economics
Mehdi Hajamini; Ameneh Zare; Abolfazl Dehghani; Masoud Nikooghadam
Abstract
In today’s world, the socio-economic statuses of women and men have evolved; however, the effects of masculine ideologies are still evident, particularly in developing and underdeveloped countries. The function of governments as a shield that protects the interests of men is widely believed to ...
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In today’s world, the socio-economic statuses of women and men have evolved; however, the effects of masculine ideologies are still evident, particularly in developing and underdeveloped countries. The function of governments as a shield that protects the interests of men is widely believed to be historically and institutionally related to this inequality of opportunities. As a result, the present paper has investigated the role of political structure and power on gender inequalities using two methods of variance analysis and random forest, as well as over 2500 observations from 94 countries between 1970 and 2020. For this purpose, Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and political rights and civil liberties indicators were implemented. Based on the variance analysis, two dimensions of democratic political structure were found to be significantly involved in the explanation of the disparity between gender development and gender inequality, particularly the primary difference between not-free and partly-free countries and free countries. In order to experience a society with minimal gender discrimination, it is imperative to prioritize civil liberties and political rights, as the random forest results also confirmed. However, the results concerning cultural characteristics are exceedingly susceptible to fluctuations and are contingent upon the sample or gender index . A policy trade-off between gender freedom and development is not presented to policymakers in developing and underdeveloped countries; rather, they are presented with an all-or-nothing choice. Reducing gender inequality and achieving a free political system are two aspects of the same coin.
Sociology
Marzieh Movafaq; Rasool Nazari; Elham Moshkelgosha
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to present a model to explain the ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management. Philosophically, this research is interpretationist and from the point of view of inductive approach. In terms of strategy, this study is a data base theory type and a qualitative ...
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The purpose of this research is to present a model to explain the ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management. Philosophically, this research is interpretationist and from the point of view of inductive approach. In terms of strategy, this study is a data base theory type and a qualitative research type. The data was obtained through interviews, and the statistical community consists of 15 experts in the field of sports management. The snowball method was used for sampling and the sampling continued until the theoretical saturation limit was reached. To collect information, a semi-structured interview was used, and in order to analyze the data, three overlapping processes of open coding, axial coding and theoretical coding were used. By considering the text of all the interviews in the open coding stage, 303 concepts were identified, and after combining similar codes, 23 concepts were obtained. Then, in the axial coding phase, ten main categories were determined. The results showed that the selection criteria for management positions in sports organizations are not fair due to cultural and individual reasons. It is suggested that the selection criteria be such that both hierarchy is considered and starting from the middle level; As a result, the laws should be adjusted in such a way that the presence of women in social and cultural fields, including sports activities, becomes more prominent and the selection of women is based on meritocracy and specialization.
Marzieh Movafagh; Rasool Nazari; naser shahriary
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explain the dimensions of glass ceiling on women's management in sports. The present study follows the interpretive paradigm and inductive logic with a qualitative approach. Using a combination of previous studies in the last 10 years, a total of 163 studies have been ...
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The purpose of this study is to explain the dimensions of glass ceiling on women's management in sports. The present study follows the interpretive paradigm and inductive logic with a qualitative approach. Using a combination of previous studies in the last 10 years, a total of 163 studies have been extracted from various databases in both English and Persian. The criteria for entering research for analysis closely follow the main question of the research. They entail using interviews to gather information from specific participants, using theoretical saturation to determine the participants themselves, and using coding for analysis. Finally, eight studies are selected with the necessary criteria, and analyzed using content analysis technique. The central category of the present study, based on the glass ceiling of women's management in sports, is consisted of five main categories and 14 sub-categories. The main categories include: prevalence of patriarchal culture in society, lack of trust in society in women's empowerment, disregard for macro-policies in the development of women's sports, women's low self-esteem in the development of women's sports, incompatibility of women's work, and personal environment. Given the dimensions of glass ceiling of women's management in sports, the criteria for selecting management positions in sports organizations are not fair for cultural and personal reasons. Extensive studies in this field should be conducted to change the attitudes toward women and their capabilities.
Women's Studies
Soheyla Sadeghi Fasaei; Marziye Ebrahimi
Abstract
While men’s violence is assessed within their social life, women’s violence is attributed to personal factors, such as mental stress, aggression and/or womanish nervousness, regardless of social factors. Unlike such a common interpretation that tries to associate violence of women with interpretations ...
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While men’s violence is assessed within their social life, women’s violence is attributed to personal factors, such as mental stress, aggression and/or womanish nervousness, regardless of social factors. Unlike such a common interpretation that tries to associate violence of women with interpretations of stereotypes and individual, in this article, violence of women will be explained in terms of life experiences. The present study is a qualitative study conducted by in-depth interviews with 30 women who have been in prison for committing violent crimes at the time of the interviews (between 2012 to 2014), it was found that women are mainly exposed to violence, and the interpretation of violent crimes of women is not possible regardless of structural inequalities, gender inequalities, marginalization and powerlessness. The story of the women interviewed shows that women’s violence reflects their lifestyle which is intertwined by the exclusions and discrimination of individual, family and community; in other words, women’s violence can be considered as a kind of opposition against the conditions that constantly put them into the victim position. Backgrounds and lifestyles of the women under study show that many of them experienced physical, emotional, mental violence and sexual abuse during their childhood, or they have constantly been exposed to mandatory and aggressive relationship due to forced and early marriage which in fact reflects the cultural definitions of the role of men.
Sociology
Zeynab Kaveh Firouz; Fariba Karami
Abstract
In the last few decades, Iran has experienced sharp fertility decline. Studies indicate that women have a major role in childbearing; therefore, their empowerment and autonomy will lead to changes in their fertility behavior. This paper examines the relationship between family power structure and fertility ...
