Woman in Development & Politics

-

Volume 7, Issue 2 , August 2009

Abstract

  One of the important issues in development is the rate of active participation of women in different fields including macro-decision makings of society. Gender inequality especially in management field has caused much potential of women to be left untouched. In Most countries women have a share in social, ...  Read More One of the important issues in development is the rate of active participation of women in different fields including macro-decision makings of society. Gender inequality especially in management field has caused much potential of women to be left untouched. In Most countries women have a share in social, economic decisions. But Iran has not been successful in this process. There are many theories for explaining gender inequality .for example: Neo Classic,-Segmentation of labor market, Gender (Feminist), socialization, social learning and others theories. These theories emphasize on gender and body traits of women, household responsibility and social conditions of organizations and society, gender socialization and gender stereotype variables. The aim of this survey is to study the factors that affect gender inequality especially in management field. Here, we consider gender and body traits of women, household responsibility and social conditions of organizations and society variables that are more important. The sample size of survey is 408 staff of state organizations in east Azerbaijan province. The results show that there are invisible obstacles known as “glass ceiling” in these organizations. Thus, gender and body traits of women, household responsibility, social conditions of organizations, education, family and age affect gender inequality especially in management domain.

---

• View Article
• PDF 233.15 K

An Analysis of Prophet Mohammad's (As) Cultural Politics and Its Effect on Women's Socio-cultural Status

Volume 6, Issue 4 , March 2009

Abstract

  Cultural politics regarding status of women is a common issue of Iranian society. Influenced by Prophet Mohammad's teachings in the Arab world, women's status changed rapidly and soon they gained a different social-cultural position in their society. This article, based on the reasoning of discourse ...  Read More Cultural politics regarding status of women is a common issue of Iranian society. Influenced by Prophet Mohammad's teachings in the Arab world, women's status changed rapidly and soon they gained a different social-cultural position in their society. This article, based on the reasoning of discourse aims to distinguish the social order governing the Arabian Peninsula focusing on its discourse order (introducing ignorance discourse and prophetic discourse). The research aims to find out what discourse propositions in the field of women did Prophet Mohammad produce as a ruler that improved the socio-cultural status of women. In doing so the research has made use of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Moffe method in analyzing the discourse based on "articulation".

---

• View Article
• PDF 250.28 K

Gender Policy on Iranian National Television

Volume 6, Issue 3 , December 2008

Abstract

  The present article's focus is mainly on the qualitative analysis of women's representation in Iranian national TV series. Thus, three series, "if my dad was alive!", "the ninth month gazelle " and the satire genre "homeless" produced by channel 1 and 3 in the second half of 2004 have been addressed ...  Read More The present article's focus is mainly on the qualitative analysis of women's representation in Iranian national TV series. Thus, three series, "if my dad was alive!", "the ninth month gazelle " and the satire genre "homeless" produced by channel 1 and 3 in the second half of 2004 have been addressed through qualitative method. The analysis of these cases focused on the concept of the deserving presence of women in the series' plot. To this aim, the views of Islamic thinkers as well as the television's agendas and purposes in 2004 have been examined. The authors conclude that the qualitative presence of women in the series is not consistent with the agendas and purposes although the quantity of the presence is reasonable. In reality, a significant rupture between Islamic Iranian policy-makings and the productions of the Iranian TV has resulted in the ineffectiveness of this organization in exercising its gender policy.

---

• View Article
• PDF 353.69 K

The Impact of Education and Organizational Employment on Empowerment of Women in Tehran

Volume 6, Issue 3 , December 2008

Abstract

  In recent decades, empowerment as delegation of power to someone has been used a mechanism to increase personal and work life quality of women. Higher education and occupation are effective instruments for empowering women but the role of culture can't be denied in this relation. Social norms can directly ...  Read More In recent decades, empowerment as delegation of power to someone has been used a mechanism to increase personal and work life quality of women. Higher education and occupation are effective instruments for empowering women but the role of culture can't be denied in this relation. Social norms can directly or indirectly limit women's empowerment. In this article the role of higher education and occupation in psychological empowerment of women in Tehran has been quested. Current research is a descriptive-practical research. Education and occupation are independent variables and empowerment is the dependent variable. Random sampling is used and 600 questionnaires are completed by women in Tehran city. To determine validity of scale, construct validity and factor analysis is utilized. The reliability index of chronbakh is 0.8945 and spearman correlation and structural equations model are used for statistical analysis. Results of research indicate that higher education and organizational occupation determine the level of empowerment for women in Tehran.

