Political sciences
Hoda sadat Vaezi; Ali Alihosseini
Abstract
Although in the history of mankind, various experiences of the presence of women in the fields of power and politics in various positions have been recorded, such as; the head of the tribe in matriarchal tribes, the viceroy, the ministry, even in some cases the queen & first person of the empire ...
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Although in the history of mankind, various experiences of the presence of women in the fields of power and politics in various positions have been recorded, such as; the head of the tribe in matriarchal tribes, the viceroy, the ministry, even in some cases the queen & first person of the empire & becoming an admiral and becoming a general (for example in the Sasanian and Achaemenid periods) but until the 19th century and before the growth & expansion of democracy in the world; Most of the women were prevented from participating in various fields, as well as from effective and excellent participation in politics. From the middle of the twentieth century; due to the pervasiveness of the process of globalization & democratic political culture, the majority of people & women were able to participate effectively in politics & enter politics. Especially since the 21st century; the increasing presence of women in politics has been expanding as a pervasive process. According to this point that the arenas of human life include political, economic, social & cultural fields and considering that the most effective component of power is the political arena; it can be said: Politics is the most important field of human life and Politics affects the social, economic & even cultural fields. Because political power has the final role of determining, controlling, managing and making decisions. For this reason; participation in political power & attaining political positions have always been very important for people including women. So it should be noted that the presence of women in political positions (achieving political power) is very important. Women's presence on the political positions is strategic importance for considering women's rights at the time of legislation & policy-making and benefiting from female potential in the field of social political management. Therefore; this descriptive-analytical study by document collection method and analysis of some statistics and analogy; tries to answer this question “Given the global trend of women in political positions, What is the status of women in political positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran and What are the possibilities & opportunities for Iranian women to participate in political positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran?”. The results show that Iran is in a bad position in terms of the global sub-index (Sub-index of political empowerment) even compared to many countries in its region. Also, the research results show that in the future, due to the growing efforts of Iranian women for political participation at the level of the power elite) for example; increasing registration & application & candidacy in the elections of the Islamic Council, the elections of the Assembly Experts & the presidential elections(, considering to increase the level of education of Iranian women) to increase the ranking of Iran in the global index of Educational Attainment(and especially with regard to the globalization process & spreading democratic political culture in the age of communication; the demand of Iranian women to play an effective role in political power & attaining political positions will increase a lot. In order to respond to the demand of elite Iranian women to reach political positions, these important facilities should be emphasized: A history of suitable high university education of Iranian women in fields that related to social political management & political positions (political science, public administration, policy making, law, political sociology, etc.), Realization of the minimum political work experience of women to achieve political positions after four decades of the stability of the political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Accepting the presence of women in the field of political power by the transitioning society of Iran and The hidden potential of the ideal of the Islamic revolution about the opposition to the instrumental view of capitalism on female gender & the claim about paying special attention to the dignity of women in the main discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is necessary to reduced the impact of barriers for Iranian women to access political positions with some solutions, for example: political system support measures to increase the share of women in political positions & improve the international image of the Islamic Republic of Iran, culture-creating (culturalization) to show the political field with the image of female & male presence and increasing women's self-confidence.
Ecology
habib Allah Sadeghi; Ali Azizi; Rasoul Sadeghi
Abstract
Gender is recognized as an important factor in protecting the environment. Nevertheless, gender mainstreaming is still considered a secondary option and waste of funds. This study evaluates the impact of the gender gap on the environmental performance of selected countries in the world using the World ...
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Gender is recognized as an important factor in protecting the environment. Nevertheless, gender mainstreaming is still considered a secondary option and waste of funds. This study evaluates the impact of the gender gap on the environmental performance of selected countries in the world using the World Economic Forum data and the clustering k-mean and ordinary least squares regression methods in the framework of demographic metabolism theory during 2014-2020. The results of spatial clustering showed that countries of South and Central Africa and South Asia are in cluster 1 with the lowest values of economic participation and opportunity, health and survival, educational attainment, and political empowerment. Therefore, they must first consider the dimensions of educational attainment and health and survival. Cluster 2 with moderate values in South America, East Asia, Middle East, and Eastern Europe in order to achieve membership in Cluster 3 as well as Cluster 3 itself in Western Europe, North America, and Australia need to further protect the environment and hence, must emphasize the economic participation-opportunity and political empowerment of women. In addition, the results of multivariate ordinary least squares regression showed that the dimensions of the gender gap explain 41% of the fluctuations in environmental performance. Thus, it can be said that the instability of environmental performance in Asian, African and South American countries is due to the gender gap. In addition, the two dimensions of women's educational attainment and political empowerment are the most important components influencing environmental performance.
Political sciences
Mahmoudreza Rahbarqazi; Amin Kooshki
Abstract
In the new age, the canon of people’s attention to politics have been moving from public domains to private ones, from collective belongingness to personal one, and from homogenizing ideologies to personal identities. In addition, new policies offer a new method of participation which contradicts ...
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In the new age, the canon of people’s attention to politics have been moving from public domains to private ones, from collective belongingness to personal one, and from homogenizing ideologies to personal identities. In addition, new policies offer a new method of participation which contradicts the existing communication channels via questioning legitimacy of the existing structures. Thus, one of the methods of new policies is political consumerism. Political consumers are individuals who select their required goods and services based on their societies’ political and moral considerations and not the nature of the goods themselves. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between gender and political consumerism of citizens of Sabzevar. The data collection and analysis method is survey research. This study was conducted on 416 male and female citizens of Sabzevar City. To collect data, a questionnaire was employed. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated formally and its reliability was assessed via the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Considering three aspects of political consumerism, behaviors, motivations, and habits, it was observed that there is significant differences in the degree of political consumerism of male and female respondents. In addition, women have more tendency to use political consumerism for influencing public decisions in the society.
