsible for taking care of their families. In most families, the father, as the head of the family, takes care of and manages the family. For this reason, in most definitions, the concept of fatherlessness and bad wardenic is defined as the absence of a father in the family, and his absence has a great impact on economic issues and family management. In Iran, due to the characteristics of the society, wartime incidents and natural and social events, there are a large number of desertion and bad wardenic women without sufficient support. In most cases, economic, cultural and social issues and problems in the lives of desertion and bad wardenic women are created for them due to the removal or weakening of the functional presence of their husbands, in the meantime, the economic problems of these women play a more prominent role in their lives and have caused that both desertion and bad wardenic women and their children are among the most vulnerable sections of society against social harm. Injuries that cause mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, obsession and aggression may also occur in them. The spouses of this category of women cannot assume the responsibility of living together; Therefore, bad wardenic women are forced to assume the dual role of being a mother and a father, and this role conflict, lack of security, and uncertainty are among the issues that cause social and psychological suffering for them. The current research aims to review and meta-analyze qualitative studies in the field of bad wardenic women in Iran.
Based on this, in the first step, all scientific research articles with keywords bad wardenic women, women with drug addict husbands, women with sick husbands, women with imprisoned husbands, women with unemployed husbands, women with criminal husbands in the period 2006 to 2021 from Jihad database University and Noormags citation database were extracted, which included 40 articles. In the following, among these 40 articles, some were removed due to the repetition of the topic, and 34 articles were selected to form the statistical population of this research for data extraction and selection and investigation related to " bad wardenic women".
According to the findings of this research, the studies in this field have two general directions, a group of them sought theoretical analysis and presentation of intervention models to identify the problems of these women and to reduce these problems by using these intervention methods. Another group has tried to strengthen the morale of bad wardenic women by increasing positive attitudes experimentally by considering different examples.
In the studies conducted on the issue of bad wardenic women, often in the field of psychology, efforts have been made to highlight the psychological issues and challenges that these women face and consider the field of activism of these women; Such as stress, anxiety, lack of anger control, lack of communication skills, low self-confidence and self-esteem. These researches showed that these mentioned mental issues are significantly high in bad wardenic women, which has caused the mental health and quality of life of bad wardenic women to decrease. Other researches in the field of psychology have also tried to investigate the effectiveness of different treatment methods to reduce harm and empower women in the field of mental health with treatment methods such as problem solving training, narrative therapy, group meaning therapy resilience training, empathy skill training, spiritual-religious psychotherapy and Teaching life skills in the individual field to show that these therapeutic methods can be effective in empowering bad wardenic women and can improve some of the psychological problems and mental issues of these women.
The review of the articles related to bad wardenic women in the field of sociology included only two articles that were conducted using a qualitative method.
Women's Studies
Amir Asgari; Sahebeh Masoudi; Maedeh Taghizadeh Tabarsi
Abstract
Women's empowerment is a topic included in a wide range of programs and policies implemented by different institutions around the world. However, cognitive characteristics and research in the field of cognitive sciences, specifically regarding cognitive abilities, have been neglected in many of ...
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Women's empowerment is a topic included in a wide range of programs and policies implemented by different institutions around the world. However, cognitive characteristics and research in the field of cognitive sciences, specifically regarding cognitive abilities, have been neglected in many of these policies and implemented projects. Empowering women and promoting gender equality are recognized as important factors for achieving sustainable development and reducing poverty around the world. Despite significant progress over the years, gender inequality still exists in various areas of life, including education, employment, health, and political activities. In order to solve these inequalities, it is important to understand the effective factors in their occurrence and provide solutions for them. One of the research areas that has attracted a lot of attention in this field, especially in recent years, is called cognitive science. Recent research has shown that cognitive science, through examining the mechanisms of the formation of mental concepts, and by combining it with behaviorism through the simultaneous examination of the mind, language, social behavior, and social technical systems, not only provides a clearer understanding of the way humans encounter various phenomena, but also makes available ways to analyze and improve them in different contexts.
In this regard, this research provides a framework for empowering women in governance based on cognitive science studies using a two-step method that involves scoping review and content analysis. The results of this research, including 18 key elements of women's empowerment based on cognitive studies, along with the presented conceptual framework, aid experts, researchers, and individuals interested in the fields of empowerment, governance, and women in reaching their answers for policy-making and decision-making processes. The achievements also help to build networks among various related concepts for designing further applied research.
