Ecology
Masoumeh Jorjany; Somayeh Baseri; Farideh Afarin
Abstract
Clothing industry is a major source of environmental pollution especially in developing countries such as Iran. The mass consumption of clothing and also their common methods of design and production have led to increased environmental pollution due to the disposal of vast amounts of non-biodegradable ...
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Clothing industry is a major source of environmental pollution especially in developing countries such as Iran. The mass consumption of clothing and also their common methods of design and production have led to increased environmental pollution due to the disposal of vast amounts of non-biodegradable wastes ultimately faced the country with several problems. As a result, new approaches are going to be developed to renewing the use of scrap and waste materials in clothing production aimed at safeguarding the environment. The question that arises is whether clothing design and production processes can be improved based on the facilities of the country in accordance with the sustainable development principles. It appears that empowerment of women in sustainable development topics can be an ideal solution for achieving this goal. What support this idea is the women impact on the sustainable source management, social communication, and the country’s education system. In this way, this present study attempts to design and produce the women social clothing by using the fabric scraps and agricultural waste. The reflection of this design method was examined among the female students of BA and MA courses in carpet, textile design and printing, art research, and handicrafts industry from the art faculty of Semnan university. A method of this research is a descriptive-survey way and its purpose is an "applied" one. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire. A sample size of 102 students was chosen using a simple random sampling. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The findings obtained from this study showed that the components of designed garment exception of the body characteristics are accepted by the statistical community. The results also indicated a positive relationship between the girls' awareness of the principles of sustainable clothing development and their satisfaction with the designs done.
Political sciences
Hoda sadat Vaezi; Ali Alihosseini
Abstract
From the middle of the twentieth century; Due to the pervasiveness of the process of globalization & democratic political culture, the majority of people & women were able to participate effectively in politics and enter politics. Especially since the 21st century; the increasing presence of ...
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From the middle of the twentieth century; Due to the pervasiveness of the process of globalization & democratic political culture, the majority of people & women were able to participate effectively in politics and enter politics. Especially since the 21st century; the increasing presence of women in politics has been expanding as a pervasive process. In a general sense; the arenas of human life include political, economic, social and cultural fields. Considering that the most effective component of power is the political arena; It can be said: politics is the most important field of human life. Because political power has the final role of determining, controlling, managing and making decisions. For this reason; participation in political power & attaining political positions have always been important for people. So It should be noted that the presence of women in political positions is important, especially in terms of considering women's rights at the time of legislation & policy-making and benefiting from the potential of women in the field of political management. Therefore; this descriptive-analytical study by document collection method and analysis of some statistics and analogy; tries to answer this question “Given the global trend of women in political positions, what is the status of women in political positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its facilities?”. The results show that Iran is in a bad position in terms of the global sub-index (Sub-index of political empowerment), even compared to many countries in its region!. It should be noted that in the future, due to the growing efforts of Iranian women for political participation at the level of the power elite, for example; increasing registration & application & candidacy in the elections of the Islamic Council, the elections of the Assembly Experts & the presidential elections, considering to increase the level of education of Iranian women , to increase the ranking of Iran under the global index of Educational Attainment and especially with regard to the globalization process & democratic political culture in the age of communication; the demand of Iranian women to play an effective role in political power will increase a lot. These facilities should be emphasized, for example: A history of high university education suitable for Iranian women in fields related to political management which are related to social political management & political positions, Realization of the minimum political work experience of women to achieve political positions after four decades of the stability of the Islamic Revolution, Accepting the presence of women in the field of political power by the transitioning society of Iran & The hidden potential of the ideal of the Islamic revolution is about the opposition to the instrumental view of capitalism on female gender. It is necessary to reduced the impact of obstacles to the achievement of Iranian women in political positions with some solutions, for example: political system support measures to increase the share of women in political positions & improve the international image of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Culture-Building to show the Political field with the image of female & male presence and increasing women's self-confidence.
Women's Studies
sima raeisi; Hosein Tafazzoli; Mohammad Tohidfam; Ah,madreza Taheri
Abstract
Abstract
In any society, the political participation of social groups is formed based on the social and cultural structures of that society, which makes participation reasonable or traditional. The political participation of Baloch women has also been formed on the same basis. In this regard, according ...
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Abstract
In any society, the political participation of social groups is formed based on the social and cultural structures of that society, which makes participation reasonable or traditional. The political participation of Baloch women has also been formed on the same basis. In this regard, according to the present question, how has the Balochistan stratification system brought the political participation of Baloch women under its radius? It was tried to study the political participation of Baloch women according to social stratification.
The current research was conducted with a contextual method, as well as with a semi-structured interview technique and targeted sampling of eleven Baloch men and women.
The findings of the research show that the political participation of Baloch women has been under the influence of social stratification in Balochistan. Despite the fact that the background factors such as: patriarchy, gender socialization, religious concepts and historical and mental backgrounds are similar, but women's participation has been formed according to the social stratifications of each part of Balochistan region. According to social stratifications, including: tribal stratification in northern Balochistan, caste stratification in central and southern Balochistan, and economic and tribal stratification in coastal Balochistan, which affects the political participation of not only women but all the people of the region.
Also, in the current research, the social stratification theory of "Max Weber" and its three forms "wealth, power and dignity" were also used. The three forms of Max Weber's stratification theory apply to the social stratification of Balochistan and the mechanism that involves this stratification in women's political participation. This means that the political participation of women in the Baluchistan region, in terms of qualitative understanding of this participation, has become a collective action by the influential and superior classes in this region. In the end, what can be taken from this female presence is the continuation of the previous social hierarchy, of course, this time with the use of new democratic tools.
Based on the contextual method and the central phenomenon obtained, i.e. "retrospection", the social stratification of the Baluchistan region, despite technological, educational developments, etc., is still based on its previous social stratifications, and there has been little change in the social stratifications of Baluchistan region.
On the other hand, such a tendency towards the past in the cultural structure of Balochistan has caused the lack of meritocracy in political and social competitions; For example, the education and expertise of the candidates and participants does not play a significant role in the political equations of Balochistan. Based on this, it can be said that "retrospection" has become one of the factors of the continuation of underdevelopment in Baluchistan region, and at the same time, underdevelopment has also caused the reproduction of pastism in this region. In fact, we see a back-and-forth relationship between these two concepts, which fulfill each other other in a vicious circle.
Although this research was conducted to investigate the political participation of Baloch women, the results of the qualitative research that focused on the hidden and more complex aspects of this participation described a model of participation that gives meaning not only to women, but also to the whole of political participation in Baluchistan society. In this context, women's participation is not based on their gender, but on the basis of belonging to certain classes and in some cases even as a tool at the disposal of that class
Keywords:
Political participation, social stratification, Baloch women, retrospect, contextual method.
Women's Studies
Hajiieh Bibi Razeghi Nasrabad; sosan bastani
Abstract
Following the decrease in the fertility level and the change in the pattern of childbearing in Iran and its demographic, economic and social consequences, efforts have been made in the policy system in recent years to support the family and working women. One of the programs carried out in order to support ...
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Following the decrease in the fertility level and the change in the pattern of childbearing in Iran and its demographic, economic and social consequences, efforts have been made in the policy system in recent years to support the family and working women. One of the programs carried out in order to support working women and increase fertility in the country was to increase the length of maternity leave from six months to nine months.
The purpose of this study is to interpret and represent the different dimensions of maternity leave among employed mothers. In fact, this study was an attempt to understand the effects of this policy in the continuation of women's participation in the labor market, improving the health of family members, developing the financial well-being of the family, maintaining the job values of mothers, and mothers' satisfaction, reducing work-family conflict from the perspective of working mothers who are the target group of this policy.
The approach of this research is qualitative. The sample includes 25 employed women with maternity leave experience living in Tehran who was determined through purposive sampling with maximum diversity based on the level of theoretical saturation. The data collection method is an in-depth interview that was conducted in the fall and winter of 2022. This study was carried out in the conditions of the Corona epidemic, so this situation affected both the way of collecting information and the duration of the research. Therefore, some interviews were conducted in person and some by phone. The method of analysis was thematic analysis which was extracted in three methods of open, axial and selective coding.
From the data analysis process, the core category of "paradoxical expression of maternity leave experience" was obtained, which arises from the two themes of "women's dual experience of maternity leave" and "contradictions in policies and executive plans". The category " women's dual experience of maternity leave " is the result of three sub-themes of "strengthening the family institution", "doubt in decision-making" and "job insecurity" which show the dual experience. According to the findings, "body management skills", "promoting the biological health of the child", "quality motherhood" and "helping the work-family balance" indicate women's perception of maternity leave as an opportunity to strengthen the family institution, but the decision phobia that It is caused by "fear of separation from the child" and "hesitation to return to work", and "insecurity and job degradation" is also an important part of mothers' experience. The understanding of employed mothers about how to implement the program also indicates that it is contradictory, which is included in three sub-themes: "lack of legislation", "closure of the private sector" and "openness of the public sector".
Based on the lived experience of the mothers in this study, on the one hand, the maternity leave policy has helped the well-being of women and families and has provided the satisfaction of mothers in order to provide the well-being and peace of mother and child and restore their health. On the other hand, this program has been the source of some worries, fears and uncertainties, and it has many weaknesses due to the contradictions in the policies and executive programs in providing the safety of mind and well-being of working mothers. Of course, various conditions such as economic, family, work environment, physical conditions of mother and child, and the level of knowledge and ability of mothers in understanding and facing issues related to the conflict of work and family roles have created a diverse experience of maternity leave for women.
In this regard, the review of policies related to the protection of working women shows that there are good protective laws in Iran. Existing laws such as breastfeeding hours, part-time work, child care services, reducing the working hours of women with special conditions can have a great impact on preventing personal and family issues, along with maternity leave. However, in addition to the ambiguity in the laws, the enforcement guarantee of these policies and laws has not been specified. In some cases, the implementation of laws has been left to the authority of the occupational organization. Therefore, it has caused the non-fulfillment of various support policies for working mothers. Therefore, it is important that maternity leave policy needs to be reviewed, monitored and redesigned according to the needs and conditions of mothers, children and employers.
Sociology
mahmoud mohammadi
Abstract
Perceptions and experiences of gender as an established model can play an important role in individuals' social and educational actions. This article examines the lived experiences of female students of Farhangian University of girlhood. The research method is a qualitative method with a phenomenological ...
