Volume 2, Issue 3 , September 2003
Abstract
This study examines four hypotheses to predict dropping out and early school leaving among female students at secondary schools. These hypotheses include full academic achievement and direct effects related to school experience, family experience, peer relationships, beliefs and academic self esteem. ...
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This study examines four hypotheses to predict dropping out and early school leaving among female students at secondary schools. These hypotheses include full academic achievement and direct effects related to school experience, family experience, peer relationships, beliefs and academic self esteem. It is the main goal of this study to predict the early leaving of school girls and the reasons behind it. Our sample in this study includes 149 female students in West Azarbayjan province who completed their secondary school and succeeded to find their ways to high school and 156 who left secondary school and failed to complete their education.
Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003
Abstract
This article aims to present the findings of an epidemiological study on the prevalence and variety of personality disorders, including Schizophrenia, Schizoid and Paranoid personality disorders among female students. The Millon-2 Questionnaire, with high validity and reliability in Iran is applied to ...
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This article aims to present the findings of an epidemiological study on the prevalence and variety of personality disorders, including Schizophrenia, Schizoid and Paranoid personality disorders among female students. The Millon-2 Questionnaire, with high validity and reliability in Iran is applied to study the female students in all three grades of high school, in five education districts of Isfahan. The results of the research point to the fact that prevalence of serious personality disorders among girls in schools is more than 17 percent. Among the group with serious personality disorders, 4.4% suffered from paranoid, 23% from Schizophrenic and 3% suffered from Schizoid personality disorders. The second group at 36% of the female students studied, includes those students with great potential for developing serious personality disorders, who given the right environment have a high chance of developing some type of personality disorder. Among this group 3.9% demonstrated a likelihood of developing paranoid personality disorders, 1.23 Schizophrenic and 1.15% Schizoid Personality Disorders.
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2003
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to identify indicators that demonstrate the lack of gender balance in the Iranian labor market. Based on a review of the theories on the dual labor market and the distinctions between available
employment options in the first and second sectors, the emergence of
employment ...
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The aim of this paper is to identify indicators that demonstrate the lack of gender balance in the Iranian labor market. Based on a review of the theories on the dual labor market and the distinctions between available
employment options in the first and second sectors, the emergence of
employment opportunities and their implications for women will be examined. The indicators have been identified based on data and official national reports. The findings point to the low level of women's participation, despite the increase in their presence as compared with the past decade, as well as the concentration of women in relatively few economic activities. The results also point to the relatively higher level of unemployment among women, especially young women in urban areas, as compared with men's unemployment level. The gender-based employment indicators in different parts of the country speak of alarming gender imbalances. For example, in Lorestan Province, the rate of women's unemployment in urban areas is 53% and 64.6% in rural areas. In urban areas, the problems of women's unemployment and in rural areas the high rate of male unemployment exist at alarming levels.
Volume 1, Issue 5 , April 2003
Abstract
Marital status and employment are factors which deeply affect women’s attitudes, distinguishing them from other female groups. Under these circumstances, cultural activities are among the areas which influence the position of women. This article, presents findings of “Household Cultural Activity ...
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Marital status and employment are factors which deeply affect women’s attitudes, distinguishing them from other female groups. Under these circumstances, cultural activities are among the areas which influence the position of women. This article, presents findings of “Household Cultural Activity and Consumption” research project. Reading books and journals between single and married women and married women in two groups of employed and housewife is compared. In all cases educational and social class variables are controlled. Data analysis indicates the lower level of cultural activity of married women and housewives comparing to those of singles and employed married women. In addition, educational variable as an intervening variable decreases the gap between groups with different positions.
Volume 3, Issue 3 , December 2005
Abstract
: This study classify the regions and districts according to the access of male and female students to educational opportunities in Sistan and Baloochestan. The necessary information was collected in terms of regions, districts, and sex by referring to the Iranian statistics of Census and population ...