---

• View Article
• PDF 267.81 K

Positive and Negative Feminism

Volume 5, Issue 3 , January 2008

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 186.64 K

Verification of Women's Negative Stereotypes in Organizations

Volume 5, Issue 3 , January 2008

Abstract

  One of the important problems concerning women in Iranian organizations is the stereotype attitudes towards women inherited from the past. Many of these negative attitudes have been made by men, and that’s why, women's efficiency and effectiveness in organizations seems low as compared to that of men. ...  Read More One of the important problems concerning women in Iranian organizations is the stereotype attitudes towards women inherited from the past. Many of these negative attitudes have been made by men, and that’s why, women's efficiency and effectiveness in organizations seems low as compared to that of men. This study attempts to examine the popular clichés concerning women's organizational commitment, job involvement and organizational citizenship behavior in educational organizations (Ministry of Education, Ministry of Research & Technology, and Ministry of Health and Medical Education). The statistical sample consists of 819 people. The findings show that women's organizational commitment in educational organizations is not qualitatively different from that of men. Thus Women's involvement and organizational citizenship behavior is actually more than men's. Furthermore, the results show that organizational commitment has a significant causal relationship with job involvement and organizational citizenship behavior.

---

• View Article
• PDF 208.77 K

Dimensions and Scale of Goal Realization of Gender Gap in the Third Development Plan

Volume 5, Issue 2 , November 2007

Abstract

  International experiences reveal that promotion of gender equality paves the way for developmental achievements in a way that it ensures equal living standards and human rights for all individuals. Nowadays gender equality is not only one of the principles of human rights but is emphasized for alleviating ...  Read More International experiences reveal that promotion of gender equality paves the way for developmental achievements in a way that it ensures equal living standards and human rights for all individuals. Nowadays gender equality is not only one of the principles of human rights but is emphasized for alleviating poverty, upgrading living standards and stabilizing economy. The relation between democracy, development and equality is taken for granted thus to realize this it is necessary to conduct structural reformations for increasing women’s participation in political and social life. No doubt supporting women’s role and reinforcing it in the society improves hygiene and health care, enhances level of education, voluntarily controls population growth and generally improves economic growth and equal distribution of benefits. During the past decades there have been fundamental changes in the role and status of women. Many countries have come to an agreement and reached a consensus on the reduction of gender gap regarding education, healthcare, occupation, and social welfare. Data regarding Iran suggest that although there have been effective attempts in reducing gender gap but still women face many problems. Some of these problems and obstacles are due to pressures and forces of development but a great part of it is related to culture and dominating traditions. The third five-year development plan is distinguished from other plans in terms of emphasizing on indices and necessities of reducing gender gaps. This study demonstrates that from many aspects there are fewer gaps and gender inequality in many provinces nevertheless this is totally different regarding occupation.

---

• View Article
• PDF 236.76 K

The Pathology of Women Participation in Contemporary Iranian Society

Volume 5, Issue 2 , November 2007

Abstract

  Contemporary Iranian society is transiting from traditional outlook to modern attitudes. Social chaos matched with behavioral and thinking chaos is characteristic of transition period. Political structure, as a part of society, alongside the juridical, economic and social structure is transiting from ...  Read More Contemporary Iranian society is transiting from traditional outlook to modern attitudes. Social chaos matched with behavioral and thinking chaos is characteristic of transition period. Political structure, as a part of society, alongside the juridical, economic and social structure is transiting from traditional sovereignty to intellectual and legal one. Political participation, as a tangible aspect of social participation, has similar fate in transiting societies with anomalous characteristic. Nevertheless, women do not have a proper status in political participation and are judged as an incomplete political entity. The research, through tracing roots of women's social suffering, believes that for reasons arising from ancient social and economic notions, women have been removed from social interaction network thus they are faced with many obstacles and difficulties on attaining high levels of political/ social power. Therefore, equal opportunities and options should be created for women to enter the network of society's mutual relations so that in this way the stereotype of male domination and women's subordination is eliminated.