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Perceptions and experiences of gender as an established model can play an important role in individuals' social and educational actions. This article examines the lived experiences of female students of Farhangian University of girlhood. The research method is a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The sample is 22 female students of Farhangian University. The number of samples was determined based on the principle of theoretical saturation. The data collection method is a semi-structured interview method. The method of data analysis is the method of thematic analysis. After collecting data, students' narratives of girlhood were coded and categorized. After coding, 6 categories and 3 main themes were extracted. The main themes extracted include girlhood characteristics, girlhood issues, and girlhood agency. A study of girls 'lived experiences shows that although the selected samples reproduce some of the usual emotional and behavioral characteristics of girlhood, students' narratives of girlhood show that they face limitations and deprivations in society due to being girls. They also feel unfair and discriminated against in social and everyday life. The surveyed students are dissatisfied with the social misconceptions about girls and demand more agency and activism for girls in society.
economics
saadolah darabi; Hossein Mahmoudian
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration ...
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The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration of job seekers aged 20 to 45 referring to employment centers across the country. This study has been carried out with the help of the statistical technique of survival background analysis, through the refinement and analysis of about two million data records (collected by job seekers across the country and under the supervision of the Ministry of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare). The findings of this study indicate that compared to men, women have longer periods of unemployment and less chance to get a job. In explaining this finding, it can be said; Probably, one of the reasons could be that there are more jobs for men that do not suit the conditions of women. And in other words, women are facing limited job variety. Marriage and having children and raising children by women can also be one of the reasons for increasing the length of their unemployment period compared to men, which can be justified according to gender theories. Because gender theories, especially in Iranian culture, consider the main duties of women to be mainly education and upbringing of children, while in this culture, providing the income needed by the family has been the responsibility of men, and therefore it is expected to impose such a duty on men. to reduce the period of unemployment for this group.
Women and men looking for work in the age groups of 20 to 24 years have a lower average length of unemployment and more chances to get a job and get out of unemployment compared to other age groups. This finding can be explained with the help of job search theory. Because people aged 25 to 45, probably due to the improvement of their education level and skills, have more expectations for receiving high-paying jobs, and this causes them not to accept any job with any level of pay and therefore give up. They search for more jobs, which ultimately increases the length of the unemployment period among these people. Married, divorced and widowed job seekers (except for divorced and widowed men) have a lower risk of unemployment than single people. It seems that married, divorced and widowed people (especially among women) are under more pressure than single people to get a job in order to earn money and meet the needs of the family due to family responsibility and the burden of taking care of the family. They usually accept any job with any salary level. On the other hand, single people, due to having enough opportunity and without financial pressures, decide to accept or not accept the proposed job, and this may lead to an increase in the length of their unemployment period compared to married people. It is consistent with job search theory.
In both groups of men and women, uneducated job seekers have the highest unemployment risk and people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest unemployment risk category. The chances of leaving unemployment are higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels. This finding can be explained based on the skill theory (education and training). According to this theory, training and skill training programs increase the chances of a job seeker to find a job. Participating in training programs can provide a positive sign to employers and also reduce uncertainty about the employability of job applicants. According to other findings of this study, people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest risk of unemployment. have. On the other hand, the chance of leaving unemployment is higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels, so it seems that Iran's labor market has not yet reached a stage of complexity and maturity. which wants people with education levels higher than diploma on a wide level. And almost the skill requirement of the labor market has remained at the same diploma and sub-diploma levels for most jobs, due to the lack of innovation and the very slow growth of skill-oriented jobs.
Therefore, it is suggested to pay serious attention to the changes in the age and gender structure of the population in the policy making and management process of the country's labor market. Women are half of the country's population,
t
Entrepreneurship
Fatemeh Alinejad; Morteza Akbari; Nematollah Shiri
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such ...
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The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County.The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County.The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. The purpose of this study was to conceptualizing the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 business women in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding process. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are effective on the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County.
economics
Atieh Honardoust
Abstract
Hijab has special place in Islam and Iran and in addition, it has an economic and cultural impacts in individual and social life. In this paper we use data in period time 1369-1399 and estimate the demand function`s four Hijab goods: black Chador, cotton Chador, gown and scarf with ADIS method and used ...
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Hijab has special place in Islam and Iran and in addition, it has an economic and cultural impacts in individual and social life. In this paper we use data in period time 1369-1399 and estimate the demand function`s four Hijab goods: black Chador, cotton Chador, gown and scarf with ADIS method and used panel data and one equation model and systematic model. The research show the systematic model is better than one equation for the explanatory power. Finally the results show if income increase people ask to wear high quality Hijab goods that it will increase expenditures of Hijab goods. We compare elastic in systematic model with one equation model and understand expenditures of scarf is sensitive to changes in income.
Hijab has special place in Islam and Iran and in addition, it has an economic and cultural impacts in individual and social life. In this paper we use data in period time 1369-1399 and estimate the demand function`s four Hijab goods: black Chador, cotton Chador, gown and scarf with ADIS method and used panel data and one equation model and systematic model. The research show the systematic model is better than one equation for the explanatory power. Finally the results show if income increase people ask to wear high quality Hijab goods that it will increase expenditures of Hijab goods. We compare elastic in systematic model with one equation model and understand expenditures of scarf is sensitive to changes in income.
Hijab has special place in Islam and Iran and in addition, it has an economic and cultural impacts in individual and social life. In this paper we use data in period time 1369-1399 and estimate the demand function`s four Hijab goods: black Chador, cotton Chador, gown and scarf with ADIS method and used panel data and one equation model and systematic model. The research show the systematic model is better than one equation for the explanatory power. Finally the results show if income increase people ask to wear high quality Hijab goods that it will increase expenditures of Hijab goods. We compare elastic in systematic model with one equation model and understand expenditures of scarf is sensitive to changes in income.
Hijab has special place in Islam and Iran and in addition, it has an economic and cultural impacts in individual and social life. In this paper we use data in period time 1369-1399 and estimate the demand function`s four Hijab goods: black Chador, cotton Chador, gown and scarf with ADIS method and used panel data and one equation model and systematic model. The research show the systematic model is better than one equation for the explanatory power. Finally the results show if income increase people ask to wear high quality Hijab goods that it will increase expenditures of Hijab goods. We compare elastic in systematic model with one equation model and understand expenditures of scarf is sensitive to changes in income.
Hijab has special place in Islam and Iran and in addition, it has an economic and cultural impacts in individual and social life. In this paper we use data in period time 1369-1399 and estimate the demand function`s four Hijab goods: black Chador, cotton Chador, gown and scarf with ADIS method and used panel data and one equation model and systematic model. The research show the systematic model is better than one equation for the explanatory power. Finally the results show if income increase people ask to wear high quality Hijab goods that it will increase expenditures of Hijab goods. We compare elastic in systematic model with one equation model and understand expenditures of scarf is sensitive to changes in income.
Hijab has special place in Islam and Iran and in addition, it has an economic and cultural impacts in individual and social life. In this paper we use data in period time 1369-1399 and estimate the demand function`s four Hijab goods: black Chador, cotton Chador, gown and scarf with ADIS method and used panel data and one equation model and systematic model. The research show the systematic model is better than one equation for the explanatory power. Finally the results show if income increase people ask to wear high quality Hijab goods that it will increase expenditures of Hijab goods. We compare elastic in systematic model with one equation model and understand expenditures of scarf is sensitive to changes in income.
Sociology
Mahsa Tizchang; sharareh mehdizadeh
Abstract
The present study has described and analyzed the experiences of women domestic workers from living in multiple and different worlds. The aim of this study was to understand the lived experiences of these women as a silent and marginalized group due to the lack of an official position in the legal structure ...
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The present study has described and analyzed the experiences of women domestic workers from living in multiple and different worlds. The aim of this study was to understand the lived experiences of these women as a silent and marginalized group due to the lack of an official position in the legal structure and the weakness of research. According to the statistics of the International Labor Organization, there are currently about 100 million domestic workers in the world, most of whom are women and include the informal economy. First of all, the questions of this study are based on the description of the salient points of domestic worker women's experience of the work and life situation in a context of different worlds. In what situations and with which mechanisms do these women experience difference and inequality? How does the perception resulting from such an experience manifest itself in people's consciousness? How can the more structural implications of such situational perception be explained?
The approach and method is based on the existential phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, which is focused on the experience of the embodied subject in the world, whose perception is determined based on her situation in relation to others and the world. The statistical population included female domestic workers aged 25 to 55 in Tehran, who were selected through snowball and criterion-related sampling. The results of the study show that the outstanding levels of perception among these women are the result of situations of powerlessness, ambiguity and not being at ease that is clearly the result of the predominance of informal relations, away from legal supervision and intermingled with cultural practices that reproduce a structure of power hierarchies at the everyday level. Such a context makes the intention or motivation and daily practices of both sides subject to the possibility of multiple readings; This is largely due to cultural contexts and social beliefs regarding moral systems, dignified principles, and the reasons for placing people in hierarchical social stratifications. We are constantly acting on the basis of perception and awareness affected by such entanglements, and we enable the reproduction of epistemic systems that We are not necessarily aware of its consequences. In the theme of instrumentalization, the participants found themselves in situations of excessive accessibility, worthlessness and identification with the work they do. Ambiguity implied a perceptual background that was, at the first level, affected by borderline relations between the worker and the employer in an informal atmosphere and based on non-standard conditions or lack of supervision and rules, mixed with empathic, authoritarian, pitiful and exploitative behaviors that Their interference in people's experience, in addition to the fact that it had led to indirect indications of such relationships; A form of sensory confusion followed. In the third theme, continuous exposure to the symbols of inequality, difference in social status and levels of Prosperity under contradictory situations could be recognized in the entire narrative of the participants, which shows the state of not being at ease. The meaning of such a space of plurality and multiple/contradictory possibilities of action/reaction can be understood in the shadow of Merleau-Ponty's belief that perception is inevitably accompanied by action; Perception, which is an inevitable aspect of our existence in the world, and always affects us through direct or indirect contact with others, their beliefs, their history, and their stories. A common focus of the literature on paid domestic work in the world is that the gender and social class of domestic workers are central to explaining the structural oppression of domestic work. Such an approach is confirmed in the present study. They show that the inequalities reproduced in domestic service flows are largely maintained through emotional ambiguities in the midst of such intersections.
At the macro level, it can be said that the market model of care - of which rental home care is one of the main pillars - not only reproduces existing social inequalities, but also reinforces the traditional gender division of labor and institutionalized servitude. Unlike the market care model, a public care model that is included in the public system of the country, allows to consider gender, class and cultural equality relations. The public model of care also considers the responsibility of care and the care needs of the lower social classes and marginalized groups. While such a commitment is specific to social biases, it is necessary to problematize gender bias in the public model of care and to revitalize the social struggle to recognize care (including domestic work) and its value.