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: This study classify the regions and districts according to the access of male and female students to educational opportunities in Sistan and Baloochestan. The necessary information was collected in terms of regions, districts, and sex by referring to the Iranian statistics of Census and population in 1375.
We used Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve to rank the regions and measure the access to educational opportunities according to educational studying i.e. transition rate .The results indicate that educational opportunities were not distributed equally in all regions. The male's and female's access rate to education was lower than the average rate of the country.
On the other hand, the girls experienced less educational opportunities in comparison with the boys and there is a significant difference between these two sexes.
Volume 4, Issue 14 , September 2006
Abstract
The research conducted on “domestic violence on women” have paid little attention to the fact that this phenomenon is resulted from the disruption in healthy social and family relationships as well as lack of available valuable resources for women. Therefore, this study attempts not only to contemplate ...
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The research conducted on “domestic violence on women” have paid little attention to the fact that this phenomenon is resulted from the disruption in healthy social and family relationships as well as lack of available valuable resources for women. Therefore, this study attempts not only to contemplate on such elements as the shape of relationships in directed family, manner of gender socialization in directed family, and capital and available resources for women, but also to examine the violence on women from the viewpoint of couples’ relationships. Theories such as social learning, resources availability, gender socialization and interection have been used to explain this matter. The results show that the types of relationships in the family play an important role in determining the quantity of violence against women. Also there are some meaningful relationships between gender socialization, capitals and available resources for women and the shape of relationship in the family. In multivariable analysis, discursive relationship and monthly income are found to be the most important factors on violence on women and the explanatory coefficient for explaining variance in violence on women is 77%.
Volume 5, Issue 1 , September 2007
Abstract
This article explores the primitive ideas supporting the equality between men and women in Arab Society after the movement. The scientific advances in the West during the nineteenth century as well as their impact on the Arab world combined with the social conditions of Arab countries and their backwardness ...
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This article explores the primitive ideas supporting the equality between men and women in Arab Society after the movement. The scientific advances in the West during the nineteenth century as well as their impact on the Arab world combined with the social conditions of Arab countries and their backwardness contributed to the increasing social demands of women. The impact of this new wave was primarily observed amongst the Arab intellectuals particularly the poets. While such ideas were being reflected in the literature, the opposing views based on tradition objected to the penetration of these ideas in the Islamic world.
One of the poets who introduced new ideas about Muslim women to Iraq society is Jamil Sedqi Zahavi. This article is trying to reveal the challenges facing his thoughts.
Ahmad Mohammadpur
Volume 7, Issue 2 , August 2009
Abstract
The foundation of feminist methodology is a critique of both natural and social sciences as being andocentric. The feminists believe that research
questions, concepts, theories, methodologies and knowledge claims, which are supposed to be value – free/ gender – free, have produced a distorted
and ...
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The foundation of feminist methodology is a critique of both natural and social sciences as being andocentric. The feminists believe that research
questions, concepts, theories, methodologies and knowledge claims, which are supposed to be value – free/ gender – free, have produced a distorted
and injustice understanding of both nature and social life. It is argued that the orthodox social science has omitted, or at its best sense, underestimated
the women experiences taken place in their social world. Then, by the second half of twentieth century, feminism, whether as a critique, theoretical
perspective based on critical paradigm, or as an independent paradigm emerged in contemporary social sciences, has raised a number of serious
questions to challenge the basic principles and assumptions of traditional consensus-positivist paradigm. Accordingly, it has proposed its own
alternative ontology, epistemology and methodology. Feminist perspective emphasizes that the knowledge is essentially local, situational, contextual
and historical rather than universal and meta- contextual entity. This Paper aims to explore the paradigmatic foundations and critical debates in feminist
research. In doing so, beginning first with a brief review on general perspective of feminism and its historical trend, it addresses the subapproaches
of feminist empiricism, feminist standpoint and feminist postmodernism. Then, it focuses on the paradigmatic foundations of feminism including that of ontology, epistemology and methodology respectively. The final part of paper deals with the feminist methodology, methodological critiques against positivist research and the principles and procedures of feminist research methods.
