economics
Pedram Mohammad Hassan; Ali Reza Oryoie
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of the intersection of gender and ethnicity on income inequality in Iran. We use data from two sources: the National Survey of the Consumption of Cultural Goods (2019) collected by the Research Center for Culture, Art and Communication, and the Household Expenditure ...
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This study investigates the impact of the intersection of gender and ethnicity on income inequality in Iran. We use data from two sources: the National Survey of the Consumption of Cultural Goods (2019) collected by the Research Center for Culture, Art and Communication, and the Household Expenditure and Income Surveys (HEIS) collected by the Statistical Center of Iran between 2016 and 2020. Our findings, based on Ordinary Least Squares and Quantile Regressions, reveal a persistent gender income gap across all income percentiles and ethnicities, with women consistently earning less than men. Furthermore, the interaction term between gender (being female) and ethnicity (being non-Fars) is significant and negative for both low and high-income groups. This suggests that being non-Fars exacerbates the gender income gap for women (non-Fars women face a significantly wider gender income gap when compared to Fars women). Additionally, regardless of ethnicity, the gender income gap is the largest for women in the lowest income percentiles and smallest in the middle percentiles. Our results highlight the importance of considering the concept of Intersectionality when formulating policies. Policies aimed solely at reducing the gender income gap might be ineffective unless they acknowledge the diversity of ethnicities within a society.
economics
Saadolah Darabi; Hossein Mahmoudian; Majid Koosheshi; Hossein Raghfar
Abstract
The objective of this research is to compare the duration of unemployment among Iranian men and women who have visited labor centers. The current study is a secondary analysis, and the statistical population of the study consists of all job seekers aged 15 to 45 who have referred to job centers throughout ...
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The objective of this research is to compare the duration of unemployment among Iranian men and women who have visited labor centers. The current study is a secondary analysis, and the statistical population of the study consists of all job seekers aged 15 to 45 who have referred to job centers throughout the country from the beginning of 2013 to the end of October 2019. The study was conducted using the survival analysis statistical technique. The results of this study indicate that women experience longer periods of unemployment than males. The average duration of unemployment among job seekers aged 20 to 24 is shorter than that of other age categories. Job seekers who are married, divorced, or widowed are at a lower risk of unemployment than those who are unmarried. The risk of unemployment is highest among job candidates who lack education, while the second highest risk is borne by individuals with master's and doctoral degrees. The findings of this investigation suggest that the age and gender composition of the populace must be taken into account when formulating policies and overseeing the labor market. Given that women comprise half of the country's population, it is imperative to capitalize on this capacity, especially in the context of departing the demographic window and implementing strategies to reduce unemployment and establish stable employment. Furthermore, the role of job applicants in marriage, childbearing, and child training, as well as the limitations of job diversity, must be thoroughly considered and prioritized.
Management
Mahdi Filsaraei
Abstract
Women are more risk-averse and more conservative in making investment decisions.This research examines the relationship between the gender diversity of the board of directors and the investment inefficiency of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The argument is that companies with gender diversity ...
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Women are more risk-averse and more conservative in making investment decisions.This research examines the relationship between the gender diversity of the board of directors and the investment inefficiency of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The argument is that companies with gender diversity of the board of directors have lower investment inefficiency than companies without gender diversity of the board of directors, and the presence of female directors in the board of directors has a negative relationship with investment inefficiency.This research is quasi-experimental. Also, considering that the results of the research deal with solving a specific problem or issue, it is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method, correlation analysis with regression approach. Considering that this research uses past information to test hypotheses, it is retrospective. In order to examine this issue, research hypotheses were selected based on a statistical sample consisting of 108 stock companies (based on systematic exclusion) during the years 2017 to 2021 (540 observations) and tested using multivariate regression models.The analysis of the research sample shows that there is a significant negative relationship between the gender diversity of the board of directors and investment inefficiency. The results also showed that board independence moderates the relationship between board gender diversity and investment inefficiency. But CEO tenure does not moderate the relationship between board gender diversity and investment inefficiency.