Women's Studies
Farzaneh Haghighat ghahfarokhi; Seyed Ali Hosseini; Esmaeil Ghaderi; Seyed Mojtaba Mahmudzadeh
Abstract
Identity shows the origin and focus of a person's values. People define their social identity by joining different social groups. Social background, social interactions and gaining different experiences are the main fields of forming people's social identity. Tourism industry as a service industry ...
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Identity shows the origin and focus of a person's values. People define their social identity by joining different social groups. Social background, social interactions and gaining different experiences are the main fields of forming people's social identity. Tourism industry as a service industry whose development brings many economic, social and cultural changes for a society and human interactions play an important role in it, can have a significant impact on the formation of people's identity and their identity changes. Experiencing new opportunities through development of tourism can affect how women know themselves and rebuild their identity. The development of tourism creates job opportunities for women, which has a great impact on the perception of others about the traditional roles of women, so that women are no longer expected to do only domestic work. As a large part of the workforce in the tourism industry, women are exposed to identity changes and transformations by being members of different groups and working in the new context of tourism, which is sometimes in conflict with their traditional values.The main goal of this research is to provide a thematic network analysis of the identity construction of women working in tourism, and specifically women working in ecolodges of Kerman province. In this regard, based on the interpretive approach, qualitative methodology has been chosen, and answers to the research questions and objectives have been chosen based on ethnography. The purpose of interpretivism is to know how the research subject understands her life. This approach seeks to create and develop the understanding of social life and to discover how people experience their lives and create meaning in different situations. In ethnography, four types of topics are usually researched: perspective, relationship, interaction and identity. This study seeks to construct the identity of women working in tourism.
In ethnographic research, the sample size is different based on the time, the studied people and the research field. In this research, the sample size was selected based on the fact that the people have experience in establishing and working in one of the ecolodges of Kerman province and have enough time to answer the questions as well as personal desire. This group of women was selected as the informants of the research and the in-depth interview with them continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The researcher reached theoretical saturation after conducting fifteen interviews, however, she continued the interviews to twenty women. Necessary criteria for the selection of informants, including compliance with the maximum diversity of people in terms of age, education, social class, religion, ethnicity, city of residence and geographical area of residence, have been taken into consideration.
Attride-Stirling theme network analysis was used for data analysis. In the six-step process of analysis, 88 initial codes were reduced to 33 basic theme, 13 organizing themes, and a global theme of "women's identity transition from traditional dependence to modern independence in the context of tourism". The analysis of the theme network indicates that the experience of new opportunities through the development of tourism along with the positive and negative lived experiences of women in the past and now, as well as the activity in the existing social and cultural context, which includes the transformation of women's gender identity, women's beliefs in identity building, deconstruction cultural and social and feeling the need for change, leads to the construction of identity in different dimensions, including emotional construction of identity, psychological construction of identity, construction of communication identity, construction of local identity, construction of occupational identity, construction of economic identity, construction of dignity identity and construction of socially independent identity. These identity processes are the result of the interaction of women who have been involved in personal issues in the field of family institutions before entering the world of tourism, with the endless world of tourism and its various managerial, political, economic, cultural and social aspects.
In addition to presenting a female identity model in the context of tourism, this research is an intermediate link between the studies of women, tourism and identity, which has not been addressed so far and raises new issues in the field of women, society and tourism. Issues that may not have been able to be discussed until now due to the weak role of women in social fields, and now due to the increasing presence of women in this industry, can be studied. These issues are actually issues that can be proposed in the field of tourism management and sociology of tourism with the identity changes of women, and future-oriented approaches in the field of tourism are forced to continuously study the behavioral and identity changes of women in this field in order to be able to plan and make policy in this field in a favorable way. On the other hand, one of the main results of this study is provided platform of tourism to show the social and cultural dimensions of women in the society, as well as depicting the feminization of social life in a noticeable and gradual way.
Key Words: Ecolodge, Identity, Kerman province, Thematic analysis, Tourism, Women
Women's Studies
Kayvan Shoja Chaghervand; Alireza Poursaeed; Maryam Omidi Najaf Abadi
Abstract
Introduction: The empowerment has been known as controlling decision making about his or her life and ability for interventions in all their life challenges (Baig et al., 2018). Women empowerment can improve sustainability in development fields (Akhter & Cheng, 2020). Empowerment conception not only ...
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Introduction: The empowerment has been known as controlling decision making about his or her life and ability for interventions in all their life challenges (Baig et al., 2018). Women empowerment can improve sustainability in development fields (Akhter & Cheng, 2020). Empowerment conception not only comprises extrinsic control but it also is included the development of intrinsic capabilities (Abrar-ul-Haq, Jali, & Islam, 2018). It has been reported that the development of the empowerment in women is a pivotal actors for improving productivity and food security in rural areas (Sharaunga, Mudhara, & Bogale, 2016).Food security is the measure of the availability of food and individuals' ability to access it. According to the United Nations' Committee on World Food Security, food security is defined as meaning that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life. Female-headed households who live in rural areas are faced with serious challenges in their life, because they should manage their life and supply their life costs. In Iran, some supporting institutions support female-headed households but their pensions are not sufficient to manage their life. It was recently reported that 32% of Iranian families are living in food insecurity (Pakravan-Charvadeh et al., 2020).Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of job empowerment on food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization.
Methods: Statistical population of the current study included 495 women based on the data collected from Statistical Center of Iran and 216 women were selected with the help of Cochran’s formula. Tehran province was divided into ten rural districts and each district was considered as a classification. A self-designed questionnaire consisting from 11 variables were used for job empowerment of women comprising grouping work and communication skills (n= 7 items), creativity and solving problem (n= 6 items), commitment and responsibility (n= 6 items), information and specific knowledge (n= 5 items) and technical skills and operational work (n= 5 items). A five-point Likert scale was considered for each variable ranging from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high). A standard questionnaire comprising accessibility (n= 6 items), availability (n= 6 items), utilization (n= 7 items) and stability (n= 4 items) was used for food security construct. A six-point Likert scale was considered for each variable ranging from 0 (any) to 5 (very high). The data were also collected for age, education, job, family size, and annual income. To investigate the effects of constructs of job empowerment on food security, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used.
Findings: The results showed that the age mean of the women-headed households in rural areas was 48.28 with standard deviation of 11.55 years. Mean and standard deviation for constructs were as follows; grouping work and communication skills (2.77 ± 0.88), creativity and solving problem (3.01 ± 0.90), commitment and responsibility (3.26 ± 1.02), information and specific knowledge (2.94 ± 0.94), technical skills and operational work (3.22 ± 1.00), access (2.23 ± 0.84), availability (2.42 ± 0.80), utilization (2.69 ± 1.10) and stability (2.57 ± 0.74). The results for model-fitting showed that job empowerment and food security had a good fit for the data with fit indices (χ2/df=1.85, CFI=0.92; NFI= 0.96; RMSEA=0.032). The results show that indices are appropriate and the model has a good fit. The results showed that job empowerment could determine 57.50% of food security variance.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed that factors of grouping work and communication skills, creativity and solving problem, commitment and responsibility and information and specific knowledge had significant effects on job empowerment of female-headed households in rural areas of Iran country. With regards to the effects of the factors on empowerment, policy makers must consider policies for improving job empowerment. To improve food security and job empowerment in rural region, we suggest establishing centers by supporting institutions for education of skills and also identification of creative women for improving their abilities. We also suggest education of new information and knowledge by media and other organizations for improving job empowerment. We also suggest education of technical skills for prevention of injures and improving abilities in female-headed households in rural areas. In sum, it is recommended to consider the job empowerment for improving food security for improving food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization.
Keywords: empowerment, household heads, rural women, food security
Women's Studies
shohre rowshani
Abstract
Background: work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. Work-family balance creates positive results, while imbalance between work and family has negative ...
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Background: work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. Work-family balance creates positive results, while imbalance between work and family has negative consequences that can lead to serious problems for the individual and the organization. University faculty members are faced with more difficulties to establish the balance between career and family roles, especially mothering, due to having a large amount of job duties. Various conditions are effective in the balanced performance of roles, and its identification can create the necessary grounds for solving the obstacles of establishing the balance between occupational and maternal roles and as a result, be useful for performing these roles as best as possible.
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to identify the conditions that affect the balance between work and mothering among women university faculty members based on their lived experience.
Method: The present research was conducted using a qualitative method. The target population are women who are faculty members of the universities of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, who have the experience of mothering and employment together. The selection of the participants was done with the purposeful sampling method and taking into account the maximum diversity. The information was collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Sampling and conducting interviews continued until data saturation was reached, and based on this, 20 faculty members of Tehran universities were interviewed. After converting the interviews into text, the interviews were coded using the summary content analysis technique and the conditions affecting the balance between the job role and mothering were extracted.
Findings: Based on the data analysis, the conditions affecting the establishment of balance include eight main categories: "attitude towards mothering and employment", "Quality of support and companionship by family", "Quality of support and companionship by university", "job requirements of faculty members", "personal characteristics", "children's childhood difficulties", "children's presence at home" and "access to material facilities" and each of them included several sub-categories. The category "attitude towards mothering and employment" includes a positive attitude towards mothering and a positive belief towards employment and mothering together, the category "Quality of support and companionship by family" includes the support and accompaniment by spouse, the lack of support and accompaniment by spouse, the support and accompaniment by one's own family and the spouse and Lack of support and companionship by one's family and spouse, the category "Quality of support and companionship by university" includes understanding the conditions and companionship of the member by colleagues and university officials, lack of understanding of the difficulties and requirements of the mothering role by the university officials, depriving the member of opportunities for Career success due to mothering and the lack of legal support for the role of mothering, the category of "job requirements of faculty members" includes the time urgency of some career activities, the need to focus strongly on career activities in the primary years, the impossibility of using the rules of hours of Breastfeeding and reduction of working hours, the impossibility of actually using maternity leave, the need to spend a lot of time continuously for work activities, the specific job conditions of the field of study, the need to spend a lot of time to achieve career success, the lack of a clear boundary between work and family life, the necessity of continuity of work activities at home, the requirements of career growth and promotion, and the quantity-oriented rules in evaluating the job success, the category of "individual characteristics" includes being hard-worker, perfectionism and scientific obsession, Being highly responsible in work and obsession in child rearing, the category of "children's childhood difficulties" includes breastfeeding difficulties, childhood mischief, dependence Child to mother and the difficulties of using kindergarten, the category of "children's presence at home", including the presence of children at home during summer vacations, the presence of children at home due to the closure of kindergartens and schools, and the presence of children at home due to illness, the category of "access to Material facilities" included the distance from work to home, financial ability and vehicle.