---

• View Article
• PDF 194.1 K

Women in First Centuries of Islamic Society

Volume 3, Issue 3 , December 2005

Abstract

  : In this article the presence of women in Islamic society has been addressed. Women has been discussed in three social, economic, and scientific areas. The relation between the Islamic jurisdiction and social presence of women has been studied based on the act and tradition of the Prophet and Imams. ...  Read More : In this article the presence of women in Islamic society has been addressed. Women has been discussed in three social, economic, and scientific areas. The relation between the Islamic jurisdiction and social presence of women has been studied based on the act and tradition of the Prophet and Imams. Moreover, this article examines how much the Islamic rulers adhere to the Islamic acts and traditions. The author tried to make distinction between what has been resulted from the rulers' acts and what is related to the essence of Islam. The findings show that there is no band on women's presence based on Islamic tradition. So it can be concluded that Islam has emphasized on women's social participation in Islamic society.

---

• View Article
• PDF 269.28 K

The Critical Review on Mernissi idea of Hejab

Volume 3, Issue 3 , December 2005

Abstract

  This article is an analytical review of the book "The veil and the male elites" written by Fatima Mernissi. The author of the book justifies her elaboration based on two historical references namely Tabari History and Traditions of Ibn Husham. The limitation of references utilized by the author as well ...  Read More This article is an analytical review of the book "The veil and the male elites" written by Fatima Mernissi. The author of the book justifies her elaboration based on two historical references namely Tabari History and Traditions of Ibn Husham. The limitation of references utilized by the author as well as neglecting research standards in analysis and critical review of the issues has made her book unreliable from so many aspects. But the author's failure is more significant on various issues such as instruction of veiling for women according to verse 53 from Ahzab, in Koran. The wrong approach which is applied by Mernissi led her to depict a voyeuristic picture of great prophet.

---

• View Article
• PDF 224.65 K

-

Volume 3, Issue 2 , September 2005

Abstract

  Power and its accessibility is one of the most important issues in social science. In more traditional societies, the power was an important phenomena in the family and most often it belonged to men. The occurrence of patrilineal led to the enhancement of male dominance and brought men many privileges. In ...  Read More Power and its accessibility is one of the most important issues in social science. In more traditional societies, the power was an important phenomena in the family and most often it belonged to men. The occurrence of patrilineal led to the enhancement of male dominance and brought men many privileges. In this article it is tried to address some of the issues such as: - Recognition of power and its implications - Discussion of power in original thoughts - To identity an applied model to explain the relation between power and women in family arena. The methodology which is applied in this study is documentary one. In contemporary societies, gender roles in the family as discussed by functionalists (such as Parsons) is not convincing any more. Conflict and feminist theories also encounter deficiencies. Due to social changes, male domination is changing within the family sphere. And with women's involvement in the decision-making process, gender inequality in the family is going to be undermined.

---

• View Article
• PDF 513.03 K

-

Volume 3, Issue 2 , September 2005

Abstract

  In this article, an effort has been made to discuss about three different approaches on the socio-political role of women in contemporary history of Iran. The first approach was made by those who do believe that throughout the history of Iran, the role of women has never been significant. Contrary to ...  Read More In this article, an effort has been made to discuss about three different approaches on the socio-political role of women in contemporary history of Iran. The first approach was made by those who do believe that throughout the history of Iran, the role of women has never been significant. Contrary to previous approach, some would argue that women have had some roles but it was rather destructive. Finally, others believe that Muslim women have had the most important role in socio-political development over the last decades. But despite the common belief, these women who played an active role in socio-political development were not related to royal families or intellectual communities. However, these approaches are scrutinized based on the documents and finally it is possible to conclude that Iranian women have played a rather constructive role in the history of development but they were not able to publicize their thoughts due their lack of access to the publication facilities.