Anthropology
Narjes Roodgar
Abstract
This paper endeavors to elucidate and formulate the social dimension of the concept of gender using an exploratory and analytical approach, as derived from the theory of “Acquired Human” in transcendental wisdom. Gender is exclusively associated with femininity and masculinity in the works ...
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This paper endeavors to elucidate and formulate the social dimension of the concept of gender using an exploratory and analytical approach, as derived from the theory of “Acquired Human” in transcendental wisdom. Gender is exclusively associated with femininity and masculinity in the works of Islamic philosophers, which demonstrates the distinctions between the two sexes. The philosophical approach to gender definition necessitates the establishment of principles that can elucidate the relationships between social change and its impact on human identity. The foundations and principles of the theory of “Acquired Human” are capable of elucidating and clarifying this relationship with regards to the concept of gender in transcendental wisdom. In accordance with the principles of “Free Will,” “Substance Theory”, and the “Unity of the knowledge (Elm), the knower (Ālem), and the Unity of action and actor,” the actions and thoughts of an individual contribute to the formation of various aspects of their identity, including their gender identity. Behaviourism in Transcendental Wisdom also affirms that every gendered behavior initially acquires dimensions, which subsequently shape the gender identity of both men and women. Finally, the definition of gender identity is not neutral, as it is based on the principles of transcendental wisdom, despite the fact that the element of acquisition is a defining factor. The boundaries of its transformations are not limited to the confines of nature; they also play a role in the realm of anomalies.
Women's Studies
Fariba Alasvand
Abstract
The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization ...
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The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization or trend-setting structures have not been raised and strengthened in this approach. Except for some of the books and articles that have been published in the last two decades and presented good comparative studies that can inspire new researches, most of these studies are still involved in issues such as knowing or not knowing the rules of justice, justice as a criterion for Friday and congregational imamate., the difference between the sharia and customary meaning of justice, criticism of women's rights and duties with the measure of justice and the like. Therefore, a research that proposes to strengthen those theoretical dimensions of justice that leads to pragmatism and structuring about it is necessary. Therefore, this article aims to strengthen this dimension and to present the necessities that are necessary in organizing a pragmatic theory of justice, and because in the last century, one of the challenges of justice, especially its Islamic approach, rights and benefits Social is for women, the field of investigation and comparisons has been placed on the issue of justice for women.Weighing each ruling with justice means to consider justice as the criterion of all of them or the legislative goal of all of them. Although such a statement is not approved, it is necessary to fill the empty space of mandatory rules with fair laws and legislate fair laws in the administration of the country and governance. As some authors believe, if the rulings in the laws of the Islamic Republic are in accordance with the explicit text of the Qur'an and frequent hadiths, they are the same revelation and cannot be criticized by the standard of justice, but in the case of other laws, if the revelation is silent, they are evaluated by the standard of justice. As a result, if justice is a criterion in some of the laws of the country, among the most important topics in this regard is the processing of the theory of justice, which includes clear theoretical and practical aspects as a strategy for managing society. Although these dimensions have been the focus of domestic researchers in the studies of the last two decades, they need to be explored more and focused on micro-issues. In the path of transition from the praise of justice in its religious studies to practical theoretical processing, one should know what is the most important theoretical and practical challenge of justice in this field. This is the main question in this article. To answer this question, the author's effort is to present one theoretical consideration and two practical considerations in the theorizing of justice centered on women. The theoretical consideration deals with the challenge of the inequality criterion, and the practical consideration deals with the two issues of perception measurement and indexing for justice, and in all cases, it focuses on the issue of women. After collecting the necessary data, the method of the article is content analysis and a documentary and fundamental article.
Sociology
mahmoud mohammadi
Abstract
Increasing the level of education of women and girls, increasing the level of employment and economic activities, as well as the presence in the virtual space and membership in social networks, has led to women's rethinking of gender roles. This change in attitude and feeling has led to their more active ...