Result: Among the conditions that affect the balance between work and mothering, some factors have played a more prominent role. One of the most important conditions mentioned by all the women was the support and companionship by their husbands. Support and companionship by spouse in the form of participation in household affairs and child-rearing, in addition to providing more opportunities for women to deal with work duties and as a result, to play a balanced role of work and mothering, encourages and increases motivation and mental energy in women for Playing the job and mother role as best as possible, and in this way, it provides the basis for establishing a balance between the job and mother role. The support and companionship by the university was also one of the most important conditions that played an effective role in establishing balance. Understanding the difficult conditions of playing the role of a mother and a job together, especially for women with young children, by the officials and colleagues of the university and supporting them in different ways, including accepting flexibility in the hours of attendance at the university and adjusting the curriculum according to The conditions of taking care of children, in addition to helping women to adjust the program of work activities in accordance with the duties of mothers, also played a very important role in reducing the tensions caused by the concerns of Playing multiple roles, and by creating tranquility has been effective in balance between work and mothering.
Communications
Bahareh Nasiri
Abstract
Due to the fact that corona virus, as a threat to people's lives, has also severely disrupted social life and has turned into a "super-problem" and even a "super-crisis". In this situation, women usually find more expectations from themselves, because it seems that women want ...
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Due to the fact that corona virus, as a threat to people's lives, has also severely disrupted social life and has turned into a "super-problem" and even a "super-crisis". In this situation, women usually find more expectations from themselves, because it seems that women want to play their part in curbing this crisis well. The time that women spend these days to improve the quality of life at home according to its necessity, maybe it is a kind of non-stop management that should be analyzed, determined and determined in different dimensions and sides, priorities and deadlines, compared to normal times. to accomplish Discussing the balance between the career and family roles of women who are members of the academic staff of universities and research institutes in the days of Corona and studying their lived experiences can play an effective role in the recognition and development of women's employment literature. This phenomenological research has examined the lived experiences of 30 female faculty members of participating universities and research institutes with the aim of discovering and describing how to balance career and family roles in the days of Corona. In order to collect data, the research used a semi-structured interview with a purposeful sampling method. The analysis process was carried out in three macro levels. In the third level of analysis, the result of the equalization of intellectual horizons: 5 horizons related to the creation of remote work, 5 horizons related to the emergence of a new cultural issue, 9 horizons related to home quarantine, 7 horizons related to the experience of living in the Corona crisis, 6 horizons related to Establishing a balance between work and family life, there were 3 horizons related to balance in the field of education and research and 3 horizons related to strategies and solutions. In the second level, coherent descriptions of the narratives were formed by establishing a balance between professional and family life, influencing fields, positive and negative effects and consequences, strategies and solutions, and at the highest abstract level or analysis, the structural integration of coherent descriptions Done .
The areas that have affected the lived experience of women faculty members of universities and research institutes in establishing a balance between work and family life in the days of Corona include:
The establishment of remote working has been one of the background conditions affecting the lived experience of women faculty members of universities and research institutes in the balance between professional and family life in the days of Corona.
Another influential factor has been the emergence of a new cultural issue. The results showed that society has faced new cultural issues such as collective self-awareness, cultural impact (cultural shock), traumatized event and collective cultural trauma.
Quarantine culture has been another effective field. Quarantine culture, which in this culture, the situation of quarantine, has placed citizens in isolation and "living alone".
Gaining life experience in the Corona crisis, including experiencing levels of self-care and others among women, redefining relationships and social relationships among women, caring ethics of women in life, redefining the issue of ethics and social obligations among women.
Establishing a balance between work and family life in the days of Corona is another effective field, which is a creative process. So that in this process, the cooperation of family members with the working person, balance between work and family, flexibility in creating environmental conditions and time of work schedule, and balance of planning and management in creating a calm atmosphere between work and family, prevention of tension between work and family, turning the crisis into an opportunity to be together in the family and to make life home has emerged.
Also, creative balance in the field of education and in the field of research has been proposed by the women members of the academic staff of universities and research institutes during the Corona period.
Finally, women who are members of the academic staff of universities and research institutes; They proposed strategies and solutions to improve the balance between work and family life in three areas: 1- In the field of research, the implementation of a remote work plan in research jobs can be useful for researchers, especially women, 2- In the field of management, if it is required to do it in It is not the work environment, managers can make remote work voluntary and at the discretion of the researcher, and 3- in the family domain, emphasizing the caring ethics of women in family life, as well as the strong role that women can have in persuading family members to live in a new way in crises.
Demographics
habib Allah Sadeghi; Fatemeh Torabi
Abstract
Introduction
Over the last decade, various and heterogeneous types of households have emerged in Iran as a result of economic, social and demographic changes. One of the most significant demographic changes in the country is the increase in the frequency of female-headed households. When comparing the ...
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Introduction
Over the last decade, various and heterogeneous types of households have emerged in Iran as a result of economic, social and demographic changes. One of the most significant demographic changes in the country is the increase in the frequency of female-headed households. When comparing the establishment of female-headed households in developed and developing countries, it is clear that social, economic and demographic factors have different effects on these types of households. Critiquing the existing research that focus on central averages and disregard micro-level changes, it is possible to establish a clear foundation for policies affecting female-headed households.
Aims
Focusing on female-headed households as a distinct group, this study examines their similarities and differences in social, economic and demographic aspects at the county level and studies their distribution within the theoretical frameworks of second demographic transition and inequalities in relation to drive and pressures mechanisms.
Theoretical Framework
Based on the current theoretical and experimental literature, this study classifies the existing components in terms of their role in formation of female-headed households as "driver" and "pressure". Voluntary drivers of feminization of household headship were analyzed using the second demographic transition theory and the forced pressures of feminization of household headship were investigated in the context of inequality theory.
Data and Method
This paper examines the role of driver and pressure mechanisms on distribution of female-headed households in 429 Iranian counties in 2016 using data from the Statistics Center of Iran and spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I and Getis index), K-mean clustering and ordinary least squares regression methods.
Results
The results of spatial autocorrelation revealed that southeast counties have the highest concentration of female-headed households, while the lowest concentration is observed in northwest counties extending in a line to the center. According to the spatial clustering model and the hierarchical exploratory analysis method on the variables of percentage of female-headed households, economic, demographic, and social status, the counties are divided into five clusters with the smallest difference from the central average in each cluster and the greatest difference with other clusters in the best case; One of which (cluster 1) includes only three counties and is considered an outlier. Other clusters include (1) cluster 2 containing the north-west, south and north-east counties and affected by economic drivers; (2) cluster 3 containing central and northern counties and affected by social and demographic drivers; (3) cluster 4 containing western and southwestern counties and affected by demographic and economic pressures; and (4) cluster 5 containing southeastern and eastern counties and affected by social and economic pressures. Furthermore, the results of ordinary least squares regression revealed that the covariates explain 75% of fluctuations in the frequency of female-headed households. The three economic components of percentage of jobless families, employment rate of urban women and economic participation rate had a positive and significant impact (at an error level less than 0.001) on the development of female-headed households. The socio-demographic components of percentage of widowed women, early marriage, percentage of divorced women and literacy rate of women had a positive and significant effect and the two components of the percentage of ever-married population and the percentage of urban population had a negative and significant effect (at an error level of 0.001) on the formation of female-headed households in counties of Iran.
Discussion
A variety of drivers and pressure such as social, economic and demographic factors can influence the formation of heterogeneous households; thus, investigating the factors influencing the formation of female-headed households and their various characteristics at the county level can provide a general picture of the situation of these women and, consequently, the households headed by them and helps evidence-based policy making. Spatial techniques offer numerous possibilities in presenting micro-level spatial patterns and genuine spatial fluctuations that better illustrate the true link between variables since they employ local values rather than relying on central averages.
Conclusion
Social, economic, and demographic changes have a relatively strong impact on formation of female-headed households via two driving and pressuring mechanisms. As a result, empowering women in the context of second demographic transition can increase these households in districts (central and north counties) influenced by the driving mechanism. Continued social, economic and demographic pressures can increased these household in districted (southeast counties) affected by the pressuring mechanism. Thus, policy making based on the role of these mechanisms can help to empower and support these households.
Women's Studies
Nahid salimi
Abstract
Today governance looks at the atmosphere of cooperation of actors to achieve good management of society. At the same time, policy-making is a tool in the hands of rulers to turn the objective challenges of society into scientific problems and solve them. In using this tool, it is worthwhile to benefit ...
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Today governance looks at the atmosphere of cooperation of actors to achieve good management of society. At the same time, policy-making is a tool in the hands of rulers to turn the objective challenges of society into scientific problems and solve them. In using this tool, it is worthwhile to benefit from the transition policy from the point of view of the target community as a large and important part of actors and stakeholders in the decision-making process. Meanwhile, women, as an important part of the active body of society and direct involvement with the dynamic institution of the family, play an important role in recognizing and solving problems in all public spheres. The Islamic Republic, as a transcendent government, which is a system based on religious democracy, will need to pay attention to this part of the actors and facilitate their public participation in the processes of problem recognition, decision-making and monitoring. For this purpose, we need to enumerate the components of this participation from the perspective of religious discourse to achieve the Islamic requirements of public participation of women in the process of Islamic governance. In this study, with the aim of extracting these components, the qualitative method and thematic analysis strategy have been used. To answer the main question of the research, 13 in-depth interviews were conducted with religious experts overlooking the women's activism space with a practical or theoretical background in policy-making. Data analysis in the coding process led to the emergence of 48 basic themes in the form of 10 organizing themes and 2 Global themes and presenting a network of themes. Findings showed that the Islamic conceptual pattern of women's social body participation in the policy-making process of women include two Global dimensions of participation components and participation mechanisms. components include: Purposefulness, problem-oriented, social body leveling, religiosity and divinity, and allocation of arenas and boundaries. mechanisms include the following: legality and legitimacy, generalization and de-genderization, empowerment, intermediary institutions and specialized institutions.