---

• View Article
• PDF 569.63 K

-

Volume 3, Issue 2 , September 2005

Abstract

  Women constitute half of the population and their position is important in development process of the countries. Thus, improving women's status is a necessary condition for a sustainable development in every country. To reach this goal many efforts have been made to empower women throughout the world. In ...  Read More Women constitute half of the population and their position is important in development process of the countries. Thus, improving women's status is a necessary condition for a sustainable development in every country. To reach this goal many efforts have been made to empower women throughout the world. In Iran, during the last three decades, the status of women has considerably improved due to socio-economic development. Some improvements have taken place in favour of women at national and international levels which resulted in narrowing down the gap between men and women. Using the data from the country censuses (mainly from 1966 onwards) and other sources (mainly a survey on socio- economic characteristics of households in 2001), this paper aims to examine the improvements in women's lives compared to those for men. Findings show that improvements in women's status in terms of education, decision making in the family and health have been outstanding. But their situation in terms of social, cultural and economic participation has not been improved remarkably. A steady improvement of women's status in public and private sphere is noticeable. Some factors such as government policies towards development and population, changing Islamic laws, and willingness of women to enhance their situation are the main ones strengthening women's situation in the society.

---

• View Article
• PDF 573.02 K

-

Volume 1, Issue 7 , November 2003

Abstract

  Rural women spend a considerable portion of their time and energy performing activities that are not calculated in production and the national product. Women’s increasing inequality and decreasing resource benefits are glaring reflections of this condition. This study aims to identify women’s activities ...  Read More Rural women spend a considerable portion of their time and energy performing activities that are not calculated in production and the national product. Women’s increasing inequality and decreasing resource benefits are glaring reflections of this condition. This study aims to identify women’s activities in the village of Dona, in Mazandaran province, and the time they allocate to each activity. It applied qualitative research over a period of four seasons in 2002. Women spent two-thirds of their waking hours in productive activities, corresponding to an average work time of 10 hours and 26 minutes per day. On average, they spent 17 minutes a day on personal hygiene, health, and leisure-time. No time was spent on education and reading.

---

• View Article
• PDF 705.9 K

-

Volume 1, Issue 7 , November 2003

Abstract

  This study applies empowerment theory to examine women’s access to the credit system. The theory distinguishes five stages of welfare, awareness, access, participation, and control and - focuses on gender equality in the development process. Survey research was conducted in 1 the city of Tehran and ...  Read More This study applies empowerment theory to examine women’s access to the credit system. The theory distinguishes five stages of welfare, awareness, access, participation, and control and - focuses on gender equality in the development process. Survey research was conducted in 1 the city of Tehran and attempted to answer questions such as: To what extent do women interact with the credit system? To what degree do they benefit from these services? In what stage of empowerment are the women located? Women mainly interacted with banks to pay household utilities bills and manage savings accounts. They used the banking system for savings and deposits (particularly qarz ol-hassaneh) more than for accessing credit resources. Those who were successful in securing loans had a lower sense of being discriminated against. The requested loan amounts were not significant enough to support major investments. Among the five stages of empowerment theory, the women were in the awareness and access stages.

---

• View Article
• PDF 593.49 K

-

Volume 1, Issue 7 , November 2003

Abstract

  This article argues that investment in female education not only reduces the gender gap, but also leads to greater efficiency, increasing production, and higher income. The study is based on human capital theory, with an emphasis on gender. Secondary data was utilized. The findings reveal that increased ...  Read More This article argues that investment in female education not only reduces the gender gap, but also leads to greater efficiency, increasing production, and higher income. The study is based on human capital theory, with an emphasis on gender. Secondary data was utilized. The findings reveal that increased education similarly affect women and men’s wage levels, however, greater investment in higher levels of education (because of increasing financial and opportunity costs) produce lower returns. Given the fact that the average education level of women in Iran and most of the world is less than men, female education has a greater final output than male education. Additionally, economists believe that female education has a higher social return because of the important role educated women play in promoting the health, well-being, and education of their children. Educated women are more active in the labor force, in production and income-generating activities, pay more taxes and as such, contribute to the expansion of the tax base.

---

• View Article
• PDF 623.12 K

-

Volume 1, Issue 7 , November 2003

Abstract

  Development experts have distinguished citizenship control as the highest form and degree of participation. In such participation, people have decision-making power in issues that affect their daily lives. The identification of variables that ensure women and men’s ability to control society’s affairs ...  Read More Development experts have distinguished citizenship control as the highest form and degree of participation. In such participation, people have decision-making power in issues that affect their daily lives. The identification of variables that ensure women and men’s ability to control society’s affairs is important for the realization of participation. This article aims to identify the different forms of women’s social participation and its related factors. It is based on a study that was conducted in the city of Tehran. The analytical framework was assisted by theory application and previous empirical studies. Six forms of participation were identified: civil, social support, ,cultural-entertainment, local, charity-religious, and revolutionary. Civil participation was the least prevalent among women, while charity-religious participation was the most widespread. In general, the level of social participation in Tehran was lower than expected.