Mahdi Aghapour; Mehrnoosh Pazargadi; Ghasem Azadi Ahmadabadi
Volume 7, Issue 3 , September 2009
Abolghasem Dadvar; Leila Pour kazemi
Volume 7, Issue 4 , January 2010
Abstract
Women’s costume constitutes factors such as design, color and pattern. By putting these factors together, specific clothing is produced in each region. This study is considers foot wears in small villages of different parts of Iran. The main goal of this research is to find the similarities between ...
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Women’s costume constitutes factors such as design, color and pattern. By putting these factors together, specific clothing is produced in each region. This study is considers foot wears in small villages of different parts of Iran. The main goal of this research is to find the similarities between the foot wears and factors which affect them. To this aim, different women’s footwear are introduced and examined separately. The research method utilized in this study is documental analysis. The findings indicate that there’s a close relationship between the footwear and women’s living conditions. The study reveals that the type of footwear is taken into consideration in various activities such as farming, ranching and also migration. In each activity the footwear that provides the best comfort and convenience is used. The same results can be seen among women who live in similar location and climatic conditions. On the whole, such research can shed light into the culture of rural people, their type of clothing and so reveal subtle points about them.
Javad Mir-Mohammad Sadeghi; Akbar Tavakoli; Fariba Vahedsaeed
Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2010
Fatemeh Javaheri; Sayed Hossein Serajzadeh; Rita Rahmani
Volume 8, Issue 2 , July 2010
Masoud Hajizadeh meymandi; Fatemeh Ebrahimi Sadrabadi
Volume 8, Issue 3 , October 2010
Tayyebeh Ferdowsi; Gholamreza Sarami; Alireza Rostami
Volume 8, Issue 4 , February 2011
Abstract
Traffic events account for about 1,200,000 deaths and more than 50
million injuries annually across the world. Research shows that male drivers make up the majority of those who sustain injuries in car accidents. The present research aims to compare psychological factors affecting driving-related crashes ...
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Traffic events account for about 1,200,000 deaths and more than 50
million injuries annually across the world. Research shows that male drivers make up the majority of those who sustain injuries in car accidents. The present research aims to compare psychological factors affecting driving-related crashes of male and female drivers. Accordingly, the sample data is collected from 208 crash-involved drivers (18 female drivers i.e. 8.7% and 185 male drivers i.e. 88.9%) and 201 non-crash-involved drivers (20 female drivers i.e. 10% and 180 male drivers i.e. 89.6%). The respondents consist of clients who have either come to an insurance company to receive their insurance payment (crash-involved drivers) or renew their car insurance (non-crash-involved drivers). The subjects are randomly selected for the following tests: accuracy, aggression, personality and reaction time. Accuracy Test is, however, used in 5 situations, 3 of which include normal situation, a double-job situation and a distraction situation. Personality Test has 4 subscales, including affective constancy, social responsibility, self-control and emotion seeking. Reaction Time Test covers three levels, including simple, selective and complex. Using independent T-test, the comparison results indicate that there is no significant difference between female crash-involved and non-crash-involved drivers, this is also true for male and female crash-involved drivers (with over 4 crashes) in terms of all the related psychological factors. In other words, there is no difference between female crash-involved and non-crash-involved drivers in such factors as accuracy, reaction time, aggression and personality. It may also be concluded that female crash-involved drivers don’t have any specific traits which distinguishes them from the non-crash-involved ones. However, the comparison between male and female non-crash-involved drivers (over a period of over 3 years) shows that there is a significant difference between the two groups regarding first and third condition of accuracy and the sub-scale of personality i.e. self-control. The comparison of other psychological factors among the two groups does not reveal any significant difference. The comparison of the means related to the 3 significant factors in male and female non-crash-involved drivers indicate that women score higher in the first and third situations. In other words, this group enjoys a greater accuracy (31.57 and 13.02 in women vs.25.35 and 22.93 in men). However, in terms of the self-control subscale of personality questionnaire the male non-crash-involved drivers have gained higher scores (3.056 in women vs. 3.957 in men). In other words, male non-crash-involved drivers show more self-control in driving than female drivers.
