Majeed Movahed; Tahereh Azizi
Volume 9, Issue 2 , September 2011, , Pages 181-206
Abstract
This study reviews the relationship between the sexual satisfaction of women and conflicts between spouses, among 400 married women in Shiraz. The survey was conducted by the random classification sampling and the data was collected through a questionnaire in the year 1388. The Askanzvny Conflict Theory ...
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This study reviews the relationship between the sexual satisfaction of women and conflicts between spouses, among 400 married women in Shiraz. The survey was conducted by the random classification sampling and the data was collected through a questionnaire in the year 1388. The Askanzvny Conflict Theory has been used in this research to show the relationship between the sexual satisfaction of women and conflicts between spouses. The result of this survey showed that there is a significant and reverse relationship between the sexual satisfaction of women and conflicts between spouses. So with the rise of women's sexual satisfaction, couples’ conflicts will reduce. Furthermore the first three aspects out of the fivefold aspects of sexual satisfaction have reverse relationship with the conflict between spouses.
Abbas Askari-Nodoushan; , Seyed Alireza Afshani; Razie Zakeri-Hamane; Somayeh Askari-Nodoushan
Volume 9, Issue 1 , April 2011, , Pages 93-116
Abstract
In recent years, the high level of consumption in Iranian society has provoked wide social and political debates. Nevertheless, there have been few systematic social studies to examine social and individual factors that influence consumption values and behaviors. This paper examines social determinants ...
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In recent years, the high level of consumption in Iranian society has provoked wide social and political debates. Nevertheless, there have been few systematic social studies to examine social and individual factors that influence consumption values and behaviors. This paper examines social determinants of consumption aspiration of married women. Data for the study collected through a cross-sectional survey in 2009 among a representative sample of 684 respondents in the city of Yazd, Iran.
To study the impact of socio-economic factors on the consumption aspirations, in this paper we conceptualize and evaluate the impact of the hypothesized relationships at three levels: 1- individual characteristics of respondents, 2- intergenerational influence of the parental characteristics, and 3- family and household socio-economic condition.
Our analysis confirms the effect of individual attributes, socio-economic condition of household and intergenerational influence of parental characteristics on the level of consumption aspiration of respondents.
In evaluating the impact of individual characteristics (including respondent's age, education, mass media exposure and place of origin), findings reveal the most important impact of mass media exposure on the formation of consumerism life style and consumption culture.
An examination of the household's condition hypothesis (including the household income and household size) indicate a powerful and direct effect of family income on the consumption aspiration. Findings also confirm the intergeneration influence of parent's characteristics on the consumption aspirations of respondents.
Maryam Rafatjah; Somayeh Ghorbani
Volume 9, Issue 1 , April 2011, , Pages 117-147
Abstract
This study aims to find the reasons for women’s failure to achieve more managerial positions despite the increasing number of women higher education graduates, and the effect of social capital on the promotion of female personnel.
The statistical sample includes the personnel of Sepah Bank and two ...
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This study aims to find the reasons for women’s failure to achieve more managerial positions despite the increasing number of women higher education graduates, and the effect of social capital on the promotion of female personnel.
The statistical sample includes the personnel of Sepah Bank and two different methods, qualitative and quantitative, were used to run the research. A probabilistic and stratified sampling method was used for the quantitative part while a purposive counterpart was used in the qualitative part.
Quantitative measurements take advantage of questionnaires and SPSS to gather necessary data and analyze them in descriptive terms. The qualitative part, however, utilizes techniques of observation and semi-structured interviews.
The findings reveal that women with higher socio-economic status enjoy a greater job promotion opportunity but it does not show any difference between the two types of women in terms of marital status, number of children and religious tendencies. It shows that women with high ranking managerial positions have a far greater amount and the structure of social capital -namely social participation, relations and trust - than other working women.
Data analysis reveals that men and women differ in terms of the amount and type of the relations which they make and also supports that discriminations between men and women regarding their access to the important and strategic positions and resources prevent women from attaining most high level and strategic jobs.