---

• View Article
• PDF 807.37 K

-

Volume 1, Issue 7 , November 2003

Abstract

  Rapid technological and cultural changes of the past two centuries in developed countries and their effects on modernization in other societies, including Iran, have preoccupied many social scientists. This study aims to measure the level of modernity among women who are active in the cultural realm ...  Read More Rapid technological and cultural changes of the past two centuries in developed countries and their effects on modernization in other societies, including Iran, have preoccupied many social scientists. This study aims to measure the level of modernity among women who are active in the cultural realm (teaching profession). Modernization theories confirm that conditions such as urban dwelling, industrialization, level of education, communication, social participation, socialization patterns, and socio-economic status accelerate modernization. The modem individual believes in science, adapts to new experiences, seeks equality and independence, is achievement-oriented, civil-minded, global and democratic, and takes risks. The study applied secondary data and surveyed women teachers in the city of Tehran. The findings reveal that 72.3% of the instructors are modern-oriented and that education length and social status has a significant relationship with levels of modernity.

---

• View Article
• PDF 517.9 K

-

Volume 1, Issue 6 , June 2003

Abstract

  This article considers women’s struggle as a part of the social movement emphasizing classical and modern perspectives. It also attempts to examine the factors which are inhibiting women, forcing them to call for change of their conditions. In the 90s, social movement thinkers emphasized the interaction ...  Read More This article considers women’s struggle as a part of the social movement emphasizing classical and modern perspectives. It also attempts to examine the factors which are inhibiting women, forcing them to call for change of their conditions. In the 90s, social movement thinkers emphasized the interaction process in social movements and social structures. In this view, instead of emphasizing strategies, they examined rehabilitation and changes of social identities of group members. Based on the feminist definition of the women’s movement, the need for change is common among all women and emphasis could be made on the demand for change in a framework that creates social sensitivity about women’s issues and their hidden needs. The activist groups of women can be categorized under four groups: 1. Women who are on the fringes of power. 2. Women in mass media. 3. Women at the universities. 4. Women in general. The author considers the basic challenges of Iranian women’s social movement to be: A pretentious backing of women, misconception about feminism, irrelevant support of women, lack of common language and interaction among activists in modern NGOs and traditional groups.

---

• View Article
• PDF 354.61 K

-

Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003

Abstract

  The present Iranian labor market is faced with a huge number of people who are seeking work and with insufficient growth of job opportunities, it will entail increasing rate of unemployment. The process of job creation has neither met the demands of the unemployed, nor those of university graduates, ...  Read More The present Iranian labor market is faced with a huge number of people who are seeking work and with insufficient growth of job opportunities, it will entail increasing rate of unemployment. The process of job creation has neither met the demands of the unemployed, nor those of university graduates, and the country's population as a whole. In this study, a review will be made of the major economic policies at the macro level with their impacts on women's work force in the labor market. Policies such as reducing fertility rate, expansion of education, controlling inflation rate, privatization, and economic growth were analyzed in this study. The findings indicated that while economic growth improves macroeconomic capacities, but unemployment rate is reduced only slightly. The fertility rate has been reduced noticeably in recent years; however, it had minimal impact on women's participation rate. Inflation encourages women to enter labor market. With an increasing number of women graduating from universities, the labor market will not be able to meet the demands of the female population and in the near future, the country will encounter a new crisis: "The crisis of young unemployed women graduates".

---

• View Article
• PDF 719.75 K

-

Volume 1, Issue 6 , June 2003

Abstract

  Women’s economic behavior, particularly due to their ever increasing contribution to the economic and social activities, needs to be further studied. This article, examines women’s participation in the financial markets. A field study gathered data from the city of Tehran, to review main factors ...  Read More Women’s economic behavior, particularly due to their ever increasing contribution to the economic and social activities, needs to be further studied. This article, examines women’s participation in the financial markets. A field study gathered data from the city of Tehran, to review main factors of women demanding loan and credit in the financial market (with an emphasis on the banking system). In this model, economic factors such as average income, interest rate, length of return, size of household, age, employment, education, marital status, saving and investment behavior were included in the. The research findings indicate that the most important economic factors that influence women to demand loans are the average income of women and their household as well as the length of return. That is to say, with the increase of income or the length of return, women’s demand for credit will increase.