Volume 1, Issue 3 , June 2002
Abstract
This article reviews world’s experiences in providing financial services for women. Countries under study include some of the developing countries Islamic and Non- Islamic), as well as development, in which governmental or non-governmental organizations have been established to provide financial help, ...
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This article reviews world’s experiences in providing financial services for women. Countries under study include some of the developing countries Islamic and Non- Islamic), as well as development, in which governmental or non-governmental organizations have been established to provide financial help, credits, saving and other services. Their objectives, methods, activities, and programs are reported.
Also, the most important non-financial services and projects of these organizations are presented, such as social welfare, training courses in management skills, activities and supports for economic independence, consultative services and research projects.
The key finding of the article is the difference in approaches and thereby in types of services, objectives and functions of the financial organizations in the developed countries in comparison with developing countries. The first group of countries has taken more supportive actions for women as vulnerable groups, while the latter is pursuing women’s entrepreneurship.
Volume 1, Issue 4 , September 2002
Abstract
The findings of model proves the effects of educational levels as the most important factor on the probability of urban women's participation in the labor market .It is predicted , the increase of women's share with higher education (university degrees) will result in an annual increase equal to ...
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The findings of model proves the effects of educational levels as the most important factor on the probability of urban women's participation in the labor market .It is predicted , the increase of women's share with higher education (university degrees) will result in an annual increase equal to 0.5 percent in the rate of urban women's participation in the coming years.
Also, delayed marriages and increased share of unmarried girls in the total female population, is the second important factor. In addition, changes in age structure of the population as well as decreasing trend of purchasing power of the households will help to increase the rate of participation.
The model provides information on the unemployment rate of women and its distinguished impacts on the diminishing rate of women's participation in the labor market.
Volume 5, Issue 2 , November 2007
Abstract
Contemporary Iranian society is transiting from traditional outlook to modern attitudes. Social chaos matched with behavioral and thinking chaos is characteristic of transition period. Political structure, as a part of society, alongside the juridical, economic and social structure is transiting from ...
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Contemporary Iranian society is transiting from traditional outlook to modern attitudes. Social chaos matched with behavioral and thinking chaos is characteristic of transition period. Political structure, as a part of society, alongside the juridical, economic and social structure is transiting from traditional sovereignty to intellectual and legal one. Political participation, as a tangible aspect of social participation, has similar fate in transiting societies with anomalous characteristic. Nevertheless, women do not have a proper status in political participation and are judged as an incomplete political entity.
The research, through tracing roots of women's social suffering, believes that for reasons arising from ancient social and economic notions, women have been removed from social interaction network thus they are faced with many obstacles and difficulties on attaining high levels of political/ social power. Therefore, equal opportunities and options should be created for women to enter the network of society's mutual relations so that in this way the stereotype of male domination and women's subordination is eliminated.
Volume 5, Issue 3 , January 2008
Volume 6, Issue 1 , May 2008
Abstract
The general purpose of the present study is to investigate the social and cultural factors related to the participation level of rural women in familial and meta-familial (social, political, economic and cultural) issues. The study is carried out using documental and fieldwork (questionnaire) methods. ...
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The general purpose of the present study is to investigate the social and cultural factors related to the participation level of rural women in familial and meta-familial (social, political, economic and cultural) issues. The study is carried out using documental and fieldwork (questionnaire) methods. The theoretical framework of the study is based on pattern variables of Parsons and gender stratification theories of Randal Collins and Janet Chaftz.