In prescribing the practical Islamic model of women's participation in this approach, it should be noted that being political in the objective component, with the issue of politicization in recognizing the issue despite the Proximity of word, have a clear conceptual difference and application, so that the explanation of the problem in the objective component is related to the political issue. It is for the purpose and goal of preserving the Islamic system, while the theme of politicization in the problem-oriented component looks at the form and manner of interaction of the policy maker with the social body. Because the study of policy making in the field of women and family during the four decades after the Islamic Revolution in Iran shows the multiplicity and heterogeneity in the programs and policies, which ultimately causes the lack of coherence of the micro programs and laws in this field, in the first place It returns to the form of receiving the problem and problem recognition in the policy making process. It returns in this area. This damage appears in the bias of this process from the discourse of political parties and currents in the agenda setting and identifying important issues for attention and policy making.
Prescribing the mechanism of generality and degendering of social body participation arrangements in the process of policy making and problem recognition in this area should also be done under the two components of purposefulness and allocation of arenas. In this sense, just doing righteous deeds in Islamic governance, which has strengthened the Islamic system, is recommended and prescribed in all fields regardless of gender in the religious approach, and the assigned boundaries in Islam only determine the way of participation in these public fields. So, in addition to observing the religious standards for respecting the borders individually by women, the religious ruler will also be obliged to provide safe and suitable conditions for the general participation of women in public social arenas by preparing the social platforms regarding the borders. Using the purely legal capacity and legitimacy of the prescriptive mechanisms also allows the creation of innovative legal structures such as intermediary circles with newer approaches to manage the fields of public activism and public satisfaction to claimants and experts along with the social body. In this approach, by looking at the successful structures in other governance models in interaction with the social body of women, it is possible to design and implement successful internal models within religious frameworks. In this type of actions, the ruler, by handing over part of his governance duties to civil institutions, provides the context for active participation of people in voluntary associations, thereby increasing public trust in decisions and reducing the rejection of programs in the social body. In the end, what seems to be necessary in this matter is the creation of expert institutions and the need to add analytical and research attachments to the field of women and family policymaking at all stages and to achieve all components and mechanisms. This capacity, on the one hand, to create theoretical and practical coherence in Islamic governance, and on the other hand, in order to manage existing demands and make demands based on the present and future needs of the Islamic society, will be one of the advantages of expert actions.
Management
zohre sharei; majid alavimanesh
Abstract
Purpose: Understanding the characteristics that may be related to an individual's exceptional role performance is important for creating a cohesive and successful workforce. Investigating the relationships between workaholism and organizational citizenship behaviors and gender role beliefs is necessary ...
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Purpose: Understanding the characteristics that may be related to an individual's exceptional role performance is important for creating a cohesive and successful workforce. Investigating the relationships between workaholism and organizational citizenship behaviors and gender role beliefs is necessary and can benefit employers and employees. The effects of workaholism and gender role beliefs on organizational citizenship behavior were examined in the employees of branches of Bank Mellat in Alborz Province.
Methods: The research is a descriptive/analytical study conducted as a survey, which is an applied work in terms of its purpose. A questionnaire containing 33 questions was used to collect data (user addiction measurements following Spence and Robbins, 1992; gender role beliefs following Dicke et al., 2019; and organizational citizenship behavior following Williams and Anderson, 1991). The study population consisted of all the employees at the branches of Bank Mellat in Alborz Province (n=500). After confirming the content validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 220 questionnaires (according to Cochran's formula) were randomly distributed and based on the analysis, the research model was implemented in SMART PLS3 twice (with moderator and without moderator).
Findings: According to the frequency observed in the sample members, 56.8% of the respondents were men, 50% of the respondents had between 5 and 10 years of service experience in Bank Mellat, which contributed the most in answering the questions of this research. 61.4% of respondents were between 40 and 50 years old, 89.1% of respondents had bachelor's education, 10.9% had postgraduate education. According to the obtained results, the factor loadings of all the questions were greater than 0.7 and the reliability indices (Cronbach's alpha, composite alpha, RHO_A index, and AVE) were acceptable. Therefore, the construct reliability and convergent and divergent validity of the research were confirmed. The implemented model showed that Workaholism had a significant and positive relationship with organizational citizenship behavior (T: 2.095, β: 0.225). Gender role beliefs had a significant and positive relationship with organizational citizenship behavior (T: 359.16, β: 0.615). In addition, the positive effects of gender adjustment on the relationship between gender role beliefs and organizational citizenship behavior was confirmed (T: 159.2, β: 0.292). The GOF index was equal to 0.701, which is a strong value, and the SRMR index was equal to 0.04 <0.05; thus, the structural model of the study was confirmed. According to the obtained results, the GOF fit index is equal to 0.701, which is a strong value, and the SRMR index is equal to 0.04, which is lower than the value of 0.05, so the structural model of this research has a good fit.
Conclusion: As society continues to change, gender role beliefs expand beyond the limits of biological gender. Understanding how these beliefs relate to work behavior (such as organizational citizenship behaviors) is essential for organizations. Considering that both genders have an equal share in organizational excellence in today's society, many suggested not to consider gender in assigning organizational roles and instead pay attention to employees' competencies. If employees are convinced that their gender has no impact on their promotion, they will certainly show positive behaviors toward better organizational performance and performing the assigned tasks. They will also have a greater tendency to adhere to the rules and regulations of the organization. At the same time, bank managers should take into account the existence of gender role beliefs, because women and men play different social roles in their personal lives. Different genders have different roles at home and when these differences are taken into account by the organization, employees will experience less stress and discomfort at work. Through this, employees will find enough time and energy for additional role behaviors at work, such as organizational citizenship behavior. Working in a bank is very stressful for bank employees due to the financial nature of the duties. In addition, workaholism leads to stress at work, which leads to a lack of energy to demonstrate different work behaviors such as organizational citizenship behavior. Specifically, workaholism damages mental health and disrupts relationships with colleagues. In the long term, it neutralizes the positive effects on citizenship behavior, if any. Finally, it leads to job frustration and reduction of job commitment and even job effectiveness in employees. Therefore, the managers should try to continue and improve work conditions to make sure that the employees always enjoy their work and have an inner desire to work (i.e. keeping the employees interested in their job).
Communications
zahra rezaeinasab; ali feizolahi; maryam keshavarz
Abstract
Marriage is one of the three milestones in human life, i.e. birth, marriage and death. Marriage is related to changes in a person's view of himself, his wife and the world. A person who gets married is affected by changes in personal and social fields. Therefore, if an important disturbance occurs ...
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Marriage is one of the three milestones in human life, i.e. birth, marriage and death. Marriage is related to changes in a person's view of himself, his wife and the world. A person who gets married is affected by changes in personal and social fields. Therefore, if an important disturbance occurs in a person's marriage, all his personal, interpersonal and social processes will be affected. The social developments of the past decades at the global level have faced the family system with new and diverse changes, challenges, issues and needs. During this period, the family has been increasingly under threat due to multiple and complex factors. When the functions of the family, such as biological, social, cognitive and emotional functions are damaged one after another, its members gradually lose their sense of satisfaction. The gradual decrease in the satisfaction of the family members first causes psychological dissociation, then social dissociation, and finally a legal event, which is called divorce.Divorce is one of the factors of breaking up and disintegrating the family unit, which can have many consequences for people in the society.Nowadays, virtual social networks play a role as one of the most important factors in many divorces and disturbances in couples' relationships. The purpose of this research is to study how the marital life changes and breaks up through virtual social networks from the perspective of divorced women in Ilam city. The research paradigm is constructive and interpretive; The research approach is qualitative and the research strategy is phenomenology. Thematic analysis and Brown and Clark's framework have been used for data analysis.Of course, it should be mentioned that two types of methods in phenomenology, i.e. interpretation and explanation, have been used to analyze the results. The studied community includes all the divorced women of Ilam city who have had the experience of using virtual social networks. How to choose the subjects to be studied is based on purposeful sampling. The number of samples until the theoretical saturation stage was estimated to be 15 people. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. This research was done to answer three important questions. How do divorced women understand, define and interpret family and marital relations? How do virtual networks become the basis for breaking up and transformation in marital relations? What are the most important virtual social networks used by women that have been effective in breaking up relationships?In this research, the understanding, definition and subjective meaning of divorced women from family and marital relationship in the form of 4 categories "family as a system", "unfavorable image of family", "difference between previous interpretations and existing reality" and "fatalistic attitude" became.The results of the research showed that the evolution and breakup of married life can be analyzed and investigated from the point of view of divorced women in the form of main themes including "creating cocoons of loneliness", "separation from kinship networks", "individual injuries", "destructive", "Instrument of family dysfunction", "consumption display", and "virtual networks as transformation of value system".In this research, the most important social networks used by divorced women, which have been effective in creating coldness and eventually breaking the relationship in these families, are, respectively: Instagram, WhatsApp, Telegram and YouTube. In the current research and based on the statements of divorced women, it can be concluded that virtual social networks have played a role in marital dissatisfaction. The Elamite society and culture and consequently the people in the family institution have been affected by these communication technologies. It seems that virtual social networks cannot be interpreted as inherently bad or good, but its impact on the private and social life of people depends on the amount and time of its use, because as the results and women's conversations show, extreme use and In a way, the addiction to these spaces has been effective in changing and breaking relationships between the members of these families. If a context is provided so that family members can find out how to use these spaces to strengthen their family cohesion and bonds, it will also have positive results, but non-interactive uses of this space will lead to rejection and social isolation of people in the family and Society has created.At the end of the research and according to the obtained results, research and practical suggestions have been presented.
Sociology
osman hedayat
Abstract
The aim of the current research is to understand the phenomenological life of border girls facing the graduation situation. The current research uses the experiences of girls as a basis for the analysis of the situation of graduates in border regions in order to analyze the multiple determinants of their ...