---

• View Article
• PDF 835.17 K

-

Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003

Abstract

  The emergence of families with two income sources (employment of husband and wife) is one of the important social changes in Iran. This type of family, despite benefiting from a blending of roles, is faced with certain pressures, which stem from traditional division of labor within the family and new ...  Read More The emergence of families with two income sources (employment of husband and wife) is one of the important social changes in Iran. This type of family, despite benefiting from a blending of roles, is faced with certain pressures, which stem from traditional division of labor within the family and new responsibilities of its members. If the conflict is not properly managed, have a negative impact on the social unity and functions of the family as well as the emotional and social health of the members. This paper identifies the impact of social support as one of the resources for addressing the conflict of work/family and gender-based expectations in two income families. The findings of a surrey conducted in Tehran demonstrate that the strategies chosen for addressing the conflict of work and family tend to be influenced by traditional gender roles. Additionally, the study indicates; women prefer to receive family support in addressing the pressures, while men choose professional support systems as a means of addressing the conflict.

---

• View Article
• PDF 635.14 K

-

Volume 1, Issue 6 , June 2003

Abstract

  This article discusses the capabilities of nomad women and emphasizes on their role in the productive economy of 72 field locations of Hamadan province. The article reviews economic, social and cultural characteristics of nomad women, to present their economic status. Participatory Rural Appraisal and ...  Read More This article discusses the capabilities of nomad women and emphasizes on their role in the productive economy of 72 field locations of Hamadan province. The article reviews economic, social and cultural characteristics of nomad women, to present their economic status. Participatory Rural Appraisal and use of secondary data analysis were the main sources of information. Observations and research findings show that activities such as animal husbandry, food processing, and tribal moves are dependent on the work of women. Nomad women’s share in productive and non-productive activities is higher than men. Also their participation rate in social and cultural activities is much higher than men. Nomad women’s share in economic activities is equivalent to 85%. There is a significant and direct relation between women’s number of work hours and the income of the household. Also, women’s participation rate is positively related to their age and position.

---

• View Article
• PDF 442.87 K

-

Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003

Abstract

  The purpose of this study is to examine the family, social and political positions of women in the Safavid period, with the aime of understanding thr gender stereotypes in a different dimensions and ears. A historical explanatory approach has been utilized for the research. Research finding demonstrates ...  Read More The purpose of this study is to examine the family, social and political positions of women in the Safavid period, with the aime of understanding thr gender stereotypes in a different dimensions and ears. A historical explanatory approach has been utilized for the research. Research finding demonstrates in Iran, the situation of women after the Mongolian invasion and during the Safavid era was subject to fewer transformations. Women in these periods did not enjoy legal rights, individual freedoms, personal access to wealth and ownership. Families would offer their daughters as gifts to kings, as part of the royal harems, so that through their daughters they could gain higher social and economic status. Gender stereotypes that existed during that time, and perhaps persist to date and continue to limit the advanement of women.

---

• View Article
• PDF 387.94 K

-

Volume 1, Issue 6 , June 2003

Abstract

  Women’s participation means their total involvement in the process of decision makings and implementation of all social phenomena. This is a precondition for the success of all health programs. Women’s participation in the maintenance of the society’s health is considered important. The program ...  Read More Women’s participation means their total involvement in the process of decision makings and implementation of all social phenomena. This is a precondition for the success of all health programs. Women’s participation in the maintenance of the society’s health is considered important. The program of women health volunteers not only provides the required skills and training to women volunteers it aims to disseminate health messages to all Iranian families. To evaluate the success of the program and the review of its impact on awareness- raising and changes in women’s behavior, a longitudinal survey was conducted on two groups of women with similarities in socio-economic conditions (one covered by the study and a control group) in the Oroumeih district. The study was done before and after the implementation of the program. Comparison of the data gathered on awareness-raising of women in the two groups, demonstrated a significant difference due to the activities of health volunteers which had raised the level of the awareness of the society. However, behavioral changes among the groups were not significant. It seems that to review changes in the behavior require more than the one year period of the study.

---

• View Article
• PDF 478.84 K