One of the key benefits of the research presented in this study is that it emphasizes the importance of incorporating cognitive science research into policy-making and decision-making processes for women's empowerment. By understanding the cognitive mechanisms that underlie gender inequality, policymakers and experts can design more effective interventions and programs that address the root causes of these inequalities. This can lead to more sustainable and long-term solutions that not only benefit women but also promote overall economic and social development. Furthermore, by integrating cognitive science research into governance studies, it is possible to establish a more comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between individual cognition and social behavior. This interdisciplinary approach can facilitate the development of more nuanced and sophisticated policies and programs that take into account the diverse contexts and experiences of women across different cultures and societies. Overall, this research highlights the immense potential of cognitive science research for achieving greater gender equality and empowering women around the world.
The current research is also important in creating schemas of applied research with the aim of creating a connection between different fields of governance studies and cognitive science studies. It can open up conceptual gaps as well as paths for further studies for those interested in interdisciplinary studies, providing a wide range of topics and concepts
Women's Studies
Somaieh Saadatifar; Fatemeh Danafar
Abstract
Children are one of the most vulnerable groups in society, and the risk of aggression by various people in the family or community constantly threatens them. Studies from the childhood of imprisoned women show that the negative experiences of misbehavior, enduring adversities, family quarrels, experiencing ...
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Children are one of the most vulnerable groups in society, and the risk of aggression by various people in the family or community constantly threatens them. Studies from the childhood of imprisoned women show that the negative experiences of misbehavior, enduring adversities, family quarrels, experiencing poverty and emotional neglect, and violence are related to their health problems in adulthood, which range from depression to personality disorders and heart diseases. Therefore, this study wants to answer the question, what experiences have women prisoners had since childhood, and what contribution did their childhood period have in their imprisonment and the continuation of crimes in their adult lives?
Method:
The present study is a qualitative study using the phenomenology method. A depth interview was used to collect the data and information needed for this research. The field of study of this research is all female prisoners of Fardis Penitentiary, which is located in the south of Karaj. The samples of the study were collected by purposeful sampling and theoretical sampling. In the selection of the sample, attention was paid to the maximum variety in terms of the age of imprisoned women with different crimes (murder, theft, drug sales, prostitution), Level of Education, marital status (married and single), the number of times they were imprisoned, economic status, and the number of children the participants had, but to ensure saturation, more than 2 interviews were conducted, and depth interviews were conducted with 25 female prisoners.
Findings:
According to the research questions and analysis of the research data, after reducing and merging similar codes, 6 themes were obtained. Women have mentioned their accumulated memories of childhood and continuation in adulthood. The interviewees' perception of the lost childhood has been interpreted as an insecure childhood, a regretful childhood, and a helpless childhood, which are described by 3 main themes and 11 sub-themes, as well as the continuation of the effects of childhood trauma in women's adulthood in the form of 3 main themes and 10 sub-themes were extracted. Therefore, all the concepts are related to each other and it has revealed a pattern of the meaning of their lived experience since childhood and the continuation of its effects in adulthood.
Discussion:
The findings of the research showed that the imprisoned women experienced a childhood in a state of insecurity, helplessness, regret, and loss and faced various threats, humiliation, repression, and failure. They believe that their childhood and negative experiences play a significant role in their imprisonment and that they have not achieved their right in life and have not received what others have earned. Prisoner women believe that insecurity in the family always takes its victims from children, who are forced to endure unfavorable conditions due to their inability and lack of self-defense, and sexual, physical, and sexual insecurity during childhood.
From the point of view of some participants, livelihood issues, lack of job and unemployment, lack of capital and financial problems, and inability to meet the expenses, have been one of the main effective factors of their family problems, which regret many children's demands in Food, clothing, toys, and entertainment have been placed in their hearts. Family poverty means that there are no more funds to invest in children's education or this investment is not done in an appropriate way. According to the narratives of the imprisoned women, their family was a family that did not provide financial support, neglected the educational role, was violent, did not have emotional interactions, did not show affection, was weak, and was unjust. , effective and healthy relationships were not established in it, they did not pay attention to the needs and deviation education was unintentionally in their program In parallel with unfavorable family conditions, women prisoners are faced with traumas such as psychological adversities, deprivation of interaction, feelings of loneliness, depression, and the bias of lowering cultural self-esteem. According to the self-statement of the imprisoned women, due to the negative events of their childhood, today they are still affected by the disturbing events of those days, and the continuation of many of these negative experiences has caused them to have conflicts related to crimes, false thoughts, and defective self-concept, and even managed to break relationships. affect them socially and emotionally in their family life in adulthood.