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The aim of the current research is to understand the phenomenological life of border girls facing the graduation situation. The current research uses the experiences of girls as a basis for the analysis of the situation of graduates in border regions in order to analyze the multiple determinants of their marginal, gender, and educational status. The university-educated girls of the border regions of Kurdistan province are among these border residents who have taken the path of obtaining higher education in order to improve their status, to overcome the underdevelopment and isolated conditions of these regions. Due to their inferior status, which can be traced in several ways - due to gender discrimination, due to being border residents, due to being an ethnic and religious minority, they have considered this as a wish and the only way out of the multiple intersection of inequality. The current research has discussed this matter with the graduating border girls, whether higher education has led to the improvement of their status? In order to realize this, the lived experience of female graduates of public universities has been studied in four dimensions: lived body, lived time, lived space, and lived human relationships after graduation. This has been an attempt to restore the voice and position of girls as subordinates in the status of graduation in a borderline, gender and educational situation. For this, Max Van Manen's hermeneutic and methodological approach has been used to interpret and analyze the experiences of 30 female graduates in various fields of public universities in rural and urban border areas of Marivan, Sarovabad and Baneh. In this research, considering that the narrative of university graduates is considered, the lived experiences of the border girls are the criteria for adopting a hermeneutic approach to the research problem. Therefore, this research puts hermeneutics as a theoretical basis by avoiding mega-narratives on the one hand and by rejecting pre-existing assumptions. In this research, hermeneutic phenomenology (interpretation) with emphasis on Max Van Manen's perspective and technique has been used to acquire the lived experiences of female graduates. According to van Manen harmonic phenomenology provides a systematic approach to study and interpret a phenomenon and allows the phenomenon to be analyzed and discovered with an interpretative point of view so that the researcher can gain a deeper understanding during the interpretation process. gain from lived experiences. The results showed that the interviewees' understanding of their body is indicative of a worn-out body that is being analyzed, which is caused by the entry into higher education and the borderline situation. Girls experience time in the form of stress and social suffering, and the border space for them after graduation is perceived as an unsafe and unstable space, which shows the experience of the exceptional situation of their position in the border. Themes that indicate the idea of understanding time as understanding the suffering of exclusion and marginalization from development and politics. The subject-border situation has created an environment for female graduates that is insecure and unstable. A space that is born from the frontier position, the position of femininity, the position of graduation. This space has influenced and shaped both the body and time. The chain of dimensions was completed with the description and analysis of human relations lived in the border situation. In such a way that they put human relationships after graduation in a borderline position with contradictory relationships. Relationships that were formed by disconnecting from the previous position and entering the university, and then returned to the borderline position due to rejection in the work and job process, lack of re-creation of a better position and position. They also interpret human relationships in the form of contradictory relationships, which indicate a break from the relationships before and after the graduates, relationships that are unstable and experienced as interruptions. Therefore, although they have not been able to change their position by graduating, but they have found a deep understanding of it, which indicates questioning the role of higher education in the change of women in border areas. The discussion of marginalized subjects due to being in a borderline position and being a woman has been the theoretical, experimental and methodological position of this research. The discussion of the life world of female graduates living in the border areas of Kurdistan province, who are in a multiple intersection of subjugation, brings us to the multidimensionality and multifacetedness of their views, critiques and situational pluralism. Discovering the multi-layered nature of their subordinate position - the layer of location (bordering), time position (graduate in the current state of the higher education system), ethnic position (being Kurdish), religious position (being Sunni), and more importantly, gender position (female) Being a girl) is one of the results of this research.
Women's Studies
elham Shirdel; mehdi moeini; abdolhamid dehani
Abstract
Research background: The transformation of society and the independence of the work environment from the family environment and changes in some other institutions, including the generalization of formal education, the economic need of households for women to work outside of the home, and the increasing ...
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Research background: The transformation of society and the independence of the work environment from the family environment and changes in some other institutions, including the generalization of formal education, the economic need of households for women to work outside of the home, and the increasing need of society to employ women's labor. In the industry and service sectors, it led to the entry of women into the labor market, and as a result, the number of employed women increased. Therefore, the connection of life with employment or being a housewife is one of the most important issues for the quality of life of women in society, which can play a fundamental and decisive role in managing the lives of employed and housewives married women. Meanwhile, in recent decades the issue of quality of life has attracted the attention of many scientists. Although it is important to study the quality of life of all the strata of society, in the meantime, paying attention to the way of women life and their quality of life can be very effective in improving the health of families, today's and tomorrow's generations, and ultimately the entire society.
Research aim: Considering the change in the lifestyle and traditional roles of women in today's society, as well as their extensive participation in various fields, the present research aims to rank the factors affecting the quality of life of employed and housewives married women.
Research method: The current research is a type of applied study with the nature of a descriptive-survey research method. The target statistical population in Mehrestan city consists of 16 married women (employed housewives or just housewives) with at least 5 years of married history and a master's degree in sociology, who, due to the unwillingness of some of them to cooperate in research or the impossibility of accessing them, finally 13 (including 7 employed-housewives and 6 only housewives) experts cooperated in completing the questionnaires and were studied as the statistical sample of the research. It is worth mentioning that due to the limitation of the studied society, the enumeration method was used for sampling. The collection of information in this research is based on library studies (books, articles, reliable scientific databases), standard questionnaires, and paired matrix questionnaires (experts). To measure the validity of the questionnaire, identifying the factors based on the Likert scale, considering the standard questionnaire, face validity was used, and measuring its reliability based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient shows good reliability. Also, according to the calculated inconsistency rate, which is less than 0.1, the expert questionnaire has good reliability. Data analysis was done using AHP hierarchical analysis model and Expert choice software.
Findings: The findings of the research indicate that among the 6 affecting factors on the quality of life of employed and housewives married women in Mehrestan city, the factor of social relationships was recognized as the main factor. In the following, the social security factor was ranked second, the social support factor was ranked third, the social status factor was ranked fourth, the cultural capital factor was ranked fifth and the public health factor was ranked sixth.
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the factor of women's social ties in their quality of life is in a higher rank than other factors, and the factors of social security, support, and status are in the next rank. In other words, the most important factor in women's quality of life is having a network of healthy social relationships with favorable social security, support, and status compared to others. Cultural capital is also effective in women's access to resources and improving their quality of life. Also, with the increase in women's general health, their quality of life increases. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that employed married women are attracted to the social framework due to their participation in social activities, and as a result, they do not see a difference between individual and social values, and they have a sense of responsibility and trust towards social values and norms that increases social integration. Therefore, they feel that the fate of the community is related to its components and they see the community as a suitable place for their evolution. Therefore, this positive attitude towards the community and people brings social acceptance and increases the social health of the individual, which, as a result, improves the quality of life of employed married women and increases their psychological security(.
Keywords: quality of life, social support, social relationship, social status, women.
Women's Studies
Mahdie Mohammad taghizade
Abstract
Qualitative study of the influencing factors in the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in realizing social support for vulnerable families: Tehran city
Today, the social development of countries depends on the participation of non-governmental organizations in realizing the rights ...
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Qualitative study of the influencing factors in the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in realizing social support for vulnerable families: Tehran city
Today, the social development of countries depends on the participation of non-governmental organizations in realizing the rights of groups and people left in society. Considering that social support for vulnerable families is related to the responsibility and accountability of all members of the society on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is related to the rights of individuals in the society. Therefore, in this research, a qualitative study of the factors affecting the participation of community members in the realization of social support for families at risk of damage is done. The current research method is qualitative with interview technique. For this purpose, 20 women active in the field of women's society were selected by purposeful sampling among 50 women active in this field who are based in Tehran, and a semi-structured interview was conducted with the CEO or board member of 10 women. The results show that both external and internal factors have been effective on the participation of Semans in social support for families in harm's way. Therefore, according to these effective factors, the participation of cements is defined from an active participation to a passive participation, and in between, there will be semi-active, semi-passive, etc.
The social development of societies is a concept that has attracted the attention of theorists in recent decades. After the 1980s, studies showed that economic development cannot lead to balanced social development. From this point of view, the social dimensions of development and the intellectual and spiritual needs of man, along with his social presence in various cultural, social and economic fields, were considered important from the point of view of social policy makers. Based on this, one of the key indicators of development, the amount of people's active participation in the field of non-governmental organizations, was chosen in order to help achieve development and fill the deficiencies caused by underdevelopment (Abrahimabadi, 2019). Therefore, the reduction of the role of governments and their inability to solve various social, economic and political issues has interpreted the semans as the demanding forces of the society (Moggi, 2013). Therefore, during the past decades, governments have recognized the role of cement in improving the capacities of the society in order to participate in the development process. Also, the belief was strengthened that the cooperation between the government and Semans together makes possible more success in the path of development.From this point of view, the purpose of empowering Semans is to create a large and diverse community of these organizations that can strengthen sustainable development. According to the analyzed texts, fertilizers can be effective in sustainable development in four areas:
- They can act as a suitable substitute for governments in providing services and priorities such as family planning, child protection, development of small partnerships, environment, tourism, etc.
- Fertilizers are considered to strengthen civil society.
- Semans are a source of innovation, experience and testing new approaches in the path of realizing development.
- Semans play an important role in expressing the political expectations of the society to the government (Yasuri, 2018).
Thus, Semans entered the literature of civil society and were recognized by international forums.
From a social point of view, Semans play an important role in promoting public awareness, developing and empowering human resources, and introducing the role of women in realizing sustainable development and civil society (Abdollahi, 2015). Therefore, one of the most important characteristics of family members is their supervisory role and demanding family rights.These organizations can play an effective role in social services by giving feedback on their demands and expressing criticisms to improve the existing situation in the society. In order to improve the quality of life of all people in the society (Farahmand, 2015). In order to comprehensively improve the quality of the society, it is necessary to pay attention to the rights of all people, both men and women, and get the support of the Semans in realizing social services and reducing discrimination against them in this matter. Based on the analyzed documents, one of the main duties of family members is to attract the attention of different strata to the issues and demands of the family and realize social support for it at the national and international levels.
Sociology
Sedigheh Piri; Zahra Asadhaydari
Abstract
abstract
The primary goal of this study is observing conceptual changes of loyalty, The research questions are as follows: What is the difference between girls' and their mothers' understanding of loyalty? And what is their reaction to the Disloyalty of their spouses? Through reviewing related ...
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abstract
The primary goal of this study is observing conceptual changes of loyalty, The research questions are as follows: What is the difference between girls' and their mothers' understanding of loyalty? And what is their reaction to the Disloyalty of their spouses? Through reviewing related studies, it is clear that the most important innovative aspect of this study is that it attempts to analyze the experience of two generations of daughters and mothers in the field of loyalty understanding. Also, another innovative aspect of this study is that it intends to deal with their strategies of achieving loyalty and confronting disloyalty. Theoretical concepts such as Bowman's "Liquid Love", Giddens' "Pure Relationship Theory", Illouz's "Emotional Capitalism", Badiou's "In Praise of Love", and "Ideal Types of social actions" were used to raise theoretical sensitivities. The research method is thematic analysis. The data were collected using semi-structured interview technique. The samples were Tehranin married daughters aged 23-33 and their mothers , Because the average of age marriage in girls located in Tehran is 28 years and the sample was selected 5 years before and after the average (13 mothers and 13 daughters). According to primary and secondary objectives, we grouped 15 main categories into three dimeans.
