Demographics
habib Allah Sadeghi; Fatemeh Torabi
Abstract
Introduction
Over the last decade, various and heterogeneous types of households have emerged in Iran as a result of economic, social and demographic changes. One of the most significant demographic changes in the country is the increase in the frequency of female-headed households. When comparing the ...
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Introduction
Over the last decade, various and heterogeneous types of households have emerged in Iran as a result of economic, social and demographic changes. One of the most significant demographic changes in the country is the increase in the frequency of female-headed households. When comparing the establishment of female-headed households in developed and developing countries, it is clear that social, economic and demographic factors have different effects on these types of households. Critiquing the existing research that focus on central averages and disregard micro-level changes, it is possible to establish a clear foundation for policies affecting female-headed households.
Aims
Focusing on female-headed households as a distinct group, this study examines their similarities and differences in social, economic and demographic aspects at the county level and studies their distribution within the theoretical frameworks of second demographic transition and inequalities in relation to drive and pressures mechanisms.
Theoretical Framework
Based on the current theoretical and experimental literature, this study classifies the existing components in terms of their role in formation of female-headed households as "driver" and "pressure". Voluntary drivers of feminization of household headship were analyzed using the second demographic transition theory and the forced pressures of feminization of household headship were investigated in the context of inequality theory.
Data and Method
This paper examines the role of driver and pressure mechanisms on distribution of female-headed households in 429 Iranian counties in 2016 using data from the Statistics Center of Iran and spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I and Getis index), K-mean clustering and ordinary least squares regression methods.
Results
The results of spatial autocorrelation revealed that southeast counties have the highest concentration of female-headed households, while the lowest concentration is observed in northwest counties extending in a line to the center. According to the spatial clustering model and the hierarchical exploratory analysis method on the variables of percentage of female-headed households, economic, demographic, and social status, the counties are divided into five clusters with the smallest difference from the central average in each cluster and the greatest difference with other clusters in the best case; One of which (cluster 1) includes only three counties and is considered an outlier. Other clusters include (1) cluster 2 containing the north-west, south and north-east counties and affected by economic drivers; (2) cluster 3 containing central and northern counties and affected by social and demographic drivers; (3) cluster 4 containing western and southwestern counties and affected by demographic and economic pressures; and (4) cluster 5 containing southeastern and eastern counties and affected by social and economic pressures. Furthermore, the results of ordinary least squares regression revealed that the covariates explain 75% of fluctuations in the frequency of female-headed households. The three economic components of percentage of jobless families, employment rate of urban women and economic participation rate had a positive and significant impact (at an error level less than 0.001) on the development of female-headed households. The socio-demographic components of percentage of widowed women, early marriage, percentage of divorced women and literacy rate of women had a positive and significant effect and the two components of the percentage of ever-married population and the percentage of urban population had a negative and significant effect (at an error level of 0.001) on the formation of female-headed households in counties of Iran.
Discussion
A variety of drivers and pressure such as social, economic and demographic factors can influence the formation of heterogeneous households; thus, investigating the factors influencing the formation of female-headed households and their various characteristics at the county level can provide a general picture of the situation of these women and, consequently, the households headed by them and helps evidence-based policy making. Spatial techniques offer numerous possibilities in presenting micro-level spatial patterns and genuine spatial fluctuations that better illustrate the true link between variables since they employ local values rather than relying on central averages.
Conclusion
Social, economic, and demographic changes have a relatively strong impact on formation of female-headed households via two driving and pressuring mechanisms. As a result, empowering women in the context of second demographic transition can increase these households in districts (central and north counties) influenced by the driving mechanism. Continued social, economic and demographic pressures can increased these household in districted (southeast counties) affected by the pressuring mechanism. Thus, policy making based on the role of these mechanisms can help to empower and support these households.
Demographics
Marjan Rashvand Sorkhkouleh; Fatemeh Vojdani
Abstract
The need for intimacy with the opposite sex is a natural and innate need in all human beings, and marriage is a suitable way to meet this need. The recent decrease in the age of awareness and sexual maturity, on the one hand, and also the emergence of economic problems, on the other, have put many young ...