The total population of the present study consists of women aged between 15 to 65 years old in rural regions of Zanjan province. Based on Cochran sampling formula, 500 of total population are selected as the sample size. Results show that about 21% of women have low participation in familial and meta-familial issues; whereas about 25% of women have a high level of participation, and only 35% of women have a medium level of participation. Results of path-analysis reveal that women's social and economic status is among the key variables that can influence their participation; (considering two dimensions of participation including culture and behavior). In other words, as the social and economic status of women ascends, their participation level rises considerably.
Volume 6, Issue 2 , July 2008
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between meaningfulness of life and hope, happiness, depression and life satisfaction. Participants consist of 382 women who work in schools and other educational organizations in Shiraz. The techniques used include Life Regard Index (LRI), Depression- Happiness ...
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This study investigates the relationship between meaningfulness of life and hope, happiness, depression and life satisfaction. Participants consist of 382 women who work in schools and other educational organizations in Shiraz. The techniques used include Life Regard Index (LRI), Depression- Happiness Scale (DHS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and Adults Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS). In order to examine reliability of measures Cronbach alpha coefficient is used. Similarly, factor analysis and internal consistency methods are applied to determine validity.
Results show that (a) There is a positive and significant relationship between life's meaningfulness and hope, happiness and life satisfaction whereas there exists a negative and significance relationship between meaning in life and depression. (b) Results of sequential simultaneous multiple regressions show the significance of the mediating role of hope in the relationship between meaning in life and indices of mental well-being (happiness, life satisfaction) and depression. Meaning in life increases happiness and life satisfaction. In other words meaning in life indirectly and in interaction with hope can increase happiness and life satisfaction and at the same time decrease depression.
Volume 6, Issue 3 , December 2008
Abstract
The victory of Tugrul in Dandanghan (431 HQ/1073 AD) heralded the rule of Seljuks in Persia. The pinnacle of this period could be said to have been the ten years reign of Alp Arsalan (455-65/1063-73) and twenty years reign of his son Malekshah (465-85/1063-73). These thirty years of continuous rule by ...
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The victory of Tugrul in Dandanghan (431 HQ/1073 AD) heralded the rule of Seljuks in Persia. The pinnacle of this period could be said to have been the ten years reign of Alp Arsalan (455-65/1063-73) and twenty years reign of his son Malekshah (465-85/1063-73). These thirty years of continuous rule by father and son coincided with the chancellorship of Khajeh Nizam al-Mulk, a wise counselor to the Seljuks, who encouraged his Turkish Masters to follow Persian Tradition (Iranshahr) of Absolute Ruler.
In his masterpiece the Siyasatnameh he not only developed his political philosophy on the rules of governance, but also attempted to give a precise paradigm for an oriental Empire.
In this essay an attempt is made to look at the question of ‘gender’ as a social phenomenon in a cultural context and Siyasatnameh, a text from the fifth HQ/eleventh Ad century, is chosen as representing the cultural system of Persian society during this Period. Having introduced his society and era, his views concerning women as a social class during the Seljuk period is discussed. It is argued that Nezam al-Molk’s views with regards to women are influenced more by older Persian traditions than by Islamic Sheria laws
Volume 6, Issue 4 , March 2009
Abstract
There is a significant difference between monogamous family and polygamous one, thus different family relationships are observed in each one. Whenever deep changes are found in the shape of family, style of residence, number of members in family in terms of their role and status, the content and degree ...
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There is a significant difference between monogamous family and polygamous one, thus different family relationships are observed in each one. Whenever deep changes are found in the shape of family, style of residence, number of members in family in terms of their role and status, the content and degree of conflict in the family is directly affected. Never the less, all the theories used in this study insists on defining family as an intimate environment. According to these theories in polygamous families since different members should play the same role, they resort to competing mechanism to attain common, rare and valuable resources, either openly or in concealment. In this way, legitimacy is questioned, and a degree of conflict is created in power, emotional and sexual relationships in the family. To evaluate the hypothesis of the research, 300 women of which 150 belong to monogamous families and 150 are a member of polygamous families are studied through questionnaires and interviews. Finally, the hypothesis of this research which stated that there's a significant relationship between family structure and the content and degree of conflict in family relationships is empirically proved. As a result, conflict in power, emotional and sexual relationships in polygamous families that reside in the same house is most intensive, whereas conflict contained in power and emotional relationships of monogamous extended families is at average level.