Asadallah Naghdi; Esmaeil Balali; Parvin Imani
Volume 9, Issue 1 , April 2011, , Pages 147-163
Abstract
In today's world, women's participation in social activities is considered as a measure of their social and civil rights. However, there are challenges to such participation. This research aims to investigate these socio-cultural obstacles, comparing athletic and non-athletic women.
The present study ...
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In today's world, women's participation in social activities is considered as a measure of their social and civil rights. However, there are challenges to such participation. This research aims to investigate these socio-cultural obstacles, comparing athletic and non-athletic women.
The present study examines women's sports participation as a form of behavior which includes Fishbein and Ajzen theories, social learning theory, cultural capital, Bem's feministic theories, Chaftez theory and also Chu's theory, through survey and data gathering technique of questionnaire.
A t-test was run for independent samples along with logistic regression proportional to research theories to compare the two groups. 200 non-athletic and 50 athletic women were selected a statistical society of 106404 women aged 20 to 40 residing in Hamedan Province.
The results show that athletic women enjoy a greater economic, social and cultural status and a more comprehensive social protection. Moreover, the families of athletic women have more positive attitude towards life than non-athletes. Accordingly, athletic women demonstrate a significantly lower acceptance rate for cliché beliefs in comparison to non – athletic women. However, the results also reveal that in terms of perceived usefulness, there is no significant difference between these two groups.
Generally, cultural capital and individual inclination are two influential variables in the probability of women participating in sports
Aryan Gholipour; Neda Mohammadesmaeeli; Fattane Gholipour
Volume 8, Issue 4 , February 2011
Abstract
International competition for having a greater contribution in the world is
ever increasing, thus human resource management plays an important role. In a knowledge-based economy, an all-out participation of women in different social arenas promises optimal utilization of all human resource potentials. ...
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International competition for having a greater contribution in the world is
ever increasing, thus human resource management plays an important role. In a knowledge-based economy, an all-out participation of women in different social arenas promises optimal utilization of all human resource potentials. In this respect, Iran has experienced an extensive presence of women in its higher education. Generally, the stronger the social identities of women, the better will the national objectives, as depicted in the country's development plan, be realized. Therefore one of the essential challenges of Iranian managers is to reinforce the social identity in higher education institutions which train future human resource of the country. In order to identify the strategies of reinforcing social identity, the University of Tehran and Qazvin Azad University are chosen as research sample and data is collected through interviews and questionnaires. Twenty people are interviewed from each university and another 419 fill out a questionnaire. This research takes advantage of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The research findings indicate that the mean of the sense of national identity equals 3.61 for University of Tehran whereas this figure stands at 3.87 for Qazvin Azad University. Qualitative analysis of data suggest that physical, spatial and symbolic separation of girls’ and boys’ identities leads to a feeling of disappointment and frustration in girls and is detrimental to their self confidence, while destroying it. The lack of ability to link different identities is considered as one of the main causes of failure in balancing different social roles. Consequently, this gives rise to unidimensionality of girls and a poor self-esteem. In the light of this, presenting women who have succeeded in positively relating different identities is a way to reinforce and strengthen identity in women. Accordingly, the priorities of identity management strategies in universities are as follows: 1. Aggregation, 2. Combination, 3. Division, 4. Omission. Human being has a folded character, it doesn't only possess one identity but rather it is made up of numerous complex identities. This is further complicated as humans can simultaneously hold social identity, corporate identity and individual identity. These identities are relative and are subject to change over time. This paper aims to identify and analyze dynamics of women in organizations, especially educational institutions, thus offering solutions for identity management.
Fazileh Khani
Volume 8, Issue 3 , October 2010
Maysam Musai; Nader Mehregan; Ruholah Rezaee
Volume 8, Issue 2 , July 2010
Esmat Danesh
Volume 8, Issue 2 , July 2010
Mohammad Esmaeil Riahi; Akbar Aliverdi-nia; Marzieh Haghgooi-Esfahani
Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2010
Majid Movahed; Esfandiar Ghafarinasab; Maryam Hosseini
Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2010
Halime Enayat; Mansooreh dastranj
Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2010
Hossein Mahmoudian; Hajiieh Bibi Razeghi-Nasrabad; Mohammad Reza Karegar shooraki
Volume 7, Issue 4 , January 2010
Abstract
One of the key issues of migration concerns women’s migration. This article, examines the conditions of skilled immigrant women in ehran. Qualitative method is used to collect the necessary data for this tudy. The research also conducts in-depth interview with 25 immigrate women residing in Tehran. ...
