Political sciences
Elahe Marandi; Zahra Sadat Hejazi
Abstract
Considerable advancements have been achieved on an international level with regard to the promotion of women's rights and their equitable engagement in economic activities and the labour market. However, despite the widespread endorsement of equal pay for men and women by international authorities, its ...
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Considerable advancements have been achieved on an international level with regard to the promotion of women's rights and their equitable engagement in economic activities and the labour market. However, despite the widespread endorsement of equal pay for men and women by international authorities, its practical application has proven to be challenging. The United Nations has reported that an estimation places the global gender wage disparity at 20%. In addition to being a concern within the realm of gender justice, wage inequality has far-reaching implications for societies and their economies. Addressing this issue is a top priority for both the international community and developing nations. Given the significance of examining the status of the right to equal pay in both Iran and the international legal system, this study investigates the following question: “Are there suitable criteria for the right to equal pay in Iran's domestic law and the international legal system?” In providing an answer, legal documents and texts were consulted. The research findings suggest that the international legal system has made some progress in recognizing the right and establishing norms in this area; however, effective practical measures are necessary to achieve this equality. This right has been acknowledged in Iranian legislation through labor contract regulations and employment laws, and in certain instances, a guarantee of proper implementation has been established; however, deficiencies persist in this domain. Consequently, further endeavors appear imperative to advance the complete realization of this right.
Entrepreneurship
Ehsan Chitsaz; Pedram Adibfar
Abstract
Despite significant progress in promoting gender justice in the workplace, gender dynamics further affect women's career opportunities and advancement. This article highlights coaching strategies to help female clients navigate these dynamics and advance their careers. Drawing on research and best practices, ...
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Despite significant progress in promoting gender justice in the workplace, gender dynamics further affect women's career opportunities and advancement. This article highlights coaching strategies to help female clients navigate these dynamics and advance their careers. Drawing on research and best practices, this article builds on the recognition and understanding of gender differences while avoiding harmful stereotypes. In this research, women identified studies related to the areas of coaching strategies in the workplace by using the methods of review systems and by searching in databases and specifying indicators to get the opinion of the input researches, we analyzed the data using a narrative synthesis. The studies included in this review used different coaching interventions, including one-on-one coaching, group coaching, and mentoring programs. Several studies have focused on the impact of mentoring on gender-based biases, including perceptions of women in leadership positions and the impact of mentoring on men's attitudes toward female leaders. This systematic literature review highlights the effectiveness of coaching in addressing gender-based biases, identifying and overcoming barriers to advancement, and developing effective communication and leadership skills for women in the workplace. In this paper, we conclude that while progress toward gender equity remains a struggle, mentoring can play a critical role in helping women reach their full potential in the workplace.
Political sciences
Marzieh Samaei Sahnesaraei; Rahim Khastu; Saeed Moghimi
Abstract
Women, as half of the citizens of the society, can play an efficient and fundamental role in sustainable development if equal rights of men and women are recognized and implemented in the society. Civil institutions and organizations such as parties and NGOs have an effective role in the political ...
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Women, as half of the citizens of the society, can play an efficient and fundamental role in sustainable development if equal rights of men and women are recognized and implemented in the society. Civil institutions and organizations such as parties and NGOs have an effective role in the political development and the distribution of power system, and they lead to reform the political and social structure of the country by preventing the monopoly of power of a particular group or stratum, and if used correctly and rationally, they will lead to the more participation of women. In this study, the problems of women activists in the two decades of 1370s and 1380s and the extent of their participation and the manner of their agency in parties and NGOs have been discussed, and the following basic questions were answered: what are the reasons for more participation of women in NGOs than political parties during the 1370s and 1380s and what factors have caused political parties in the field of women's activities that they have not not achieved their desired functions. Qualitative and descriptive methods have been used to find the answers to the questions. The results of documentary studies, coding, and categorization of interview data through MAXQDA software and the use of content analysis method and data-oriented theory showed that although political parties after the 70s and 80s claimed to expand the role of women in political and social fields, this important goal has rarely been achieved at the highest levels due to the nature of political parties in Iran, and NGOs have, to a large extent, been in a much better position in presenting, expanding, and playing the participatory role of women.
Nahid salimi; Seyyed Hosein Kazemi
Abstract
Being entangled with the political and social discourses and currents, the policy-making process for women and the family in the field of gender justice has faced high level of complexity in Iran. As a result, many fragmented and conflicting policies has been developed especially over the last two decades. ...
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Being entangled with the political and social discourses and currents, the policy-making process for women and the family in the field of gender justice has faced high level of complexity in Iran. As a result, many fragmented and conflicting policies has been developed especially over the last two decades. In this way, by focusing on the role of policy actors, this study aims to investigate the discursive causes of this obvious inconsistency in the relevant policy-making process. To do so, by using Laclau and Mouffe's critical discourse analysis theory, firstly, we analyze the dominant discourses as manifested in policy documents in order to represent the existing fragmentation. Then, based on the policy subsystems theory and its arguments about the effect of policy subsystems on the directions of policies, we explore the policy narratives of the supporting and allied actors in the policy making process. Findings show that the gender justice policies in many cases suffer from the untamed fragmentation affected by the multiplicity of the policy subsystems’ discourses. Specifically, when the nodal points of the formal policies’ discourses are compared with the policy narratives used by the actors, the influences of discourse coalitions in the relevant problem-solving process and policy-making is quite evident.
Geography
Mohammad Reza Poormohammadi; Pakhshan Khezrnezhad; Pulad Ahmadi; Reza Jahanbin
Abstract
One of the main goals of designing urban space is that the urban public spaces provide a place for all age, employment and gender groups. Designing an effective model for consolidation and the presence of actors as active citizens is not possible without identifying features and their needs. Therefore, ...
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One of the main goals of designing urban space is that the urban public spaces provide a place for all age, employment and gender groups. Designing an effective model for consolidation and the presence of actors as active citizens is not possible without identifying features and their needs. Therefore, this study is conducted to evaluate the adaptation of Urmia urban spaces to the needs of women. In this regard, first of all a conceptual model and a self-made questionnaire was designed using the theory of utility of space, and distributed among 400 women in Urmia who were selected using Cochran formula based on classified samples. Validity of questionnaire was provided using formal validity and divergent validity obtained through factor analysis; Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for determining its reliability. The amount of this coefficient was equal to 0.87 the reliability of which is desirable. In this study, the SPSS software has been used as a tool of analyzing and evaluating the data. The results of this study indicate that there is not general satisfaction in the field of physical measures, access and security in urban public spaces while women's satisfaction from cultural and social measures, based on criteria of the study, is observed.
