economics
Vahid Mehrbani
Abstract
Conventional economic theory neglects home production and provides services within household because what is produced and consumed within households has not economic value and hence does not enter the national accounts. The main reason of such ignorance is that the home products are not transmitted from ...
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Conventional economic theory neglects home production and provides services within household because what is produced and consumed within households has not economic value and hence does not enter the national accounts. The main reason of such ignorance is that the home products are not transmitted from market. The history of this viewpoint dates back to the advent of industrialization into the capitalism. Family is a framework for preparation of many worthy commodities in which welfare of individuals is determined while women attend the core of this process. Some economists in the second half of the twentieth century attempted to incorporate housework into the neoclassical theory of labor-leisure choice. Accordingly, this paper also presents an alternative model to analyze such valuable activity called "housework" in which characteristics of Iranian family is more compatible including evident implications. The model leads to a supply function of housework that represents the housework as a negative function of female's wage rate and a positive function of husband's wage and the wife's share from husband's earnings. The method of research is gathering data of married women and analyzing evidence according to econometric equations. These data have been gathered by questionnaire. The housework supply function has been estimated by using a sample that includes 409 married women who reside in Tehran and are at least 35 years old. The estimation is based on logistic distribution function and Maximum Likelihood method. Results suggest that earnings, education, employment and age of women besides family income and marriage duration have negative effect on housework but number of children shows positive impact. As a whole, factors that make market opportunities more attractive tend to lessen the time devoted to housework and vice versa.
Management
Saeed Farahbakhsh; Iraj Nikpey; Razieh Ghanbari
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the glass ceiling on women creative ideas working in administrative province units of Lorestan state with moderating of their self-concept variable. The population of this cross-correlation study included all women employees of administrative province ...
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the glass ceiling on women creative ideas working in administrative province units of Lorestan state with moderating of their self-concept variable. The population of this cross-correlation study included all women employees of administrative province units of Lorestan state. Using stratified sampling, and based on Morgan table, 306 persons were selected as samples. Instruments used in this study include a questionnaire of glass ceiling of Babaie Zklyky (1385), creativity questionnaire of Moghimi and Ramezan (1390) and Self-Concept Questionnaire of California (1986). For data analysis, structural equation test was utilized with benefit of PLS Software. The results showed that the glass ceiling is effective on women creative ideas and there is negative correlation between these two variables. Also the results of structural equation test showed that self-concept variable in correlation with glass ceiling plays moderating role in women creative ideas working in administrative province units of Lorestan state.
Rural Development
Rohollah Rezaei; Sepideh Norozi; Gholamreza Mojaradi; Leila Safa
Abstract
Today, Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) is an important indicator of development; however, due to the greater vulnerability, HRQOL level of women is lower than men, especially in rural regions. This problem has doubled the necessity to investigate and identify the factors affecting HRQOL. Given ...
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Today, Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) is an important indicator of development; however, due to the greater vulnerability, HRQOL level of women is lower than men, especially in rural regions. This problem has doubled the necessity to investigate and identify the factors affecting HRQOL. Given the importance of the issue, the purpose of this descriptive- correlative research was to study the effect of health-promoting lifestyle components on rural women’s HRQOL. The statistical population of the research consisted of all women in rural regions of West Islam Abad Township whose age ranged from 15 to 64 years old (N= 13835). According to the Bartlett et al. Table (2001), a sample size of 250 was selected using multiple stage sampling technique. The standard questionnaire was used to collect data. The results indicated that women’s HRQOL had a positive and significant relationship with age, size of family, number of children and years of married life and a negative and significant relationship with literacy level and time spent on daily sport activities. Also, the results showed that mean score of women’ s HRQOL differed significantly in terms of marital status, situation of head of household, having insurance and periodic medical examinations. Finally, based on findings, six components of health-promoting lifestyle including nutrition management, social support, health responsibility, exercise, stress management and life appreciation explained 57 percent of variances of rural women’s HRQOL.
Entrepreneurship
Davood Ghroneh; Hosein Abedi; Arezoo Ahmadabadi
Abstract
Economic development is the core of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs with the demolition of the old and inefficient methods of the past and replacing them with efficient and innovative practices improve the economic system dynamics and life. One of the factors involved in entrepreneurship is gender ...
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Economic development is the core of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs with the demolition of the old and inefficient methods of the past and replacing them with efficient and innovative practices improve the economic system dynamics and life. One of the factors involved in entrepreneurship is gender and the level of success that each sex will gain in their business depends on their particular features. This research is a comparative study of entrepreneurial characteristics of founders of non-governmental high school in Tehran. The research method was descriptive-survey and the population included the female and male founders of non-governmental high school in Tehran (totally 507 persons). The sample composed of 213 people (90 women and 123 men) selected by cluster sampling. The data were collected through questionnaire that measured two entrepreneurial characteristics including personality and cognitive-skill. The results indicated that the entrepreneurial characteristics of male and female founders of non-governmental high schools are relatively good. There is no significant difference between men and women in terms of entrepreneurial characteristics. Ambiguity tolerance of women entrepreneurs and independence of men entrepreneurs was evaluated as an undesirable item. Also in terms of the personality and cognitive-skill characteristics, there was no significant difference between both groups of men and women. There was no significant difference between personality characteristics between men and women entrepreneurs, except in independence and tolerance of ambiguity.