The first dimension is the semantic conception of loyalty, including: multiple elements of loyalty meaning, intergenerational interpretation of loyalty concept, liberating loyalty, loyalty as commitment to housekeeping roles, and commodified love and loyalty; the second dimension contains strategies which include: the restorative insight of mothers, daughters' eliminative reaction, effective persuasion, legitimation strategy, a ternary mixture of "conversation, counseling, friendship-basis", and reconsideration in the relationship; We named the final dimension as intervenors, which includes: the shadow of the paternal family and mothers being as referent, religious-moral beliefs and guarantees of loyalty, fear of disputes escalation in case of family intervention, and the importance of the chosen strategies in crucial situations.
The findings shows there are diversity meaning related to loyalty among participants.
A) The dominant concept of loyalty in both generations is sexual and emotional betrayal.
b) Another common meaning is that loyalty is kind of relationship based on adherence to commitment, roles and responsibilities.
c) Another meaning of loyalty which is generally emphasized in daughters, loyalty as a kind inner emotional bond, a high level of intimacy, the love and the expression of love.
d) Loyalty as one of the most important moral and religious principles which most emphasized by the mothers.
e) Loyalty is meaningful as long as it does not hinder their freedom as seen in daughters.
The results show that the meaning of loyalty largely depends on the age in participants , mothers commonly percept disloyalty as betray, and daughters who are closer to mothers in the terms of age have a similar definition, but in younger daughters, the definition of loyalty is more biased to concepts such as love, intimacy, and liberation. Religious beliefs influence the choice of strategies especially in mothers ; The academic capital of mothers and daughters affects the way they interpret the loyalty, and those with higher academic capital, even in more socially prestigious areas, have newer and more modern perceptions of loyalty, which has been mentioned in the previous chapters; The cultural capital, primarily academic capital, in the family, especially in mother, play a very important role helping daughter in choosing strategies while facing challenges, when cultural capital is high, her experience and guidance, make solving daughter's marital issues easier, directing daughters to the efficient family consultations, sticking to conversations instead of spreading issues to the families, are some of such strategies. On the other hand, when the cultural capital is low, facing issues incorrectly by both parties, disloyalty or even a sense of it led to divorce; The age, also has an impact on choosing strategies, restorative strategies are more common to mothers, while eliminative one, commodified emotional relationships, and consultation are more common among daughters. Mothers rarely use consultation, sometimes with an incorrect imagination of it because of encouraging youth to divorce; Low economic capital affects chosen strategies in both daughters and mothers. Those from weaker economic backgrounds often opt for restorative and legitimation strategies over eliminative one. Eliminative strategy is more common among economically independent people.
Keywords: Daughters, loyalty, meaning, mechanism, Mothers, Tehran
Accounting
vahid oskou; majid moradi; mohammad norouzi; sharzad seraj
Abstract
According to the theory of gender socialization, men and women, subject to different moral developments, express different values. Gender diversity reflects differences in the moral and personality traits of men and women, and people's actions reflect their inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, ...
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According to the theory of gender socialization, men and women, subject to different moral developments, express different values. Gender diversity reflects differences in the moral and personality traits of men and women, and people's actions reflect their inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, the presence of women in the composition of the audit committee and the board of directors causes the effectiveness of the organization and reduces the costs of corporate representation, and this reduces financial irregularities in companies through the opportunistic behavior of managers.The development of the capital market and the rules established by the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization in line with the regulatory environment in accepted companies have increased the level of management in companies. However, due to information asymmetry between shareholders and managers, accounting irregularities also exist.However, according to the fuzzy management theory, when the firm's performance is poor, managers tend to provide information in a vague and complex manner because the market may react to the information disclosed in a complex manner with a delay.This means that managers publish explanatory reports as a form of purposeful, deliberate and conscious perception management, in order to manipulate and deviate the perception of investors, which causes irregularities in accounting. In this regard, according to a statement, the American Securities Exchange Commission announced that 55% of companies use inappropriate approaches to recognize profits. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of women's presence on the board of directors and the audit committee on accounting irregularities was investigated. Using the elimination sampling method and applying the sample selection conditions, a sample consisting of 167 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2013 to 2020 was selected and tested using a multivariate regression model based on panel data technique. Findings indicate that the presence of women in the audit committee and board of directors reduces financial irregularities in companies.During recent years, the corporate governance environment of listed companies has improved significantly. However, information asymmetry between investors and managers still exists. In such a situation, corporate governance mechanisms reduce the cost of representation in the company. Therefore, a set of corporate governance factors such as the audit committee can be effective in reducing representation problems and improving the company's performance. In this regard, the audit committee can replace many of the company's shortcomings that cause agency problems; These defects may include the opportunistic behavior of the management, reducing the independence of the independent auditor, and the inefficiency of the internal control systems, which play a very important role in curbing the company's financial irregularities. Also, during the recent years, the presence of women in the management fields of the company, especially in the board of directors and the audit committee, has grown considerably. According to the first hypothesis of the research, the presence of women in the audit committee reduces the financial uncertainty of the company. The obtained result can be argued that the presence of women in the audit committee is a suitable way to improve reporting and increase the reliability of financial statements for users. Better monitoring of managers' reporting, which is made possible by the presence of female representatives in the audit committee, can increase performance and thus reduce agency costs and increase financial health and thus reduce financial irregularities in the company. The result obtained is in line with the research of According to gender theory, women have a significant contribution to economic success, which includes valuable work and contributes to the well-being and comfort of humans. Also, according to feminist economic theory, women are more inclined to make moral judgments. Female managers have different decision-making styles and different perspectives. They can also enhance the depth of board discussions by challenging traditional practices and policies. Therefore, women can present different points of view in the board of directors and make more informed decisions and lead to increased transparency. According to the second hypothesis, the presence of women in the board of directors reduces financial irregularities in companies. The obtained result can be argued that the presence of women in the board of directors is considered a factor to prevent opportunistic behavior, because women in the board of directors reduce their personal motivations due to more monitoring of managers' behavior and as a result, this reduces financial irregularities.
Law
Maryam Ahmadinejad
Abstract
Abstract:
Context and Aim:
Among the crimes agonizing human communities in modern age were crimes that were perpetrated by ISIS groups in Syria and Iraq against women and children .During years of their ruling in those occupied lands Iran led by Martyr Soliemani, offered unique services to help safeguard ...
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Abstract:
Context and Aim:
Among the crimes agonizing human communities in modern age were crimes that were perpetrated by ISIS groups in Syria and Iraq against women and children .During years of their ruling in those occupied lands Iran led by Martyr Soliemani, offered unique services to help safeguard the security of the citizens in those areas. In addition to the many violences that ISIS inflicted on civilians in the areas under its sovereignty, such as barbaric and mass killings, looting, enforced disappearance, mental and physical torture, food and drug sanctions, committed heinous and unprecedented crimes against women and children that the most important of which are: enslavement and trafficking of women and children, rape and sexual violence, ethnic and religious cleansing and compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed.
This is while, ISIS crimes against women and children have been a part of this terrorist group's strategy, as a weapon and war tactic to create terror, humiliate and crush people's resistance, so that ISIS managed several media to spread these tragedies. ISIS leaders not only put crimes against women and children on their agenda for military purposes, but also used the trafficking of women and children as one of the financial sources. In addition, ISIS brought to the fore a new model of abuse of women under the name of Jihad Nikah. That in many cases, it was a clear example of human trafficking. Jihad Nikah was a title for the exploitation of women, which mainly through seduction and deception by abusing the religious feelings of women who had extremist thoughts, caused terrible tragedies. What intellectual and emotional degeneration has happened in these women that they suffer hardships to be part of a group that is responsible for crimes against women and children, and they willingly work to advance the crimes of ISIS.
Research Method: The following article is a descriptive study that seeks to explain the crimes of ISIS against women and children, the role and impact of the actions of Martyr Soleimani and his allies in overthrowing the ISIS government in Iraq and Syria and fighting ISIS crimes and his influence on maintaining the security of women and children in areas controlled by this terrorist group are studied. The harsh fact is that in International written works and documentaries we have witnessed distortions of existing realities related to the efforts of Martyr Soliemani, that is why the authors have decided to state some of the most important crimes committed by ISIS against women and children and to relate the role of Martyr Soliemani in defying their outcomes based on global authentic sources.
Findings and Conclusion: The fact is that terrorist acts and violent ideology of ISIS and its severe, systematic and widespread attacks on civilians, especially women and children, was a global threat to international peace and security. This terrorist group committed heinous crimes with gross violation of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law that many of which included war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide and it hurt and disturbed the minds of the international community. In between, Martyr Qassem Soleimani made a detailed plan to deal with the enemies, immediately after the official invitation of the governments of Syria and Iraq. His goal was to preserve the honor of the nations of the region and saving them from the rule of criminals and terrorist and violent extremist groups, especially ISIS. He freed many cities from the capture and occupation of ISIS, and freed many women from sexual slavery by using strong war tactics and activating political diplomacy and mobilization of popular forces. The efforts of the resistance forces under the leadership of General Soleimani in liberating the areas and freeing women and children from the , were so effective that many Western media announced: "Suleimani and the Iraqi militias he commands have played a key role in halting ISIS" and the US general Stanley McChrystal wrote:“Suleimani is arguably the most powerful and unconstrained actor in the Middle East today,”
Martyr Soleimani carried out numerous and successful operations and played an influential and decisive role in liberating many areas under ISIS control in Syria and Iraq. In addition to saving many women and children from continuing the heinous crimes of ISIS, he prevented the occurrence of many more crimes against other women and children in the Middle East region and also prevented the occurrence of war in Iran.
Because according to admission of Ms. Tabatabai (senior Advisor at U.S. Department of Defense): "ISIS represents one of the most significant threats to Iranian national security since the end of the Iran–Iraq War." and the possibility of ISIS terrorists spilling over to inside this country was very high, insofar as movements of ISIS forces were observe on the borders inside Iran.
Law
Zainab esmati; Latifeh Hosseini; mohammad mahdi Hosseinmardi
Abstract
The constitution at the top of the hierarchy of laws has played an influential role in explaining the human rights status of women in any society. the status of women's rights has been one of the concerns of the Islamic Republic of Iran since the adoption of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic ...