MOHAMMAD JAVAD NAJAFI; Mohammed Hussain Davani ragby; MOHAMMAD Davani ragby
Abstract
Social Development is the most important indicators of the government's valuation to give the society a role to be effective in the society, especially for the women of the society This issue has been considered as the main issue with the case study of the Prophet's government. At the time ...
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Social Development is the most important indicators of the government's valuation to give the society a role to be effective in the society, especially for the women of the society This issue has been considered as the main issue with the case study of the Prophet's government. At the time when Islam appeared, almost women of all societies did not have a proper status and were deprived of even the most basic human rights.
But Islam and the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) paid great attention to restoring their true credibility. The attention that the social and cultural atmosphere of that day did not receive. The purpose of the research is to investigate the actions and policies of the Prophet of Islam in his government for the social development of women.
Therefore, the main question of the article is, what were the policies of the Prophet (peace be upon him) to develop the social position of women in the Prophetic government? which has been answered by descriptive-historical analysis method and taking samples from library sources.
On this basis, the noble Prophet of Islam, by fighting against the dominant way of thinking and the theory of male gender superiority over women, rejecting the culture of behavioral violence against women and paying attention to honoring their personality, Attention and encouragement to learning science and paying attention to the intellectual ability of women, Supporting women against social harm And the establishment of the effective presence of women in social and economic affairs will lead to their social development in their government. This process requires a conceptual revolution and fundamental change based on which development is defined as excellence And the woman's position is promoted from a peripheral position to a central position.
This process is also completed in the light of understanding the concept of prophetic justice on the one hand and the concept of responsibility of believers towards others. In this context, the development starts from the individual and the primary social unit in which the individual is placed, and is established in the society on this basis. Al-Bit is formed in this process, in the space of cooperation. Therefore, the woman is placed in a structure based on cooperation And in the field of prophetic policymaking, the equal weight of men is defined in the path of social development. From the results of this new definition and reinterpretation, the presence and activity of women in various social and political events of the Muslim community, such as: emigration, pledge of allegiance, Hajj, the order of the famous and the prohibition of discrediting and criticizing the rulers of the government, participation in wars, consultation and consultation in government affairs And etc... is.
Law
Elham Shariati; Fateme Rajaee; Fahime Ahmadi; Zahra Sadat Hejazi
Abstract
Domestic violence against women, as a social issue, has always been considered in different societies. Many researches have been conducted on domestic violence all over the world. There are different kinds of knowledge from which domestic violence can be considered. Psychology, sociology, criminology ...
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Domestic violence against women, as a social issue, has always been considered in different societies. Many researches have been conducted on domestic violence all over the world. There are different kinds of knowledge from which domestic violence can be considered. Psychology, sociology, criminology and pathology are some of these sciences. Researchers have recognized it as a serious social problem and issue. This phenomenon has adverse effects on the health of the body and mind of women and consequently the health of the family and society. According to Quran, men and women are equal in terms of human status and dignity. According to the religion of Islam and the Quran, gender is not a criterion of superiority of one over the other. Considering the role and position of women in the family, there is more attention and investigation on the phenomenon of domestic violence. In this research, the issue of husband violence against the wife has been tried to be investigated from a jurisprudential and legal point of view. In addition, some questions about the permissibility of such violence in Islam are examined and some important doubts in this field are answered. In addition, the Iranian legislator's view on the issue of violence is examined and finally, solutions to stopping of this phenomenon are presented. Also, in this research, it is emphasized that the speedy approval of laws that lead to the violation of women's rights is part of the emphasis of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The method of this research is descriptive. We have used qualitative content analysis. According to Imamy jurisprudence, all types of violence against women, especially from the husband, are forbidden. There are some doubts about this issue but all of them can be answered by using jurisprudential sources. In addition, there are cases in Islam that show Islam's serious opposition to violence against women. For example, Islam has condemned the ugly customs such as Waad, Ilaa, Zehar and Erth al-Nisaa, and Islam has forbidden to harm a believer. Also in Iranian law, there are two views in opposition with violence: 1. The common point of view is guidance with an emphasis on compromise, mediation and counseling; 2. The criminalization of domestic violence, which is reflected in the bill "preventing women's injuries and improving their security against misbehavior". Eventually husband's violence against wife is something that may be learned through the learning process in society. Therefore, cultural activities, education and training can be effective in preventing and reducing this phenomenon. Also, passing effective and efficient laws, such as criminalizing violence, supporting abused or homeless women, and passing the bill as soon as possible can greatly reduce the commission of this phenomenon in the society.