Zeinab Kavehfirouz; Bizhan Zare; Hossein Shamsedini
Abstract
Iran in recent decades with the steep fall in fertility is facing a demographic issue. According to the movement of Iranian society towards modernity as a result of lifestyle changes, the big question raised in the present research is that ”what lifestyle changes can affect reproductive attitudes ...
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Iran in recent decades with the steep fall in fertility is facing a demographic issue. According to the movement of Iranian society towards modernity as a result of lifestyle changes, the big question raised in the present research is that ”what lifestyle changes can affect reproductive attitudes of activists?” This study was designed aiming at investigating the attitudes toward childbearing, with an emphasis on lifestyle factors among women who want to get married referring to health care networks in Tehran. Using survey methods and techniques, 384 women in Tehran were studied. According to the results we can say that 83.3 percent of pre-marriage women have average and poor attitude toward childbearing and its functions. The lifestyle and its constituent components (body management, free time, cultural consumption and socioeconomic status) have a significant relationship with attitudes toward childbearing, and 32% of the change in attitudes toward childbearing is explained by the independent variable. Also, among the aspects of lifestyle, socio-economic status has the highest impact on the dependent variable. In other words, the mentioned variable, in addition to the direct effect on women's attitudes toward childbearing in Tehran, also influence all aspects of lifestyle, and cultural consumption variable, in addition to the immediate effect on women's attitudes, is influenced by the other dimensions of lifestyle. After socioeconomic status, body management affects women's attitudes toward childbearing.
Women's Studies
Abdolreza Javan Jaafary Bojnordy; Seyyed Mahdi Seyyedzadeh Sany; Mohadeseh Maldar Mohamad Hasanzadeh Mashhady
Abstract
Nowadays, victimization of women is very prevalent as a social problem. Among these are women who in addition to potential vulnerabilities, are more victimized for being migrants and minorities. The main objective of this study is to identify the types of victimization of Iranian and Afghan women refugees ...
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Nowadays, victimization of women is very prevalent as a social problem. Among these are women who in addition to potential vulnerabilities, are more victimized for being migrants and minorities. The main objective of this study is to identify the types of victimization of Iranian and Afghan women refugees in Mashhad urban space and study the factors influencing their victimization. This study was conducted using survey method and the researchers have considered the Afghan refugee women residing in Mashhad as the statistical society in order to study the influence of migration on victimization of women. Moreover, the situation of refugee women was compared with that of the Iranian women by using 112 Iranaian women living in Mashhad in the same condition as the control group. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Questionnaires were completed by Afghan refugee women and Iranian women in areas 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11 of Mashhad. Findings from this study indicate that there are significant relationships among the personal, environmental and economic characteristics and the victimization of women, at 95 percent level. Notably, it was found that there is an inverse relationship between age, education and veil with victimization of women in some crimes against persons such as rape, sexual assault, kidnapping, assault and beating; because among them were some young women, low-veiled, uneducated or uninformed who were reported to be more victimized than others. Also, women who had some kinds of disorder in their family, had experienced more crimes within and outside family. Women's employment in black jobs, in workshops around the city, in unknown and unofficial environments and unregulated and even their night work, is a risk factor casuing women victimization. Finally, it was determined that there is a relationship between the location of women with their victimization in all crimes.
Sociology
Hossein Afrasiabi; Roghayeh Dehghani Daramroud
Abstract
Lack of intimacy and emotional disconnection became a main challenge in contemporary family that can be interpreted and perceived differently from variant viewpoints. The current study aimed to explore the context and women’s way of dealing by emotional separation through investigation of perception ...
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Lack of intimacy and emotional disconnection became a main challenge in contemporary family that can be interpreted and perceived differently from variant viewpoints. The current study aimed to explore the context and women’s way of dealing by emotional separation through investigation of perception and subjective meaning of women involved in this process. Research was done in qualitative approach using grounded theory design. Sample included 33 women of city of Yazd- Iran that were variant according to age, education, marriage duration and spouse age difference. Participants were selected by purpose ful sampling method and participated in semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed by theoretical coding method. The analysis results showed that women participants perceived emotional divorce as communication-support shortage. The context of emotional divorce process started before marriage in abnormal family sphere and continued by risky marriage. Disloyalty, regression and risky media usage after marriage are important themes for emotional separation. Women react to and deal with emotional separation by some adaptive and deconstructive interactions. Finally, research theoretical model was obtained from these themes and categories.