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The need for intimacy with the opposite sex is a natural and innate need in all human beings, and marriage is a suitable way to meet this need. The recent decrease in the age of awareness and sexual maturity, on the one hand, and also the emergence of economic problems, on the other, have put many young people in a difficult situation. The changes in the value system have gradually provided the basis for the emergence of new patterns of sexual behavior among some Iranian youth. Meanwhile, one of the important factors that influence the youth values and attitudes towards family, marriage, and communication patterns with the opposite sex is modern communication media. To manage the process of this influence more accurately by the cultural managers, it is necessary to clarify its details carefully.Target: The purpose of this study is to study the relationship between cultural consumption (reading books, using satellites and using of virtual networks) and youth attitudes toward girl-boy friendships. In particular, it is considered to investigate and accurately identify the dimensions of this impact. Another important aim of research is to identify the variables that can affect the strength and weakness of girls' susceptibility to cultural consumption.Method: The research is a cross-sectional survey whose data was collected using a structured questionnaire tool and was carried out in 1397. The statistical population includes girls who have never been married, aged 20-34 years in Tehran. The sampling method was a combination of multi-stage and systematic random classification methods. To measure the bivariate relationship between the dependent variable which is an interval (girls' attitude towards girl-boy friendship) and the independent variables which are on an interval scale (age, education level, level of religiosity, reading books, satellite usage and social networks usage) Pearson correlation coefficient was used. Moreover, to measure the bivariate relationship between the dependent variable and the residence area variable, which is on an ordinal scale, the F test was used. Considering that the dependent variable is an interval, to measure the multivariate analysis between the dependent variable and the independent variables, the multivariate linear regression test was used.Findings: The distribution of girls according to age groups indicates that 40.5% are in the age group of 20-24, 34.3% are in the age group of 25-29, and 25.2% are in the age group of 30-34. The findings indicated a high prevalence of positive attitude towards girl-boy friendship among girls. The findings showed that only 19.8% of the participants - less than one fifth - of the studied girls had a negative attitude towards such relationships. Considering the negative consequences of these friendships for personal, familial and social life, this is an alarm that emphasizes the need to educate and inform young. The next noteworthy finding is the low rate of book reading among the young people. According to the findings, the average book reading among more than 60% of girls aged 20-24 was zero to less than one hour during the day. Considering the role of book reading in transferring the cultural heritage, strengthening awareness and wisdom, modeling correct and low-risk thinking and behavior in the life, the low reading per capita, especially among the young generation, is a serious warning and requires a detailed pathological study. Especially, it should be seen what other activities replace this useful time and what.Conclusion: Emphasize two important principles about how to manage friendship relationships among young people: teaching media literacy and religious education; especially the consolidation of religious beliefs, which in turn will lead to adherence to religious requirements and a strong and effective inner, emotional connection with God. Therefore, another proposal of the research is planning of more efficient and effective religious education of the young generation from childhood and adolescence. Religious teachings are full of moral teachings, including teachings about preserving the privacy of communication with the opposite sex, in such a way that religious beliefs create a strong motivation for self-restraint and practical commitment in people, and this self-control is the basis for more correct management of risky behaviors, even in the absence of an external observer. According to the findings, and considering the huge amount of time young people spend in cyberspace, one of the most important strategies for cultural intervention and management can be the production of valuable content that suits the needs and tastes of the young generation in cyberspace.
Demographics
Abbas Askari-Nodoushan; Mohammad Sasanipour; Majid Koosheshi; Ardashir Khosravi
Abstract
The different life cycles and lifestyles of men and women in human society have always led to significant gender differences in the mortality. So far, the studies on the gender gap in mortality are mostly carried out in western countries, and it is under research in Iran. The present study examines the ...
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The different life cycles and lifestyles of men and women in human society have always led to significant gender differences in the mortality. So far, the studies on the gender gap in mortality are mostly carried out in western countries, and it is under research in Iran. The present study examines the patterns of cause-by-age gender gap in mortality in Iran over the last decades. Data of this research were adopted from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and have been used after evaluation by the modified Brass-Trussell method and the Bennett-Horrurichi method. The findings show that the gap in life expectancy between male and female was about 3.5 years in 2006. This value is decreased to 2.9 and 3.0 years in 2011 and 2015, respectively. During the study period, about 80% of the gender gap in mortality was due to mortality differences between male and female aged 20-64 years old. The unintentional events in all three periods played a dominant role in the mortality of sex differences, but its share has declined significantly over time, with its contribution from 60% to around 42% between 2006 and 2015. By contrast, during this period, the role of cardiovascular disease has increased from 9% to 20% in explaining the mortality gap and the role of cancer rose from 10% to 15%. Examining the sex differences in death causes, in addition to showing the capacity to reduce men death, can be used to identify the critical points of women mortality by age and cause. By focusing on health planning and disease prevention in a specific direction, the sex differences in mortality can be decreased and also the life expectancy increased for both m,en and women.
Demographics
Hossein Mahmoudian; Serajeddin Mahmoudiani
Abstract
A majority of women in family migration flow are considered as tied migrants and their role in migration decision-making has generally been neglected. The current study aims to explain the role of women in decision-making for family migration to Tehran province. The target population includes women who ...