Women's Studies
Pedram Adibfar; Ehsan Chitsaz
Abstract
Despite significant strides towards gender equality in the workplace, the achievement of a genuinely balanced environment where opportunities and progress are gender-blind remains elusive. This article delves into the intricate choreography of gender dynamics, illuminating the often subtle and imperceptible ...
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Despite significant strides towards gender equality in the workplace, the achievement of a genuinely balanced environment where opportunities and progress are gender-blind remains elusive. This article delves into the intricate choreography of gender dynamics, illuminating the often subtle and imperceptible barriers that hinder women's professional advancement. We grapple with uncomfortable realities, challenge detrimental stereotypes, and propose coaching strategies aimed at navigating women through a labyrinth of gender-specific obstacles. Additionally, we explore the influence of gender on leadership, communication, and decision-making styles, underscoring the urgency to encourage candid dialogue within organizations and to design career trajectories that shatter invisible barriers. Our methodology embraces a systematic review approach, wherein we have meticulously perused multiple databases to isolate studies focusing on coaching strategies for women in the workplace. The thrust of our exploration lies in peer-reviewed studies assessing the effectiveness of coaching techniques specifically addressing women's workplace challenges, whilst excluding studies related to personal development or life coaching. Our extensive review uncovers a panorama of diverse coaching interventions—ranging from one-on-one coaching and group coaching to mentoring programs—all aiming to reshape gender perceptions and attitudes. A particular focus is laid on the role of mentoring, revealing its significant impact on perceptions of women in leadership positions and on men's attitudes towards their female counterparts in leadership. The findings paint a complex and nuanced picture of the gender dynamics that permeate modern workplaces. Moreover, the review underscores the necessity of recognizing gender differences without resorting to simplistic stereotypes. It reinforces the findings of existing literature that warns about the dangers of gender stereotypes and their capacity to limit women's opportunities. Furthermore, the review echoes the sentiment of fostering a culture of open gender dialogue within organizations. Supporting research suggests that organizations that proactively address gender issues are more likely to see improvements in diversity and inclusion. In line with our findings, there is a clear call for both formal and informal mentors. These mentors should encourage their female clients to conduct gender-based 360-degree assessments along with career and succession planning, tools that have shown efficacy in overcoming gender barriers. Also, the review draws attention to the challenges women face in male-dominated workplaces and emphasizes the importance of providing support for women in such environments. This thorough review narrates a hopeful tale about the power of coaching to alleviate gender-based biases, break down barriers to professional advancement, and develop essential skills for women in the modern workplace. The review asserts the need for coaches to develop a collaborative relationship with their female clients, addressing challenges without casting blame or portraying incompetence. The journey towards gender equity, albeit strenuous, can be navigated through careful mentoring and conscientious coaching. Looking forward, future research should cast a wider net to explore the effectiveness of mentoring while considering intersectionality with other identity aspects such as race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. This broader research approach could foster a richer understanding of how coaching can act as a catalyst for women facing multi-dimensional discrimination, paving the way for a more inclusive, equitable work environment. In summary, the review emphasizes that coaching, especially when tailored to meet the unique needs and experiences of women in diverse industries and organizations, can be a highly effective tool for fostering gender equality. However, it is equally important to note that coaching should not be viewed as a panacea but as part of a larger effort to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in the workplace. The findings further suggest that mentoring interventions need to be supported by broader organizational policies and practices that challenge unconscious biases and foster gender equity. The review culminates in a conceptual model illustrating the knowledge that educators need to impart to women to navigate gender dynamics in the workplace, thus aiding in the creation of a balanced, inclusive workplace environment.
Women's Studies
atefe rahmani; mohsen badre; zahra mirhosseini
Abstract
Committing suicide is one of the oldest phenomena of human societies, and since it must be studied and understood within the framework of social psychology of each society and its subgroups, so far an important part of social studies of suicide has been focused on suicide in nomadic and rural areas. ...