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Increasing the level of education of women and girls, increasing the level of employment and economic activities, as well as the presence in the virtual space and membership in social networks, has led to women's rethinking of gender roles. This change in attitude and feeling has led to their more active presence in the public sphere. They want to gain more power than in the past and play a more important role in redefining and rebuilding society. This tendency of girls to be present in public spaces and activism in social, educational, economic, and political fields is a sign of changes in girls' perception of the role of femininity and girlhood in society. The purpose of this article is to represent the lived experiences and perceptions of Farhangian University female students about girlhood. In this way, this article answers this question: How are lived experiences of female students of Farhangian University about girlhood?This research is qualitative and describes and analyzes students' lived experiences of girlhood. The phenomenological approach is a suitable method for investigating people's lived experiences. The sample of research in this article is female students of Alborz Farhangian University. Based on this, the lived experiences of 22 students were collected. The age of the participants was between 20 and 23 years and all the students were female. The data collection method is a semi-structured interview. Students answered three general questions.1- How do you describe being a girl?2- What issues and problems have you faced due to being a girl?3- How do you feel and understand the general perception (society, family, acquaintances, etc.) of girlhood?After collecting the interviews, data analysis began. The data analysis method is thematic analysis. Narratives of the investigated samples of girlhood were categorized into 3 main themes: characteristics of girlhood, problems of girlhood, and agency of girlhood.1- Characteristics of girlhood: Most of the examined samples highlighted the emotional characteristics and emotional behaviors of girls and emphasized the importance of feelings and emotions in the lives of girls. The studied samples have expressed the feeling of security and peace and the need for affection and attention as the basic needs of girls. Also, the investigated samples listed girls as having emotional characteristics such as patience, sadness, and kindness.2- Problems of girlhood: The studied samples have expressed the problems of girls in society in three categories: restriction and deprivation, injustice and discrimination, and social misconceptions towards girls. The feeling of restriction and deprivation in the family, social, cultural, and economic spheres for girls is one of the most important problems that the majority of students have mentioned in their experiences. They have stated that they have faced family, social, cultural, and economic deprivations and restrictions in their everyday experiences. Also, the feeling of injustice and discrimination has been repeated in most of the examined samples. Almost all the examined samples have implicitly and openly pointed out that they have faced injustice and discrimination in social life. Also, the investigated samples were dissatisfied with some social misconceptions that are common about girls and protested against them. They have stated in their experiences that many people in society see girls and women as the second sex that needs care and control. Also, they think that women and girls are weak and incomplete so they are dependent on men and they cannot manage their lives without men. These social perceptions towards women and girls strongly cause deprivation and restrictions for girls and provide the necessary grounds and justifications for injustice and discrimination against girls.3- the agency of girlhood: Examining the lived experiences of student girls shows that they are dissatisfied with some common misconceptions about girls and are looking for active agency and activism in the public and social sphere. The studied students were strongly seeking to change and correct social misconceptions about girls by intervening in society and showing their capabilities and talents.Half of society is made up of women and girls. One of the methods that help to understand and recognize women's society is to examine the perceptions of femininity and girlhood in the society of women and girls. The results of this research show that girls' perceptions about the roles of femininity and girlhood in society have changed. This change in perception of girlhood has led to their tendency to be more present in public spaces and they want to be active in institutions and areas that determine their social fate in society.
Sociology
Fatemeh Mansourian; Narges Nikkhah Ghamsari; Mohammad Ganji; sosan bastani
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to investigate and present the viewpoints of employed men and women graduates and the construct of gender in the workplace. In this study, in addition to avoiding one-dimensional and narrow view in the analysis of employment and gender, a GrandedTheory approach and ...
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The main purpose of this study is to investigate and present the viewpoints of employed men and women graduates and the construct of gender in the workplace. In this study, in addition to avoiding one-dimensional and narrow view in the analysis of employment and gender, a GrandedTheory approach and an exploratory one were employed. The qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews and purposive sampling method from 22 educated men and women working in Tehran. The data were analyzed with MAXQDA software and data-driven theory method.The paradigm model obtained from interpreting the viewpoints of the population under study indicated that the core phenomenon (gender construction of employment) could be defined based on the interactions of factors such as causal conditions (gender relations governing the work environment, gender beliefs and constructive rules); underlying conditions (challenges of the workplace, the nature of the workplace and the support of communication networks) and intervening conditions (recognizing the professional position, job quality and the paradox of the university and the labor market). While confirming qualitative findings, the analysis of data revealed that women experienced the gender construct and unequal access to resources more than men in workplace. In the final analysis it could be said that working women, when exposed to unequal access to opportunities and resources, can change the way of access to resources with their active action strategy, but this does not imply absolute freedom. The structure is imposed by rules and resources such as gender relations in the workplace, gender beliefs, constructive rules, lack of communication network support, authoritarian work environment, workplace challenges and paradoxes between the university and the labor market and it changes and limits women actions. Men, like women, acknowledged the existence of a masculine dominant environment in work, the existence of discriminatory laws, the challenges of the workplace, the paradox of the university, and the tendency of the labor market to exclude and marginalize women. Based on these results and a multivariate view of gender construction in the workplace, it is possible for women to achieve greater participation and leading the workplace to move towards avoiding gender domination by reviewing the employment policies, reforming managers' attitudes and balancing power in the family.