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One of the key issues of migration concerns women’s migration. This article, examines the conditions of skilled immigrant women in ehran. Qualitative method is used to collect the necessary data for this tudy. The research also conducts in-depth interview with 25 immigrate women residing in Tehran. The results of the research show that migration decisions depend on multiple factors including lack of employment, educational and entertainment opportunities, search for a better life, or to escape poverty, social or family pressures. According to the study migration has heterogeneous impacts. This phenomenon creates both opportunities and threats for personal security. The study reveals that the motives for women’s immigration include access to further knowledge and information, more varied choices, higher economic status, chance of empowerment as well as gender discrimination, vulnerability, conflicts, exploitation, and indeed involvement in the paradox of privation and prosperousness. However large majority of immigrant women and girls do not want to return home because they fear to lose their newly-won autonomy.
Abolghasem Dadvar; Leila Pour kazemi
Volume 7, Issue 4 , January 2010
Abstract
Women’s costume constitutes factors such as design, color and pattern. By putting these factors together, specific clothing is produced in each region. This study is considers foot wears in small villages of different parts of Iran. The main goal of this research is to find the similarities between ...
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Women’s costume constitutes factors such as design, color and pattern. By putting these factors together, specific clothing is produced in each region. This study is considers foot wears in small villages of different parts of Iran. The main goal of this research is to find the similarities between the foot wears and factors which affect them. To this aim, different women’s footwear are introduced and examined separately. The research method utilized in this study is documental analysis. The findings indicate that there’s a close relationship between the footwear and women’s living conditions. The study reveals that the type of footwear is taken into consideration in various activities such as farming, ranching and also migration. In each activity the footwear that provides the best comfort and convenience is used. The same results can be seen among women who live in similar location and climatic conditions. On the whole, such research can shed light into the culture of rural people, their type of clothing and so reveal subtle points about them.
Mohamad Reza Bemanian; Mojtaba Rafieian; E Zabetian
Volume 7, Issue 3 , September 2009
Volume 7, Issue 2 , August 2009
Volume 7, Issue 2 , August 2009
Abstract
One of the important issues in development is the rate of active participation of women in different fields including macro-decision makings of society.
Gender inequality especially in management field has caused much potential of women to be left untouched. In Most countries women have a share in
social, ...
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One of the important issues in development is the rate of active participation of women in different fields including macro-decision makings of society.
Gender inequality especially in management field has caused much potential of women to be left untouched. In Most countries women have a share in
social, economic decisions. But Iran has not been successful in this process. There are many theories for explaining gender inequality .for example: Neo
Classic,-Segmentation of labor market, Gender (Feminist), socialization, social learning and others theories. These theories emphasize on gender and
body traits of women, household responsibility and social conditions of organizations and society, gender socialization and gender stereotype
variables. The aim of this survey is to study the factors that affect gender inequality especially in management field. Here, we consider gender and
body traits of women, household responsibility and social conditions of organizations and society variables that are more important. The sample size
of survey is 408 staff of state organizations in east Azerbaijan province. The results show that there are invisible obstacles known as “glass ceiling” in
these organizations. Thus, gender and body traits of women, household responsibility, social conditions of organizations, education, family and age
affect gender inequality especially in management domain.
Volume 6, Issue 4 , March 2009
Abstract
Cultural politics regarding status of women is a common issue of Iranian society. Influenced by Prophet Mohammad's teachings in the Arab world, women's status changed rapidly and soon they gained a different social-cultural position in their society. This article, based on the reasoning of discourse ...
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Cultural politics regarding status of women is a common issue of Iranian society. Influenced by Prophet Mohammad's teachings in the Arab world, women's status changed rapidly and soon they gained a different social-cultural position in their society. This article, based on the reasoning of discourse aims to distinguish the social order governing the Arabian Peninsula focusing on its discourse order (introducing ignorance discourse and prophetic discourse). The research aims to find out what discourse propositions in the field of women did Prophet Mohammad produce as a ruler that improved the socio-cultural status of women. In doing so the research has made use of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Moffe method in analyzing the discourse based on "articulation".