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Committing suicide is one of the oldest phenomena of human societies, and since it must be studied and understood within the framework of social psychology of each society and its subgroups, so far an important part of social studies of suicide has been focused on suicide in nomadic and rural areas. It is for several years that the significant number of suicides and especially self-immolations of women in the Dishmuk region of Kohkiluyeh and Boye Rahmad provinces has been widely reflected in the media. This research sought to study and investigate suicide in this rural-nomadic area by using the Giorgi's phenomenological qualitative method and with the semi-structured interview tool.
Based on Durkheim's research in the theory of suicide, where he explains social phenomena, he believes that in the context of social phenomena, there will be realities that a person is not able to solve with his own understanding and action. The phenomenon of self-immolation and suicide of women in Dishmuk is also a manifestation of the existing social reality of the region and the manifestation of women's inability to face the existing social realities. Negligence towards the importance of girls' literacy and preventing them from attending schools, marriage at young age and sometimes forced marriage, living with the extended family after marriage despite the adversities that the bride endures, are grounds and causes for this disability. In Hirschi's social control theory, it is also stated that the more a woman's emotional connection and dependence with her family and her attachment, the more her sense of responsibility and therefore the risk of her committing suicide decreases. Therefore, if family life is emotionally calm and peaceful, women will not go for such an action. Robert Merton's Social strain theory also explains that women in the Dishmuk area cannot cope with acceptable social realities as before, because there is a clear conflict between women's goals and demands from life and social realities, as a result, we witness a skewed behavior from them, which has appeared in Dishmuk in the form of a high rate of suicide according to its special cultural biosphere.
In this research, the sample population is targeted and consists of people who have committed suicide unsuccessfully or one of their relatives has committed suicide leading to death. Based on the interviews conducted and understanding of the statements of the interviewees about the causes and contexts of suicide attempts in this region, this research mainly divides the causes of suicide of women in the Dishmuk area based on phenomenological investigations into five main categories: 1) lack of knowledge and life management skills; 2) lack of satisfaction with private life; 3) reaching a feeling of dead end and getting stuck in social life; and 4) the personality and superficiality of some religious beliefs were found.
each of which is elaborated more in the findings section and documented with quotes from the interviewees. Finally, these categories have been compared with the theory of suicide, and the authors have provided suggestions to prevent suicide. In the end, the researchers made suggestions to improve the conditions of the region, including the establishment of girls' dormitories and boarding schools, the establishment of rural girls' high schools, the establishment of a counseling clinic consisting of local psychologists who are fully familiar with the language and culture of the people of the region, Also, based on the low level of development of the region, it is suggested that the development of education levels, skill training and the creation of employment opportunities for men and as a result help their economic independence should be put on the agenda. This can be a very efficient helper for the provision of housing and in solving the mentioned problems caused by harmful coexistence in the joint housing of the extended family. One of the proposals highlighted by the researchers is also the activation of local educated groups in each clan to mediate before marriage, after marriage and at the time of discords and problems because many couples are in unfavorable conditions and have unresolved issues that need help that this help in the context proposed by the researchers in this research is a solution in accordance with the cultural context of the region. Establishing a health center and neurology clinic and providing counseling services.
Women's Studies
Hamideh Dabbaghi; kosar Mohammadi; Somayeh Jamshidy
Abstract
The division of domestic labor or the distribution of responsibilities and necessary tasks for maintaining the home and family members has historically evolved since the industrialization period and has had important as a social phenomenon in academic discussions since the 1970s. Social and economic ...
