Ahmad Dorahaki; Masoumeh Akhavan Armaki
Abstract
Motherhood is an important aspect of women's life, which manifests itself with the two important functions of giving birth and nurture children. With the advent of modernity, becoming a mother and motherhood as the pre-defined main role of women has been questioned and redefined. Investigating the relationship ...
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Motherhood is an important aspect of women's life, which manifests itself with the two important functions of giving birth and nurture children. With the advent of modernity, becoming a mother and motherhood as the pre-defined main role of women has been questioned and redefined. Investigating the relationship between changes in the attitude towards maternal identity and women's fertility can be helpful in understanding the change of fertility in Iran. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the attitude towards maternal identity and the number of intended fertility of married women aged 18-44 in the urban areas of Kashan city and with a quantitative approach and a descriptive-correlational nature. In this regard, a sample of 385 women with at least one child (with motherhood experience) referring to the health service centers of urban areas of Kashan were selected and investigated by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The validity of the research items was obtained through formal and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the conceptual variables of the research was also confirmed with Cronbach's alpha. The results of the research show that the average of intended fertility is 2.2 in the women of the study. The score of the attitude towards maternal identity of the study women is higher than the expected average. This issue indicates the existence of a desire and a pleasant feeling towards the motherhood identity, in other words, it shows the priority and importance of the role of a motherhood compared to other roles of the women in the study. The results of multivariate analysis show that by controlling all the variables, the variable of attitude towards maternal identity positively and attitude towards gender equality and education have a negative effect on women's intention fertility. The lower the score of the attitude towards maternal identity (importance and priority of the mother's role) and the higher the score of the attitude towards gender equality, the less the number of intended fertility. Also, women with university education have less intend fertility. On the other hand, the findings indicate a statistically significant and effect relationship of gender equality variables and education on the attitude towards maternal identity of the studied women. According to the results of the research path analysis model, it can be said that the attitude towards maternal identity is related to the number of children intended by women in two direct ways and also as a mediator of the effect of gender equality variables and education. Therefore, according to the changes that are taking place in the mentioned components, it is suggested that the policy makers consider the expansion of facilities and support programs that lead to the reduction of the conflict between the components of empowerment and independence of women with maternal identity in the new demographic policies. Facilitation and support programs in the field of maternal identity are a way of valuing the authentic cultural foundation of Iranian society in this relation.
Ahmad Dorahaki; Reza Nobakht
Abstract
When the concept of gender is used in explaining fertility, it is often confined to changes in education and employment status of women. While an important part of gender equality returns to the family domain. Using multi-stage cluster sampling, 600 eligible women aged 18-44 years were studied in urban ...
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When the concept of gender is used in explaining fertility, it is often confined to changes in education and employment status of women. While an important part of gender equality returns to the family domain. Using multi-stage cluster sampling, 600 eligible women aged 18-44 years were studied in urban areas of Bushehr province. Cluster analysis results showed two different types of gender equality within the family among responsive women. Men participation in childcare, men participation in home works, men participation outside the home (related to home works) and women's participation in family decisions in first type was less than average, while each of the variables mentioned in second type are above average. Results of multivariate analysis showed that -by controlling other research variables- the probability of going to higher parity progression in families with a higher gender equality structure, it is about 2.56 times higher than in families with a lower gender equality structure. According to the results of this study, it can be said that culture and discourse in order to increase gender equality within the family can play an important and decisive role in increasing women's intention fertility.
Women's Studies
Mohammad Hassan Fotros; Maryam Najmi; Abbas Memarzadeh
Abstract
One of the biggest developments of the recent decades has been dramatic women’s participation in social and economic fields, and in this regard, the relationship between women’s participation in the labor market as one of the important and influential factors in economic growth, and fertility ...