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A majority of women in family migration flow are considered as tied migrants and their role in migration decision-making has generally been neglected. The current study aims to explain the role of women in decision-making for family migration to Tehran province. The target population includes women who have migrated to Tehran province during 2007-2017. Conducting a sample survey, a total of 500 migrant women were interviewed in the cities of Tehran and Mallard. The findings indicate that women’s participation in the decision-making process has significant positive relationships with their dissatisfaction with the origin place, and power in the family. The participation in female-oriented migrations is stronger compared to those in child-oriented and husband-oriented migrations. Women with pre-migration familiarity and contacts with the destination have shown to be more active in migration decision-making process than their other counterparts. Migrant women have utilized family migration as a strategy to eliminate the social constraints in the origin, to improve the family economic situation, and to enhance their children’s future security. In view of further improvement of women’s status in the country, women’s role in migration is expected to increase.
Demographics
Tavakkol Aghayari Hir; Fatemeh Golabi; Mehdi Shafeiy Zazali
Abstract
Demographic changes can affect all facets of development, including gender equality, as one of the main components of development. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between changes in population composition and gender equality in Iran during 1956-2011. The relationship is studied with ...
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Demographic changes can affect all facets of development, including gender equality, as one of the main components of development. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between changes in population composition and gender equality in Iran during 1956-2011. The relationship is studied with a descriptive-analytical approach using secondary data and time-series models at national level. The data was obtained from Statistical Center of Iran’s population time series and various censuses’ data. Findings suggest that Composite Gender Equality Index improved considerably during the study period, and urbanization, age structure of the population, as well as women’s average age at marriage, significantly affected the composite index of gender equality. Besides, AR (1) and MA (2) components of the fitted Arima model have expectedly shown significant effect on the gender equality’s variations. Three independent variables, aggregately accounted for 33 percent of gender equality’s variance during the study period.
Demographics
Fatemeh Torabi; Sajad Mesgarzadeh
Abstract
Increased rate of unemployment and growth of divorce are instances of a risky society that can affect women and men’s decisions about family formation. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the indicators of risky society and the mean age at first marriage among women and ...
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Increased rate of unemployment and growth of divorce are instances of a risky society that can affect women and men’s decisions about family formation. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the indicators of risky society and the mean age at first marriage among women and men in Iran. The paper uses the district-level data from the 2011 Iranian census. The results show that these indicators explain a considerable proportion of district-level differences in age at marriage (51% of the variation in the mean age at first marriage of men and 38% of the variation in the mean age at first marriage of women). In particular, economic indicators (i.e. unemployment rate and unemployment rate among highly educated people) have the greatest positive impact on the mean age at first marriage among both men and women. Furthermore, among factors measuring the risk of marriage breakdown, the percentage of divorced men has a positive impact on the mean age at first marriage among both sexes. Thus, actions towards job creation and higher stability of marriage can be expected to reduce the risk factors associated with marriage and facilitate its formation.
Demographics
Zeinab Kavehfirouz; Bizhan Zare; Hossein Shamsedini
Abstract
Iran in recent decades with the steep fall in fertility is facing a demographic issue. According to the movement of Iranian society towards modernity as a result of lifestyle changes, the big question raised in the present research is that ”what lifestyle changes can affect reproductive attitudes ...
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Iran in recent decades with the steep fall in fertility is facing a demographic issue. According to the movement of Iranian society towards modernity as a result of lifestyle changes, the big question raised in the present research is that ”what lifestyle changes can affect reproductive attitudes of activists?” This study was designed aiming at investigating the attitudes toward childbearing, with an emphasis on lifestyle factors among women who want to get married referring to health care networks in Tehran. Using survey methods and techniques, 384 women in Tehran were studied. According to the results we can say that 83.3 percent of pre-marriage women have average and poor attitude toward childbearing and its functions. The lifestyle and its constituent components (body management, free time, cultural consumption and socioeconomic status) have a significant relationship with attitudes toward childbearing, and 32% of the change in attitudes toward childbearing is explained by the independent variable. Also, among the aspects of lifestyle, socio-economic status has the highest impact on the dependent variable. In other words, the mentioned variable, in addition to the direct effect on women's attitudes toward childbearing in Tehran, also influence all aspects of lifestyle, and cultural consumption variable, in addition to the immediate effect on women's attitudes, is influenced by the other dimensions of lifestyle. After socioeconomic status, body management affects women's attitudes toward childbearing.
Demographics
Hajiieh Bibi Razeghi Nasrabad; Hasan Saraei
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differences in value of children between the 1960s, 1970s, after 1980 birth cohort, and identifying the factors affecting. The data for this study are drawn from a survey in Semnan province in 2012. Information is related to 405 married women aged 15-49 ...