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The division of domestic labor or the distribution of responsibilities and necessary tasks for maintaining the home and family members has historically evolved since the industrialization period and has had important as a social phenomenon in academic discussions since the 1970s. Social and economic contexts have always influenced the relationships and interactions between men and women and their gender roles in the family. They have regulated the relationships between them throughout the history of family development. This paper describes the women's experience of domestic labor division with their husbands in the family. In addition, analytical concepts such as gender equality in the division of domestic labor, economic dependency, and gender deviation neutralization (in gender roles) under the theory of relative resources have been used. Also, the thematic analysis method and semi-structured interviews with 15 women, including employed women and housewives in the age groups of 20 to 60 years used in this paper. Then interviews were analyzed by Max QDA 2018 software to extract the relationship pattern of couples in the division of domestic labor. The findings indicate the extraction of 2 main themes of non-participation in the division of domestic labor and participation in the division of domestic labor, seven sub-themes including stubborn femininity, hegemonic masculinity, favorable or unfavorable obvious challenge, economic triangulation, passive/hidden resistance, gradual participation of men. and equality in relations, and 228 concepts. stubborn femininity or hidden feminism theme refers to the power and dominance of women in the family. The second theme refers to self-sufficiency because of absence of a man at home, the man's imprisonment, the man's incapacity, or the death of a man are forced to take care of and breadwinner. In relationships based on persuasion, women accept more tasks because of some reasonable evaluation of men’s function during other areas. The economic triangulation of women is a form of the relationship between men and women when they are equal in strength and power. Women’s hidden and passive resistance gradually causes men to participate in household chores. In gradual participation, men learn to participate in household chores through socialization from the group of relatives and friends and the assignment of partial and incremental tasks from the woman to the man. The last theme of couples' relationships is based on the understanding or extensive participation of men and women in household chores which ends to equal involvement. Both men and women try to participate intellectually, emotionally, psychologically, and behaviorally and experience gender roles as much as possible. The variety of types introduced in the Iranian family shows the change and evolution in the traditional Iranian society and the agency and rethinking by women in gender roles and the division of conventional domestic work.However, regarding the causes and contexts of the formation of this ideal relationship between the studied couples, it is not possible to refer to foreign studies and the experiences of women in other countries, such as Eastern European countries and France, which are based on egalitarian ideas through the promotion of women's participation in the workforce or countries with family policies such as Norway and gender ideology, he said. Instead, the ethnic, cultural, and social diversity under the macro-policy strategies in the field of the Iranian family under Islamic thought and influenced by the characteristic of collectivism in the Iranian culture creates a different experience for Iranian women and can be a debatable issue in future studies. But what can be accepted without a doubt is that Iranian women are entering a process of rethinking the division of work and power in the family and the beginning of the process of redistributing family responsibilities.
Women's Studies
Ahmad Kalateh sadati; Fatemeh Adelkhah; Faezeh Shamsaddin Qotrom
Abstract
Puberty is a biological, complex and a social constract phenomena which is experienced diffently among girls. Daughters with Single Fathers can have a different experience of puberty. This issue can be related to the quality of the father's and other family members' interaction with the girl's ...
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Puberty is a biological, complex and a social constract phenomena which is experienced diffently among girls. Daughters with Single Fathers can have a different experience of puberty. This issue can be related to the quality of the father's and other family members' interaction with the girl's puberty. In the absence of mothers, daughters of Single Fathers have several problems. They don’t have a clue and a pattern of female for a successful passage through puberty. The main question of the current research is to explore the experience of puberty among daughters of Single Fathers. For this purpose, the challenges of the health behaviors of these groups’ daughters during menstruation, their understanding of puberty and their experience about the subject were also studied under the main objective. This is a qualitative study that was conducted in 2022-2023 in Yazd. The participants are 10 girls aged 13-16 from Yazd who have lived with their father for more than 6 months. Sampling was done purposefully in schools. The participants cooperated with us voluntarily, in order to achieve maximum diversity, the samples were selected from different schools. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews in the teachers’ room. Using thematic analysis method for data analysis. Using the theme analysis method, the patterns and themes in the qualitative data were identified. The explored themes of the research showed that puberty and its experience among the daughters under fathers’ custody is a masculine thing which is related to the way the father behaves. The experience of puberty is closely related to the father's behavior. This means that the father's attitude and behavior in this field can bring different experiences for the participants. Fathers who try to understand the issue correctly and accept it and are in line to support their daughter, help a lot to accept the issue in their youth. Unlike those fathers who are indifferent to the issue and neglect it, he has turned puberty into a problematic phenomenon in which the girl experiences a sense of shame and secrecy, and in some cases, a decrease in self-confidence and disgust from this natural phenomenon. The three themes which explored are: supportive father, neglectful father and problematic puberty. The experience of puberty among girls with fathers’ custody is more related to the father's point of view and the role of fatherhood. This shows that in these cases puberty experience is more social than biological. In fact, the girl's puberty experience is a social, masculine and paternal thing that is related with social and cultural values. The problematization of puberty and menstruation in families where the mother is not present and the society is taboo is more, which is the result of lack of knowledge about the natural mechanism of the body, necessary care during menstruation, etc. It is suggested that due to the expansion of single-parent families especially fathers, education about puberty and menstrual health should be promoted in schools, educational booklets for girls and fathers about menstruation should be published, and open and honest communication between fathers and daughters should be encouraged.