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The constitution at the top of the hierarchy of laws has played an influential role in explaining the human rights status of women in any society. the status of women's rights has been one of the concerns of the Islamic Republic of Iran since the adoption of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the very beginning, the role and position of women in advancing the lofty goals of society based on religious values was considered. Women's welfare rights are one of the topics discussed during the adoption of the Iranian constitution after the Islamic Revolution Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the position of women's welfare rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran's Constitution. In the present article, this research question has been investigated which according to the principles of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, what are the welfare rights of women in terms of gender equality and opportunities and what are the priorities of the law for them? The present study aims to examine the issue of demands for welfare rights in the field of social security for women in Iranian society as important human resources in the structure of the current constitution. by using an analytical approach and library resources. Support mechanisms to study the centrality of the optimal model of welfare rights and livelihood security for women. The results show that the four decades of experience of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the achievements of the constitutional system based on national-religious values in the light of the divine caliph's approach to human sovereignty indicate that women in the welfare economy system as citizens of the society have social security in various fields women.The constitution at the top of the hierarchy of laws has played an influential role in explaining the human rights status of women in any society. the status of women's rights has been one of the concerns of the Islamic Republic of Iran since the adoption of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the very beginning, the role and position of women in advancing the lofty goals of society based on religious values was considered. Women's welfare rights are one of the topics discussed during the adoption of the Iranian constitution after the Islamic Revolution Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the position of women's welfare rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran's Constitution. In the present article, this research question has been investigated which according to the principles of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, what are the welfare rights of women in terms of gender equality and opportunities and what are the priorities of the law for them? The present study aims to examine the issue of demands for welfare rights in the field of social security for women in Iranian society as important human resources in the structure of the current constitution. by using an analytical approach and library resources. Support mechanisms to study the centrality of the optimal model of welfare rights and livelihood security for women. The results show that the four decades of experience of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the achievements of the constitutional system based on national-religious values in the light of the divine caliph's approach to human sovereignty indicate that women in the welfare economy system as citizens of the society have social security in various fields women.priorities of the law for them? The present study aims to examine the issue of demands for welfare rights in the field of social security for women in Iranian society as important human resources in the structure of the current constitution. by using an analytical approach and library resources. Support mechanisms to study the centrality of the optimal model of welfare rights and livelihood security for women. The results show that the four decades of experience of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the achievements of the constitutional system based on national-religious values in the light of the divine caliph's approach to human sovereignty indicate that women in the welfare economy system as citizens of the society have social security in various fields women.society have social security in various fields women.
Women's Studies
Fariba Alasvand
Abstract
The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization ...
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The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization or trend-setting structures have not been raised and strengthened in this approach. Except for some of the books and articles that have been published in the last two decades and presented good comparative studies that can inspire new researches, most of these studies are still involved in issues such as knowing or not knowing the rules of justice, justice as a criterion for Friday and congregational imamate. , the difference between the sharia and customary meaning of justice, criticism of women's rights and duties with the measure of justice and the like. Therefore, a research that proposes to strengthen those theoretical dimensions of justice that leads to pragmatism and structuring about it is necessary. Therefore, this article aims to strengthen this dimension and to present the necessities that are necessary in organizing a pragmatic theory of justice, and because in the last century, one of the challenges of justice, especially its Islamic approach, rights and benefits Social is for women, the field of investigation and comparisons has been placed on the issue of justice for women.
Weighing each ruling with justice means to consider justice as the criterion of all of them or the legislative goal of all of them. Although such a statement is not approved, it is necessary to fill the empty space of mandatory rules with fair laws and legislate fair laws in the administration of the country and governance. As some authors believe, if the rulings in the laws of the Islamic Republic are in accordance with the explicit text of the Qur'an and frequent hadiths, they are the same revelation and cannot be criticized by the standard of justice, but in the case of other laws, if the revelation is silent, they are evaluated by the standard of justice. Therefore, paying attention to justice in the establishment and falsification of secondary and government rulings is an absolute and necessary principle (Danesh Pajoh, 2013, 204). As a result, if justice is a criterion in some of the laws of the country, among the most important topics in this regard is the processing of the theory of justice, which includes clear theoretical and practical aspects as a strategy for managing society. Although these dimensions have been the focus of domestic researchers in the studies of the last two decades, they need to be explored more and focused on micro-issues. In the path of transition from the praise of justice in its religious studies to practical theoretical processing, one should know what is the most important theoretical and practical challenge of justice in this field. This is the main question in this article. To answer this question, the author's effort is to present one theoretical consideration and two practical considerations in the theorizing of justice centered on women. The theoretical consideration deals with the challenge of the inequality criterion, and the practical consideration deals with the two issues of perception measurement and indexing for justice, and in all cases, it focuses on the issue of women. After collecting the necessary data, the method of the article is content analysis and a documentary and fundamental article.
Among the most important issues of justice is the processing of a theory including clear theoretical and practical dimensions as a strategy for managing society. Although these dimensions have been the focus of domestic researchers in the studies of the last two decades, they need to be explored more and focused on micro-issues. In the path of transition from the admiration of justice in its religious studies to practical theoretical processing, one should know what the most important theoretical and practical challenge of justice in this field is. This is the main question in this article. In order to answer this question, the author's effort is to present one theoretical consideration and two practical considerations in the theorizing of justice with the focus on women. After collecting the necessary data, the method of the article is content analysis and a documentary article.
economics
mohamad mehdi zare shahne; Mehdi akaberi tafti; ebrahim bahraminia; ehsan salimi
Abstract
Introduction: The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development ...
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Introduction: The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development without expert and efficient human resources. Many factors are effective in the empowerment of human resources, among which education is one of the most important. Gender differences and gaps in education can be introduced as one of the basic obstacles to economic growth and development, and it may prevent women from participating in society. The majority of social experts believe that Iranian society has undergone many social, cultural, political, and educational changes in the last few decades, especially after the Islamic revolution. One of the most important developments, like many developing countries, has been the expansion of education at various levels. This event has been associated with the significant participation of women and girls in education. In order to investigate the impact of these changes in this research, has been investigated, the impact of the positive momentum of women's education and technology on macroeconomic variables such as production, investment, and employment in Iran.
Method: The Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model has been used to achieve the research goals. In this model, the economy is divided into three sectors: households, firms, and the government. Households include people (women and men) who gain utility from consuming goods and services and keeping money and lose utility from working and have the goal of maximizing their utility according to the constraints of the household budget. Firms are producers of intermediate and final goods. A continuum of monopolistically competitive firms produces intermediate domestic goods using labor and capital. There is perfect competition in the production of final goods, with the output of intermediate firms as inputs and according to a production function with constant returns to scale. The imperfect competition in the goods market is introduced by assuming that each firm produces a differentiated good for which it sets the price. Some constraints are imposed on the price adjustment mechanism by assuming that only a fraction of firms can reset their prices in any given period. In particular, a model of staggered price setting due to Calvo (1983) and characterized by random price durations is adopted. Finally, the central bank and the government implement monetary and financial policies.
Findings: The obtained results from impulse response functions show positive impulse of women’s education increases production and investment, as well as employment.
Discussion: According to the results of the research, it is recommended to pay more attention to appropriate investments in the field of women's education by using appropriate policies in order to obtain as many benefits as possible for scientific development and higher economic growth. In such a way that practical training in jobs related to women increases female labor force participation and creates new job opportunities.
Rural Development
naser seifollahi; golsum akbari arbatan
Abstract
The modern world has already taken the first step towards a fundamental technological reality, the digital economy. The modern global labor market is a complex multi-component and dynamic system that is constantly influenced by information technology and requires changes in the content of the work process, ...
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The modern world has already taken the first step towards a fundamental technological reality, the digital economy. The modern global labor market is a complex multi-component and dynamic system that is constantly influenced by information technology and requires changes in the content of the work process, its organization, the structure of employment and social and labor relations. This article examines the role of the digital economy on women's home businesses. In this article, "working women" are considered as an integral part of the labor market and a determining factor in the innovative development of the digital economy. Previous studies show that women's participation in domestic work is largely influenced by technological developments. This research challenges this issue by relying on the perspective of digital transformation, paying serious attention to the contribution of women in the continuation of rural jobs. Women have been the drivers of economic growth in the world, but most of the existing entrepreneurship researches have studied male entrepreneurs, so that there has been less focus on women. Most women entrepreneurs start their own businesses for economic progress or to gain more independence, which has affected the growth of female entrepreneurs in home businesses as one of the largest types of businesses in the global economy.
Considering the importance of this issue, it is important to identify the opportunities and challenges of the digital economy in rural women's home businesses. We highlight key challenges and opportunities as well as policy recommendations to support women's home-based businesses in rural areas. With this aim, this research has compiled and validated a conceptual framework using the qualitative method of thematic and thematic analysis (theme analysis) in a descriptive way and through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The statistical population includes experts, experts, and business owners of rural women, among whom 12 people were selected and participated in this research through purposive sampling. The number of samples follows the law of saturation. Considering that the reliability level is more than 60%, the reliability of coding was confirmed and it can be claimed that the reliability level of the current interview analysis is appropriate. In order to ensure the validity of the research, it was tried to be a statistical sample of people who have the necessary knowledge and expertise in the context of the research, as well as to minimize the intervention of researchers in the research, and also to obtain the coding results from a number of experts, their reference and final approval regarding the extractive framework
Based on the results of the analysis technique, the challenges and opportunities of the digital economy in rural businesses, which include two comprehensive and central themes, 10 organizing themes and 52 basic themes. The opportunities facing the digital economy in rural businesses with 5 organizing themes and 21 basic concepts that include things such as job value creation, convergence of technology with economic goals, global customer orientation, networking capability, business resilience, which transform capability into potential value. They provide in the implementation of digital economy.
The theme of challenges and factors affecting the digital economy in rural businesses refers to the challenges and problems and factors affecting the implementation of digital technologies. The conceptual categories related to the challenges theme include 5 organizing themes and 31 primary concepts, which are: digital process gaps, creating a black economy for rural businesses, adverse social effects, cultural aspects, technological risks that make the implementation of the digital economy more difficult And finally, in order to develop a digital economy, a model of rural women's home businesses was proposed. that the conceptual framework of the research has been developed based on a survey of experts in this field, and the conclusions, suggestions and limitations of the research have been stated.
The theme of challenges and factors affecting the digital economy in rural businesses refers to the challenges and problems and factors affecting the implementation of digital technologies. The conceptual categories related to the challenges theme include 5 organizing themes and 31 primary concepts, which are: digital process gaps, creating a black economy for rural businesses, adverse social effects, cultural aspects, technological risks that make the implementation of the digital economy more difficult And finally, in order to develop a digital economy, a model of rural women's home businesses was proposed. that the conceptual framework of the research has been developed based on a survey of experts in this field, and the conclusions, suggestions and limitations of the research have been stated.