Volume 6, Issue 3 , December 2008
Abstract
The present article's focus is mainly on the qualitative analysis of women's representation in Iranian national TV series. Thus, three series, "if my dad was alive!", "the ninth month gazelle " and the satire genre "homeless" produced by channel 1 and 3 in the second half of 2004 have been addressed ...
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The present article's focus is mainly on the qualitative analysis of women's representation in Iranian national TV series. Thus, three series, "if my dad was alive!", "the ninth month gazelle " and the satire genre "homeless" produced by channel 1 and 3 in the second half of 2004 have been addressed through qualitative method.
The analysis of these cases focused on the concept of the deserving presence of women in the series' plot. To this aim, the views of Islamic thinkers as well as the television's agendas and purposes in 2004 have been examined. The authors conclude that the qualitative presence of women in the series is not consistent with the agendas and purposes although the quantity of the presence is reasonable. In reality, a significant rupture between Islamic Iranian policy-makings and the productions of the Iranian TV has resulted in the ineffectiveness of this organization in exercising its gender policy.
Volume 6, Issue 3 , December 2008
Abstract
In recent decades, empowerment as delegation of power to someone has been used a mechanism to increase personal and work life quality of women. Higher education and occupation are effective instruments for empowering women but the role of culture can't be denied in this relation. Social norms can directly ...
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In recent decades, empowerment as delegation of power to someone has been used a mechanism to increase personal and work life quality of women. Higher education and occupation are effective instruments for empowering women but the role of culture can't be denied in this relation. Social norms can directly or indirectly limit women's empowerment. In this article the role of higher education and occupation in psychological empowerment of women in Tehran has been quested.
Current research is a descriptive-practical research. Education and occupation are independent variables and empowerment is the dependent variable. Random sampling is used and 600 questionnaires are completed by women in Tehran city.
To determine validity of scale, construct validity and factor analysis is utilized. The reliability index of chronbakh is 0.8945 and spearman correlation and structural equations model are used for statistical analysis.
Results of research indicate that higher education and organizational occupation determine the level of empowerment for women in Tehran.
Volume 6, Issue 2 , July 2008
Abstract
Female competence to judge is a controversial matter amongst interpreters and the religious jurisprudence (Foghaha), to the effect that some scholars by virtue of Holy Koran and sayings of the Immaculate claim that women have no competency to judge.
Having a comprehensive analysis of the references ...
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Female competence to judge is a controversial matter amongst interpreters and the religious jurisprudence (Foghaha), to the effect that some scholars by virtue of Holy Koran and sayings of the Immaculate claim that women have no competency to judge.
Having a comprehensive analysis of the references made by opponents of female judgment including those made to Holy Koran and sayings of the Immaculate (Massomin (ع)) this article attempts to reject such claims.
Nowadays, the frame and shape of judgment has changed, and the matter of gender is ineffective in rendering it. However, close analysis of the verses of the Holy Koran and the tradition of the Immaculate (Maasomin (ع) does not reveal that this responsibility is handed over only to men and the female gender is negated, thus the idea claiming that female judgment is negated in Holy Koran is rejected.
Volume 5, Issue 3 , January 2008
Volume 5, Issue 3 , January 2008
Abstract
One of the important problems concerning women in Iranian organizations is the stereotype attitudes towards women inherited from the past. Many of these negative attitudes have been made by men, and that’s why, women's efficiency and effectiveness in organizations seems low as compared to that of men. ...
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One of the important problems concerning women in Iranian organizations is the stereotype attitudes towards women inherited from the past. Many of these negative attitudes have been made by men, and that’s why, women's efficiency and effectiveness in organizations seems low as compared to that of men.
This study attempts to examine the popular clichés concerning women's organizational commitment, job involvement and organizational citizenship behavior in educational organizations (Ministry of Education, Ministry of Research & Technology, and Ministry of Health and Medical Education).