Hajar Azari; Leila Bahrami
Abstract
In developed societies, the right to health has gained a broad meaning and different countries have redefined it in various dimensions. Explaining the right to women's health influenced by gender and experiencing multiple changes during their lifetime is of particular importance and requires the creation ...
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In developed societies, the right to health has gained a broad meaning and different countries have redefined it in various dimensions. Explaining the right to women's health influenced by gender and experiencing multiple changes during their lifetime is of particular importance and requires the creation of a new structure based on accurate knowledge and awareness of the needs and the factors affecting it. In public law, the securement of public health and maintaining the health of citizens are among the fundamental responsibility of states. Government intervention includes a wide range of measures to improve health through the formulation and monitoring of laws and the implementation of macro- policies in this area. This qualitative research, has been conducted by describing and analyzing the relevant Micro and macro documents and has identified the right to women's health in various and high important dimensions such as physical, spiritual, psychological, social, occupational, environmental and intellectual dimensions. The findings of the research and review of upstream documents and macro-policies indicate that only some aspects of the right to women's health have been identified and regulated, therefore the development of a comprehensive legislative program for women's right to health in all areas is essential based on macro-transformative policies as one of the indicators of development.
Somayeh Arab Khorasani
Abstract
Gender narrative analysis of divorce is resulted from the investigation about the issue of a triple point including narration of individuals who wants to get married, structure of gender and the institution of family. Consequently, this triple points show the place and the influence of the structure ...
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Gender narrative analysis of divorce is resulted from the investigation about the issue of a triple point including narration of individuals who wants to get married, structure of gender and the institution of family. Consequently, this triple points show the place and the influence of the structure of gender in prescribed identity of individual under its influence Therefore, this paper apply narrative analysis approach with 30 men and women participants who have at least one experience of marriage and divorce. The result indicates that gender and its late transition in social actor's mentality counteract with the institution of family has great influence on the dissolution of family. Social actors, especially women, in their new interpretation of the meaning of gender have found it in contrast with family that made them decide to stay or leave. Therefore, the encounter of the evolved gender and the somehow fixed family form is the cause of divorce in middle range level that needs more and deeper investigation.
Mohammad Khorashadi; Mohammad Ali Moradi; Ali Payan
Abstract
In recent years, the participation of women in corporate governance, especially on boards of directors and audit committees, has considerably increased. Examining the effects of female audit committee members on agency costs and bankruptcy risk, this study aims to answer the question of whether presence ...
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In recent years, the participation of women in corporate governance, especially on boards of directors and audit committees, has considerably increased. Examining the effects of female audit committee members on agency costs and bankruptcy risk, this study aims to answer the question of whether presence of women on the audit committee are associated with the improvement of its effectiveness. In this respect, 662 firm-year observations of listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange were analyzed for the period 2012-2017, employing the method of panel data and Generalized Least Squares (GLS). The research findings revealed that female presence on audit committees has a significant negative association with agency costs and bankruptcy risk. In other words, female presence on audit committees leads to the reduction in agency costs and bankruptcy risk. It can be concluded that women make better monitors, and they are more risk-averse and less tolerant towards managers’ opportunistic behaviors and, thus, lead to the enhancement in the effectiveness of audit committee.