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In the last few decades, Iran has experienced sharp fertility decline. Studies indicate that women have a major role in childbearing; therefore, their empowerment and autonomy will lead to changes in their fertility behavior. This paper examines the relationship between family power structure and fertility behavior in the Tehran city. The data is collected from around 400 women in Tehran who are married and have at least one child. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there is an insignificant relationship between fertility and access to valuable resources (education, employment, and economic capital), women autonomy, division of household labor, attitudes to gender inequality and family power structure. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicated that among all different variables, access to valuable resources and division of household labor are the strong determinants of dependent variable; as fertility rate reduces with the rise in access to valuable resources and decline in partnership in division of household labor. Women’s autonomy is another important variable affecting fertility rate; as fertility rate reduces with the rise in women’s autonomy. Given the results of this study, population policies in Iran in order to facilitate childbearing for couples should provide opportunities by which women can continue their economic activity, have their social participation, maintain and strengthen their power in family as well as promote childbearing.
Fazileh Khani
Volume 8, Issue 3 , October 2010
Volume 7, Issue 2 , August 2009
Abstract
One of the important issues in development is the rate of active participation of women in different fields including macro-decision makings of society.
Gender inequality especially in management field has caused much potential of women to be left untouched. In Most countries women have a share in
social, ...
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One of the important issues in development is the rate of active participation of women in different fields including macro-decision makings of society.
Gender inequality especially in management field has caused much potential of women to be left untouched. In Most countries women have a share in
social, economic decisions. But Iran has not been successful in this process. There are many theories for explaining gender inequality .for example: Neo
Classic,-Segmentation of labor market, Gender (Feminist), socialization, social learning and others theories. These theories emphasize on gender and
body traits of women, household responsibility and social conditions of organizations and society, gender socialization and gender stereotype
variables. The aim of this survey is to study the factors that affect gender inequality especially in management field. Here, we consider gender and
body traits of women, household responsibility and social conditions of organizations and society variables that are more important. The sample size
of survey is 408 staff of state organizations in east Azerbaijan province. The results show that there are invisible obstacles known as “glass ceiling” in
these organizations. Thus, gender and body traits of women, household responsibility, social conditions of organizations, education, family and age
affect gender inequality especially in management domain.
Volume 3, Issue 2 , September 2005
Abstract
Power and its accessibility is one of the most important issues in social science. In more traditional societies, the power was an important phenomena in the family and most often it belonged to men. The occurrence of patrilineal led to the enhancement of male dominance and brought men many privileges.
In ...
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Power and its accessibility is one of the most important issues in social science. In more traditional societies, the power was an important phenomena in the family and most often it belonged to men. The occurrence of patrilineal led to the enhancement of male dominance and brought men many privileges.
In this article it is tried to address some of the issues such as:
- Recognition of power and its implications
- Discussion of power in original thoughts
- To identity an applied model to explain the relation between power and women in family arena.
The methodology which is applied in this study is documentary one.
In contemporary societies, gender roles in the family as discussed by functionalists (such as Parsons) is not convincing any more. Conflict and feminist theories also encounter deficiencies.
Due to social changes, male domination is changing within the family sphere. And with women's involvement in the decision-making process, gender inequality in the family is going to be undermined.
Volume 3, Issue 2 , September 2005
Abstract
Even though contemporary approaches have dwindled the class consciousness and class identity, but at the same time, they magnify the gender and its political aspects. The growth of women's consciousness and redefinition of gender identity is partly due to their social participation in public sphere and ...
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Even though contemporary approaches have dwindled the class consciousness and class identity, but at the same time, they magnify the gender and its political aspects. The growth of women's consciousness and redefinition of gender identity is partly due to their social participation in public sphere and partly due to women's movements.
Despite common belief, even those women who do not believe in women's movements, they show an active gender identity because of the high level of awareness provided by mass media and other sources.
Some factors such as structural, demographical, women's experiences, ideological tendencies and attitude are the most responsible in shaping gender consciousness.
A along with other factors ideological prejudgments, life conditions in childhood and adulthood, cultural and gender socialization, access to some resources such as education for women, women's authority in the family and society are considered to be the most important factors affecting gender identity and consciousness.
Despite the fact that social attentiveness toward gender inequality has grown remarkably, but the reaction of the public, especially women is still uncertain. For instance, it is not clear how Iranian women with different background evaluate their position in the family and social hierarchy.
This article tires to present a theoretical model and identify those factors
which can affect the gender consciousness.
Volume 3, Issue 2 , September 2005
Abstract
This article is an attempt to study the impact of socio-economic factors affecting women's attitudes from a sociological point of view. The data of this research was collected by using a questionnaire.
A sample of 384 women aged 25-54 from Shiraz city, Iran were included in this study.
To explain gender ...
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This article is an attempt to study the impact of socio-economic factors affecting women's attitudes from a sociological point of view. The data of this research was collected by using a questionnaire.
A sample of 384 women aged 25-54 from Shiraz city, Iran were included in this study.
To explain gender inequality, some theoretical approaches such as "Conflict", "Resources" and "Collins" model have been applied. Gender inequality was considered in five different areas such as: social participation of women, the status of women in the family and lab our market, civil and legal rights of women and gender stereotyping.
The result of research show that there is a significant relationship between independent variables (women's education, women's income, father's and mother's education, husbands' income, education of parents and mother's employment status) and dependent variable (gender inequality).
The results also indicate that the most important variables are women's education, mother's education, employment status and the type of women's jobs and these 5 variables together can explain 57/9 present of the variance of data.