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differences in value of children between the 1960s, 1970s, after 1980 birth cohort, and identifying the factors affecting. The data for this study are drawn from a survey in Semnan province in 2012. Information is related to 405 married women aged 15-49 years. The result shows that the highest score of the children value belonged to the 1960 birth cohort. Protect, emotional and family continuity value in childbearing are characteristics of this cohort. In contrast, emphasis on the economic costs and lost opportunity costs, emotional and psychological benefits to children are characteristics of the 1980 birth cohorts. Based on this study, in line with the socio- economical changes, significant changes in childbearing attitude have emerged in three cohorts. Nevertheless, the 1960 birth cohort more than any other generation produces modern childbearing values and behaviors gives great importance to childbearing and because of the emotional value of children, one of the goals of younger cohort is childbearing. Multiple classification analysis showed that by controlling the effect of factors related to modernization and individual characteristics of respondents, the mean score of value of children within cohort changes. A more percent of the differences between the cohorts are affected by education variable. After entering these variables are considerably reduced the intensity of relationship between value of children and birth cohort. But, the differences in the value of children in three cohorts are still significant.
Demographics
Zeinab Kavefirooz; Shahla Kazemipoor; Morteza Ranjbar
Abstract
The main goal of this study is the effectiveness evaluation of socio-demographic variables on increasing marriage age of working female students in University of Tehran. Using statistical method and questionnaire technique, 387 married female students have been participated in this study by cluster-sampling ...
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The main goal of this study is the effectiveness evaluation of socio-demographic variables on increasing marriage age of working female students in University of Tehran. Using statistical method and questionnaire technique, 387 married female students have been participated in this study by cluster-sampling method. The explanatory variables of female students increase marriage age are: educational level, their place of origin, degree of development in their province of origin, differences in attitude on marriage between them and their parents, their socio-economic expectations, the availability of media and social tools in their place of origin, the easiness of relationship between males and females in their place of origin, partner selection methods on their place of origin and the socio-economic status of parents. Regression model analyze indicated that evaluated socio demographic factors explain about 33pesent of punctuation of marriage age. Using regression analysis and path analyses shows that the overall variable effects (direct and indirect) of availability of media and social tools by 0.435 Beta is greater than other variables. After this variable, the attitude differences of students and their parents and social expectations had important effect on age of marriage. But economical expectations and the socio-economic status of parents have a little role in marriage age.
Demographics
Aliyar Ahmadi; Fatemeh Rosta
Abstract
Health promoting lifestyle is a valuable source for reducing the incidence and impact of health problems and improving the quality of life. The purpose of this study is investigating the health-oriented lifestyle of women of reproductive ages. The statistical population of study is women of reproductive ...
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Health promoting lifestyle is a valuable source for reducing the incidence and impact of health problems and improving the quality of life. The purpose of this study is investigating the health-oriented lifestyle of women of reproductive ages. The statistical population of study is women of reproductive age living in Shiraz city. A sample of 392 person was selected thorough multiple stage cluster sampling. The study is based on Pender's health promotion model, although with some revisions. The result of Cronbach’s Alpha for the test of reliability for the lifestyle index is 0.87. The findings reveals that there is a significant relationship between the education of women, the study in areas of health, the use of communication media, social identity, social support, self-efficacy of health, self-reported general health, and awareness of health behavior with the dependent variable; health oriented life style. The study indicates that age of respondents, the marital status, employment status, household income and experience of some particular diseases do not have any significant relationship with the dependent variable. The results of regression models shows that four variables including self-efficacy of health, self-reported general health, the study in areas of health, and awareness of health behavior explain 51 percent of changes in variance of health oriented lifestyle. Among them, self-efficacy of health is the most influential one.
Demographics
Maryam Soroush; Shole Bahrani
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to answer these questions: What is the ideal number of childrenfor married women and what is its relationship to their religiosity and gender role attitudes.To answer this question, the literature reviewed, and questionnaire among 400 marriedwomen in Shiraz distributed using ...
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The purpose of this study is to answer these questions: What is the ideal number of childrenfor married women and what is its relationship to their religiosity and gender role attitudes.To answer this question, the literature reviewed, and questionnaire among 400 marriedwomen in Shiraz distributed using stratified random sampling. Findings showed that alsoreligiosity has a significant relationship to actual number of children but there is aconsiderable agreement about ideal number of them can be seen regardless of religiosity.Attitudes towards gender roles have a significant relationship with the ideal number ofchildren which remains significant after control of other variables. Finding suggests thatwomen plan number of their children regarding the role of a good woman in their mind. Theresults show that the rate of population growth has strong cultural roots and is a consequenceof changing values to more individualistic nature and gender role attitudes. Women now aremore care about quality of family life and upbringing better children and it is more importantthan the number of children.