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One of the biggest developments of the recent decades has been dramatic women’s participation in social and economic fields, and in this regard, the relationship between women’s participation in the labor market as one of the important and influential factors in economic growth, and fertility rate as one of the effective factors in population growth, has been taken into account. Many empirical studies have shown the relationship between women’s employment and fertility rate to be negative. On the one hand, many researchers found that in the European countries, there was a negative correlation between these two variables in the labor market before the 1980s, while the correlation became positive afterwards. Therefore, in this study, using 1360-1392 annual data, extracted from central bank and statistical center of Iran, and ARDL BOUND TESTING approach, we investigate the relationship between employment rate and fertility. The findings indicate that the impact of marriage age, urbanization rate, and per capita income on fertility rate is negative while the effect of women’s employment rate on fertility rate is positive. This indicates that, increased employment rate and thereby creation of financial security give rise to an increase in the tendency for fertility among women; therefore, the negative relationship shown in previous studies is not confirmed.
Hajiieh Bibi Razeghi Nasrabad; Hasan Saraei
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differences in value of children between the 1960s, 1970s, after 1980 birth cohort, and identifying the factors affecting. The data for this study are drawn from a survey in Semnan province in 2012. Information is related to 405 married women aged 15-49 ...
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differences in value of children between the 1960s, 1970s, after 1980 birth cohort, and identifying the factors affecting. The data for this study are drawn from a survey in Semnan province in 2012. Information is related to 405 married women aged 15-49 years. The result shows that the highest score of the children value belonged to the 1960 birth cohort. Protect, emotional and family continuity value in childbearing are characteristics of this cohort. In contrast, emphasis on the economic costs and lost opportunity costs, emotional and psychological benefits to children are characteristics of the 1980 birth cohorts. Based on this study, in line with the socio- economical changes, significant changes in childbearing attitude have emerged in three cohorts. Nevertheless, the 1960 birth cohort more than any other generation produces modern childbearing values and behaviors gives great importance to childbearing and because of the emotional value of children, one of the goals of younger cohort is childbearing. Multiple classification analysis showed that by controlling the effect of factors related to modernization and individual characteristics of respondents, the mean score of value of children within cohort changes. A more percent of the differences between the cohorts are affected by education variable. After entering these variables are considerably reduced the intensity of relationship between value of children and birth cohort. But, the differences in the value of children in three cohorts are still significant.
economics
Zahra Afshari
Abstract
Using cross-provinces and panel regressions, this paper investigates the interrelationship between gender equality and fertility in Iran for the period 2007-2012. The article attempts to explain the low fertility rate in Iran by distinguishing between two types of gender equity, i.e. gender equity in ...
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Using cross-provinces and panel regressions, this paper investigates the interrelationship between gender equality and fertility in Iran for the period 2007-2012. The article attempts to explain the low fertility rate in Iran by distinguishing between two types of gender equity, i.e. gender equity in individual-oriented institutions and gender equity in family-oriented institutions. For this purpose, two models; i.e. fertility and gender equality, are estimated. The first model shows that as gender equality (in general, and gender equality in labor market) increases, fertility follows a U shape pattern. The second model confirms a U shape relationship between fertility increase and gender equality (in general and in education). The results show that the transition from very high fertility to replacement-level fertility in Iran has been associated with a rapid shift toward high levels of gender equity in individual institutions such as education but with low levels of equality in market employment, in combination with high level of gender equity within the family and low level of family-oriented institutions.
Sociology
Zeynab Kaveh Firouz; Fariba Karami
Abstract
In the last few decades, Iran has experienced sharp fertility decline. Studies indicate that women have a major role in childbearing; therefore, their empowerment and autonomy will lead to changes in their fertility behavior. This paper examines the relationship between family power structure and fertility ...
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In the last few decades, Iran has experienced sharp fertility decline. Studies indicate that women have a major role in childbearing; therefore, their empowerment and autonomy will lead to changes in their fertility behavior. This paper examines the relationship between family power structure and fertility behavior in the Tehran city. The data is collected from around 400 women in Tehran who are married and have at least one child. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there is an insignificant relationship between fertility and access to valuable resources (education, employment, and economic capital), women autonomy, division of household labor, attitudes to gender inequality and family power structure. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicated that among all different variables, access to valuable resources and division of household labor are the strong determinants of dependent variable; as fertility rate reduces with the rise in access to valuable resources and decline in partnership in division of household labor. Women’s autonomy is another important variable affecting fertility rate; as fertility rate reduces with the rise in women’s autonomy. Given the results of this study, population policies in Iran in order to facilitate childbearing for couples should provide opportunities by which women can continue their economic activity, have their social participation, maintain and strengthen their power in family as well as promote childbearing.