Volume 7, Issue 1 , May 2009
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to investigate the differences between men and women’s painting regardless of being limited to presuppositions about masculine and feminine art. Therefore, first the appearance of differences between men and women art during the eighteenth and nineteenth century is considered. ...
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The purpose of this article is to investigate the differences between men and women’s painting regardless of being limited to presuppositions about masculine and feminine art. Therefore, first the appearance of differences between men and women art during the eighteenth and nineteenth century is considered. Having done that, various types of women’s painting, Feminine painting and feminism painting are compared. Finally, by presenting a theoretical model, the article delineates the differences between visual technique, artistic style, and coloration in men’s and women’s painting. The statistic universe contains 2525 painting and the sample universe contains 370 painting which are presented in 60active gallery in Tehran in the first quarter of 1387. It is concluded that regarding visual technique, women’s painting is brighter, more ordered, clearer and more decorative than that of the men’s painting. They are also more symbolic and decorative from the point of style.
Entrepreneurship
Ahmad Yaghoubi Farani; Atieh Soleymani
Abstract
Today, women play an important role in rural area and their capacities in entrepreneurship and employment can enhance rural economics development. Accordingly, the present study seeks to identify the personal haracteristics of rural women and investigate the effect of this characteristics on entrepreneurial ...
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Today, women play an important role in rural area and their capacities in entrepreneurship and employment can enhance rural economics development. Accordingly, the present study seeks to identify the personal haracteristics of rural women and investigate the effect of this characteristics on entrepreneurial success in Hamedan province. This study in terms of the aim, is an applied research and, in terms of research, is descriptive– correlative that has been conducted through a surveying methodology by using questionnaire as a main tool. The statistical population of this study consists of 117 rural women entrepreneurs in Hamedan province. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient which was calculated for personal characteristics and levels of rural women entrepreneurship success were 0/80 and 0/81. Level of rural women success was measured by 10 variables like income growth, increasing production level, using new production tools and methods, using new and various methods in distribution and sale and job opportunities creation. Based on the results of research, among the personal characteristics, commitment and responsibility (M= 4.76), hard work (M= 4.74) and achievement (M= 4.69) were the most important entrepreneurial characteristics of rural women. Also, the results showed a significant positive relationship between personal characteristics of rural women and level of their entrepreneurial success.
Women's Studies
Yaghoob Foroutan; Mina Shojaee
Abstract
Women's status has experienced significant progress in most parts of the world in recent decades. However, the gender gap still exists in many countries. This study investigates the status of women in the Islamic countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region from a comparative perspective. ...
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Women's status has experienced significant progress in most parts of the world in recent decades. However, the gender gap still exists in many countries. This study investigates the status of women in the Islamic countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region from a comparative perspective. It uses such international indices as Gender Development Index, Gender Inequality Index, and Gender Gap Index. The methodology of the study is a secondary analysis using descriptive exploratory analysis and cluster analysis techniques on international data. Generally speaking, the results of this analysis highlight two key patterns. First, while all the MENA women are considered within one single category, they tend to hold a relatively lower level of gender outcomes and represent more visible gender gap in global comparison. Second, more detailed analysis emphasizes the substantial heterogeneity of the MENA women, suggesting that there is a significantly wide range of socio-economic patterns associated with women’s status by individual country in the region. This diversity needs to be carefully considered in order to provide an appropriate explanation on patterns and determinants associated with the MENA women’s status.