Women's Studies
Yaghoob Foroutan; Mina Shojaee
Abstract
Women's status has experienced significant progress in most parts of the world in recent decades. However, the gender gap still exists in many countries. This study investigates the status of women in the Islamic countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region from a comparative perspective. ...
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Women's status has experienced significant progress in most parts of the world in recent decades. However, the gender gap still exists in many countries. This study investigates the status of women in the Islamic countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region from a comparative perspective. It uses such international indices as Gender Development Index, Gender Inequality Index, and Gender Gap Index. The methodology of the study is a secondary analysis using descriptive exploratory analysis and cluster analysis techniques on international data. Generally speaking, the results of this analysis highlight two key patterns. First, while all the MENA women are considered within one single category, they tend to hold a relatively lower level of gender outcomes and represent more visible gender gap in global comparison. Second, more detailed analysis emphasizes the substantial heterogeneity of the MENA women, suggesting that there is a significantly wide range of socio-economic patterns associated with women’s status by individual country in the region. This diversity needs to be carefully considered in order to provide an appropriate explanation on patterns and determinants associated with the MENA women’s status.
Abbas Hatami; Elahe Imami
Abstract
The impact of gender gap on voting behavior generally is categorized into the traditional gap, convergence and Revisionist patterns. This paper, Firstly By using survey research method and data were collected from 230 eligible male and female voters in Isfahan, makes clear that the first pattern or the ...
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The impact of gender gap on voting behavior generally is categorized into the traditional gap, convergence and Revisionist patterns. This paper, Firstly By using survey research method and data were collected from 230 eligible male and female voters in Isfahan, makes clear that the first pattern or the traditional gender gap is dominated in this electorate, which denotes that women are more conservative than men. Secondly, it suggests that the effect of traditional gender gap on the population of women is not homogeneous and factors such as the level of education and age of women reduce or increase the level of their conservatism. Thirdly, by showing a relation between gender gap and subordinate behavior explains a relation between women’s conservatism and their subordinate behavior. Then makes clear that the factors reduce women’s conservatism and women's subordinate behavior are the same. Ultimately, the key idea underlying this paper is that the impact of gender or the gender gap on the electoral behavior of women do not simply biologically or predetermined, but somewhat this behavior is multi-layer and is constructed in the context of community and by the non-gender factors. In the latter instance, the construction of women's political behavior shows the extent to which attention to the mechanism for political empowerment of women is necessary.
Vahid Ghasemi; Zahra Zakeri
Volume 8, Issue 2 , July 2010
Farideh Maneshii; Raziyeh zohrevand; Faezeh Mashini
Volume 8, Issue 2 , July 2010
Abstract
Education is an investment to improve working ability and social activities of people. In the Iranian educational system, training of human resources (men or women) is done via theoretical and Technical - Vocational fields of study in the high schools. In fact the students’ future education and employment ...
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Education is an investment to improve working ability and social activities of people. In the Iranian educational system, training of human resources (men or women) is done via theoretical and Technical - Vocational fields of study in the high schools. In fact the students’ future education and employment is ascertained by choosing the desired field of study at the end of first year of high school. In the other word, students’ higher education aspirations are directed by the fields of study at high school. They may opt for theoretical studies in which case they can continue such studies at University or they may choose a vocational study which prepares them for a technical job in future
The aim of this study is to investigate the gender structure of students in the high schools in the theoretical and Technical - Vocational fields and its effect on acceptance of male and female students in the universities.
The theoretical framework under which this study is carried out is in accordance with human resources management theories. Descriptive methods are used for statistical evaluation.
The results of this study show that although the male students' proportion was higher in the first grade of high school in all studied years, registration rate of girls for pre-university grade was more than that of boys. Our findings also show that although presence of girls has increased in the Technical - Vocational fields in the third development plan, boys have enjoyed greater opportunities and facilities for continuing education in these fields. Higher number of Technical - Vocational schools and higher diversity in the offered Technical - Vocational fields for boys are just some of these mentioned opportunities.
Greater access and presence of boys in the Technical - Vocational fields and so lower access and presence of girls in these Technical - Vocational fields and their presence in the theoretical fields as a result, is a cause for gender gaps in the proportion of females over the males in pre-university education and higher acceptance of girls in the universities.
Volume 5, Issue 2 , November 2007
Abstract
International experiences reveal that promotion of gender equality paves the way for developmental achievements in a way that it ensures equal living standards and human rights for all individuals. Nowadays gender equality is not only one of the principles of human rights but is emphasized for alleviating ...
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International experiences reveal that promotion of gender equality paves the way for developmental achievements in a way that it ensures equal living standards and human rights for all individuals. Nowadays gender equality is not only one of the principles of human rights but is emphasized for alleviating poverty, upgrading living standards and stabilizing economy.
The relation between democracy, development and equality is taken for granted thus to realize this it is necessary to conduct structural reformations for increasing women’s participation in political and social life. No doubt supporting women’s role and reinforcing it in the society improves hygiene and health care, enhances level of education, voluntarily controls population growth and generally improves economic growth and equal distribution of benefits.
During the past decades there have been fundamental changes in the role and status of women. Many countries have come to an agreement and reached a consensus on the reduction of gender gap regarding education, healthcare, occupation, and social welfare. Data regarding Iran suggest that although there have been effective attempts in reducing gender gap but still women face many problems. Some of these problems and obstacles are due to pressures and forces of development but a great part of it is related to culture and dominating traditions.
The third five-year development plan is distinguished from other plans in terms of emphasizing on indices and necessities of reducing gender gaps. This study demonstrates that from many aspects there are fewer gaps and gender inequality in many provinces nevertheless this is totally different regarding occupation.