Women's Studies
parvaneh allaei; maryam hokmabadi goshuni
Abstract
In recent years, due to the decrease in the rate of childbearing, efforts have been made in the policy system, among which we can mention the plan for the youth of the population and support for the family approved in March 2019. In the articles of this plan, the limitation of screening is mentioned. ...
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In recent years, due to the decrease in the rate of childbearing, efforts have been made in the policy system, among which we can mention the plan for the youth of the population and support for the family approved in March 2019. In the articles of this plan, the limitation of screening is mentioned. In general, it should be said that the impact of disabled children on the family system has attracted the attention of experts as a serious problem for years.
Screening tests are one of the ways that can be used to detect a fetus with disabilities or genetic problems before birth. Screening tests are a set of tests that are performed in order to check the health of the fetus and to screen children at risk in terms of infectious diseases, Down syndrome and some other genetic defects and physical abnormalities in different months of pregnancy. The purpose of this research is to identify the individual-social considerations of Elimination of prenatal screening of pregnant mothers. It seeks to answer the question of what difficulties and problems people with disabilities and families with disabled children face. The research method is qualitative and its approach is phenomenology. The phenomenological approach is a suitable method for investigating people's lived experiences. The research sample in this article are mothers who have a disabled child and have referred to the rehabilitation center for speech therapy and occupational therapy classes. Based on this, the lived experiences of 13 mothers were collected. Respondents were selected by purposive sampling and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Narratives of the investigated samples were categorized into two main dimensions:
1. Individual issues include educational problems, lack of information and ignorance, feelings and emotions, and communication issues. Regarding educational issues, it can be said that they mean the problems that mothers face in the way of their children's learning in educational centers. Some issues and problems are directly related to the quality of providing services in rehabilitation and educational centers. Others are related to the mental problems of such children. Lack of information in any field is harmful. The mothers said that if they themselves and those around them had the necessary knowledge about child birth and post-birth care, they would probably experience a better situation. These Families experience diverse and different emotions. Most mothers complain to God about having a sick child and feel that it is a sign of God's injustice. The presence of a sick child in the family disturbs the communication of family members both inside and outside the family. Economic problems are one of the most important concerns of such families, because whatever they earn, they spend on doctor's visits, medicine, occupational therapy classes, and special nutrition for children, and thus. Their welfare decreases
2. The social part includes issues of social labeling and social support, each of which includes subsets. Social label and social support. Social label issues are those issues and problems that families inevitably endure from others. Social support is discussed in two parts: problems of facilities and medical support.
It can be concluded that the presence of a sick child in the family has many effects on all aspects of the life of the family members, especially the mother. The results of this research can be useful in the legislative process for population increase and challenges related to prenatal screening of pregnant mothers and reducing the birth of sick children. The simultaneous analysis of the categories shows a general picture of the phenomenon of the presence of a sick child in the family, which can be said to be fundamentally different from a normal family.
This conclusion has two very important benefits; 1. A more effective step can be taken to reduce the problems of such families, in this way, both public education and public awareness are necessary to reduce social factors, and it is necessary to pay attention to the Psychotherapy of family members, to reduce individual factors. 2. By identifying all the challenges that a family faces after the birth of a sick child, the necessity and importance of preventing the birth of such babies is felt, which according to the aforementioned discussions, prenatal screening of pregnant mothers can be the most important and efficient measure in this field. So that the effort of the government and the people is to increase the healthy population of the country.
Geography
aboozar vafaei; Kamran Dolat Yarian
Abstract
Parks and green public spaces are parts of the ecological fabric of cities to the extent that environmental life and the sustainability of cities depend on them. The aim of this research is to measure the level of citizens’ satisfaction with the quality of urban parks. The example studied is Women's ...