The statistical sample consists of 819 people. The findings show that women's organizational commitment in educational organizations is not qualitatively different from that of men. Thus Women's involvement and organizational citizenship behavior is actually more than men's. Furthermore, the results show that organizational commitment has a significant causal relationship with job involvement and organizational citizenship behavior.
Volume 5, Issue 2 , November 2007
Abstract
International experiences reveal that promotion of gender equality paves the way for developmental achievements in a way that it ensures equal living standards and human rights for all individuals. Nowadays gender equality is not only one of the principles of human rights but is emphasized for alleviating ...
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International experiences reveal that promotion of gender equality paves the way for developmental achievements in a way that it ensures equal living standards and human rights for all individuals. Nowadays gender equality is not only one of the principles of human rights but is emphasized for alleviating poverty, upgrading living standards and stabilizing economy.
The relation between democracy, development and equality is taken for granted thus to realize this it is necessary to conduct structural reformations for increasing women’s participation in political and social life. No doubt supporting women’s role and reinforcing it in the society improves hygiene and health care, enhances level of education, voluntarily controls population growth and generally improves economic growth and equal distribution of benefits.
During the past decades there have been fundamental changes in the role and status of women. Many countries have come to an agreement and reached a consensus on the reduction of gender gap regarding education, healthcare, occupation, and social welfare. Data regarding Iran suggest that although there have been effective attempts in reducing gender gap but still women face many problems. Some of these problems and obstacles are due to pressures and forces of development but a great part of it is related to culture and dominating traditions.
The third five-year development plan is distinguished from other plans in terms of emphasizing on indices and necessities of reducing gender gaps. This study demonstrates that from many aspects there are fewer gaps and gender inequality in many provinces nevertheless this is totally different regarding occupation.
Volume 5, Issue 2 , November 2007
Abstract
Contemporary Iranian society is transiting from traditional outlook to modern attitudes. Social chaos matched with behavioral and thinking chaos is characteristic of transition period. Political structure, as a part of society, alongside the juridical, economic and social structure is transiting from ...
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Contemporary Iranian society is transiting from traditional outlook to modern attitudes. Social chaos matched with behavioral and thinking chaos is characteristic of transition period. Political structure, as a part of society, alongside the juridical, economic and social structure is transiting from traditional sovereignty to intellectual and legal one. Political participation, as a tangible aspect of social participation, has similar fate in transiting societies with anomalous characteristic. Nevertheless, women do not have a proper status in political participation and are judged as an incomplete political entity.
The research, through tracing roots of women's social suffering, believes that for reasons arising from ancient social and economic notions, women have been removed from social interaction network thus they are faced with many obstacles and difficulties on attaining high levels of political/ social power. Therefore, equal opportunities and options should be created for women to enter the network of society's mutual relations so that in this way the stereotype of male domination and women's subordination is eliminated.
Volume 3, Issue 3 , December 2005
Abstract
After the Second World War one of the most effective ways which could make an important impact on the life of minorities and deprived communities has been positive discrimination. Of course, it has been always controversial in terms of its legitimacy as well as its real impact on changes. Using positive ...
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After the Second World War one of the most effective ways which could make an important impact on the life of minorities and deprived communities has been positive discrimination. Of course, it has been always controversial in terms of its legitimacy as well as its real impact on changes. Using positive discrimination to promote women's condition in many countries and fields such as entering of women to universities, management positions, and generally to womanly positions has been received great deal of attention, and it could be effective in Iranian society in which women's circumstances is rapidly changing. Although the condition of Iranian women has changed significantly and they are more educated than they were before, this strong social presence has not resulted in having decent job opportunities .So Iranian women are experiencing vulnerable conditions in comparison with the conditions of Iranian men.
However, it is not a case just for Iranian women to experience these unfair circumstances since it is typically seen in most developing countries. Surprisingly, even in some developed countries the access of women have been narrowed toward some high profile jobs and they are faced various difficulties when it comes their promotion within the system.
This study tries to find out about the historical origins of positive discrimination and it's compatibility with the condition of women in developing and developed countries. It is also tried to find out about the possibility of positive discrimination in terms of its application in Iranian society.