Sociology
Vahid Ghasemi; Somayeh Arab Khorasani; Ali Rabbani Khorasgani
Abstract
Studies about gender and family institute with recent changes leading to family disruption shows that women are experiencing exiting from shadows and finding new identity. Studying women residents with the history of at least one marriage and divorce in Tehran city based on grounded theory method shows ...
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Studies about gender and family institute with recent changes leading to family disruption shows that women are experiencing exiting from shadows and finding new identity. Studying women residents with the history of at least one marriage and divorce in Tehran city based on grounded theory method shows a process that focuses on constructing meaning of marriage and family life. This revealed experience and redefinition of living space and the dimension of new identity. Given the women emotional and sexual demands and development of their social capitals, the women are going to change a one-gender public and private living space. Due to unknown peculiarities and dimensions in one hand and ignorance of men to the changes on the other hand and ultimately lack of common language makes the situation ambiguous for men and women and makes family life confusing and discrete.
Women's Studies
Karam Habibpour Gatabi
Abstract
The present study uses feminist and critical theories to study the vulnerability of women in natural disasters in order to optimize the management of natural disaster risk with the aim of reducing their vulnerability. This research has a quantitative methodology using survey. Among 384 men and women ...
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The present study uses feminist and critical theories to study the vulnerability of women in natural disasters in order to optimize the management of natural disaster risk with the aim of reducing their vulnerability. This research has a quantitative methodology using survey. Among 384 men and women aged 15-65 in Gorgan and Kerman provinces, we selected some people based on cluster and proportional stratification sampling methods. The results showed that the most important areas of vulnerability of women in natural disasters were lack of security, lack of employment, lack or weakness of education in the field of natural disasters, cultural problems or the traditional thinking patterns of men about women, no belief in women's participation in disasters. Meanwhile, the most important contexts of women's vulnerability to natural disasters were, as compared to men, the potential and background of women emotional and psychological vulnerability. The social conditions are defined for women in the society and the lack of respect for women's rights by the society and authorities; the physical vulnerability of women; and the preservation of Hijab at the time of the disaster. The findings imply that the natural disasters are intrinsically social phenomena rooted from a social structure or system. Hence, vulnerability of women to natural disasters can be traced back to a construction and the consequence of social structures and semantic systems, which makes the division in the roles of men and women that, produces and reproduces this vulnerability.
Hamid Dihim; Masoumeh Vahabi
Volume 1, Issue 7 , November 2003
Abstract
This study applies empowerment theory to examine women’s access to the credit system. The theory distinguishes five stages of welfare, awareness, access, participation, and control and - focuses on gender equality in the development process. Survey research was conducted in 1 the city of Tehran ...
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This study applies empowerment theory to examine women’s access to the credit system. The theory distinguishes five stages of welfare, awareness, access, participation, and control and - focuses on gender equality in the development process. Survey research was conducted in 1 the city of Tehran and attempted to answer questions such as: To what extent do women interact with the credit system? To what degree do they benefit from these services? In what stage of empowerment are the women located? Women mainly interacted with banks to pay household utilities bills and manage savings accounts. They used the banking system for savings and deposits (particularly qarz ol-hassaneh) more than for accessing credit resources. Those who were successful in securing loans had a lower sense of being discriminated against. The requested loan amounts were not significant enough to support major investments. Among the five stages of empowerment theory, the women were in the awareness and access stages.
Elham Hominfar
Volume 1, Issue 7 , November 2003
Abstract
Gender socialization process, as a basis for the reproduction of gender inequalities, has undergone major changes. As societies move from traditional to modern conditions and old structures and values are questioned, re-defined male and female identities require examination by social scientists. The ...
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Gender socialization process, as a basis for the reproduction of gender inequalities, has undergone major changes. As societies move from traditional to modern conditions and old structures and values are questioned, re-defined male and female identities require examination by social scientists. The study’s objective is to identify patterns of gender socialization and its changes over time. It relies on qualitative methods, using group discussions and participant observation. The research examines learned gender symbols and roles, shifts in the family structure, and changes in gender norms among women and men across three generational groups. The findings reveal broad and imbalanced changes in gender socialization among the new generation. The discrepancy between the aspirations and expectations of young women and existing realities has led to tensions between social forces.