Mahmood Ghazi_Tabatabaea; Nader Mehri
Abstract
Working women compared with non-working women in Iran bear a double burden ofresponsibility. They not only have to bear the traditional unpaid responsibilities of taking careof children and household chores they also have to bear the responsibilities of performingduties associated with their paid job ...
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Working women compared with non-working women in Iran bear a double burden ofresponsibility. They not only have to bear the traditional unpaid responsibilities of taking careof children and household chores they also have to bear the responsibilities of performingduties associated with their paid job outside the home. The double burden of responsibility forthe working women refers to the amount of work they do at home and outside the homecomparedwith non-working women. This article aims to quantify the additional work theIranian employed women do based on the number of their dependent children under the ageof 7 years. To do this, a comparison between the time allocated for paid and unpaid works by,respectively, working and non-working married women is made. The required data for theanalysis was provided by the Iranian National Center for Statistics. The results indicated thatmarried working women with 0, 1 and 2 children work 3 hours and 6 minutes, 1 hour and 42minutes and 1 hour and 29 minutes, respectively, more than their non-working counterparts.The results also indicate that with an increase in the number dependent children the relativeintensity of double burden of working women decreases.
Hasan Sarayi; Pegah Roshanshomal
Abstract
Induced abortion is one of the problems to which some women resort for different reasons including family planning, to hide their illegal relations, avoid unwanted pregnancy, rape, etc. Physical and psychological aftermaths of abortion on women who experience it as well as cultural and social conditions ...
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Induced abortion is one of the problems to which some women resort for different reasons including family planning, to hide their illegal relations, avoid unwanted pregnancy, rape, etc. Physical and psychological aftermaths of abortion on women who experience it as well as cultural and social conditions of abortion show the importance of paying attention to the problem. This research aims to study the social factors affecting pregnant women’s attitude to induced abortion. The research was performed through survey method and statistical population was all women at the fertility age in Tehran in the year 2006. Sample size was calculated according to formula: 300 people and quota sampling was used. The results of multivariate regression analysis show that variables like religiosity, the attitude of the family and relatives towards abortion, and the social class involve 26 percent of variance related to the attitude of the women towards abortion. Fading faith and piety among women, according to the results, has a direct relationship with increased positive attitude towards abortion. Other variables such as age, education, and occupational status are not related to do women’s attitude towards having abortions.
Maysam Musai; Nader Mehregan; Ruholah Rezaee
Volume 8, Issue 2 , July 2010
Javad Mir-Mohammad Sadeghi; Akbar Tavakoli; Fariba Vahedsaeed
Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2010
Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003
Abstract
The present Iranian labor market is faced with a huge number of people who are seeking work and with insufficient growth of job opportunities, it will entail increasing rate of unemployment. The process of job creation has neither met the demands of the unemployed, nor those of university graduates, ...
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The present Iranian labor market is faced with a huge number of people who are seeking work and with insufficient growth of job opportunities, it will entail increasing rate of unemployment. The process of job creation has neither met the demands of the unemployed, nor those of university graduates, and the country's population as a whole. In this study, a review will be made of the major economic policies at the macro level with their impacts on women's work force in the labor market. Policies such as reducing fertility rate, expansion of education, controlling inflation rate, privatization, and economic growth were analyzed in this study. The findings indicated that while economic growth improves macroeconomic capacities, but unemployment rate is reduced only slightly. The fertility rate has been reduced noticeably in recent years; however, it had minimal impact on women's participation rate. Inflation encourages women to enter labor market. With an increasing number of women graduating from universities,
the labor market will not be able to meet the demands of the female population and in the near future, the country will encounter a new crisis: "The crisis of young unemployed women graduates".