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Parks and green public spaces are parts of the ecological fabric of cities to the extent that environmental life and the sustainability of cities depend on them. The aim of this research is to measure the level of citizens’ satisfaction with the quality of urban parks. The example studied is Women's Laleh Park in the city of Noorabad. To this end, efforts were made to evaluate and analyze the success or the failure of the quality of the park from the point of view of women. The current research is a quantitative research in terms of its purpose in the field of applied research and has deployed a descriptive-analytical approach based on the nature of the data.The statistical population of this research included all women who came to Laleh Park in a span from May to December 2022. The sample size included 200 women; this sample was assessed using Sample Power software with a confidence level of %95, a possible error of %5, and an alpha value of 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05. For data analysis, SPSS26 software was used due to its statistical capabilities, and AMOS24 software was deployed for structural equation modeling. To answer the hypotheses of the research, at the first stage, criteria and sub-criteria that explained the satisfaction of the multiple dimensions of women's park were compiled through documentary and library studies. Then, a questionnaire, consisting of 66 questions in the form of a five-point Likert scale, was designed and distributed among the women who came to Laleh Park. The distribution of the questionnaire was also done using a systematic sampling method during the peak hours of women’s visiting of this public space. It should be noted that the measuring scales included 6 general questions, 10 questions on safety and security, 10 social-cultural questions, 10 physical questions, 10 questions about health and environment, 10 questions about the furniture and environment of the park, and 10 questions about physical and mental health.In total, the results obtained from the current research are as follows. In an overall evaluation of the quality of Laleh Park, the findings showed that most of the studied sites were of low quality, and there were many weak points. The results also showed that the condition of Laleh Park was favorable in terms of quality in 3 items. 18 items were semi-optimal, and other 38 items had unfavorable status. Also, the results of the analysis of the second-order factor model showed that according to the women, participating in the research, satisfaction with physical-physical factors with a factor load of 0.86 had the highest priority and had the first place. After the physical-physical factor, the health and environmental index came second with a factor load of 0.78. The third rank belonged to park furniture index with a factor weight of 0.73. Further, it was found that safety and security index with a weight of 0.68 was in the fourth place, the health index with a weight of 0.58 came fifth. The cultural and social index was in the sixth place with a weight of 0.48.
Demographics
ahmad dorahaki; Masoumeh Akhavan Armaki
Abstract
Motherhood is an important aspect of women's life, which manifests itself with the two important functions of giving birth and nurture children. With the advent of modernity, becoming a mother and motherhood as the pre-defined main role of women has been questioned and redefined. Investigating the ...
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Motherhood is an important aspect of women's life, which manifests itself with the two important functions of giving birth and nurture children. With the advent of modernity, becoming a mother and motherhood as the pre-defined main role of women has been questioned and redefined. Investigating the relationship between changes in the attitude towards maternal identity and women's fertility can be helpful in understanding the change of fertility in Iran. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the attitude towards maternal identity and the number of intended fertility of married women aged 18-44 in the urban areas of Kashan city and with a quantitative approach and a descriptive-correlational nature. In this regard, a sample of 385 women with at least one child (with motherhood experience) referring to the health service centers of urban areas of Kashan were selected and investigated by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The validity of the research items was obtained through formal and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the conceptual variables of the research was also confirmed with Cronbach's alpha. The results of the research show that the average of intended fertility is 2.2 in the women of the study. The score of the attitude towards maternal identity of the study women is higher than the expected average. This issue indicates the existence of a desire and a pleasant feeling towards the motherhood identity, in other words, it shows the priority and importance of the role of a motherhood compared to other roles of the women in the study. The results of multivariate analysis show that by controlling all the variables, the variable of attitude towards maternal identity positively and attitude towards gender equality and education have a negative effect on women's intention fertility. The lower the score of the attitude towards maternal identity (importance and priority of the mother's role) and the higher the score of the attitude towards gender equality, the less the number of intended fertility. Also, women with university education have less intend fertility. On the other hand, the findings indicate a statistically significant and effect relationship of gender equality variables and education on the attitude towards maternal identity of the studied women. According to the results of the research path analysis model, it can be said that the attitude towards maternal identity is related to the number of children intended by women in two direct ways and also as a mediator of the effect of gender equality variables and education. Therefore, according to the changes that are taking place in the mentioned components, it is suggested that the policy makers consider the expansion of facilities and support programs that lead to the reduction of the conflict between the components of empowerment and independence of women with maternal identity in the new demographic policies. Facilitation and support programs in the field of maternal identity are a way of valuing the authentic cultural foundation of Iranian society in this relation.
