economics
Saadolah Darabi; Hossein Mahmoudian; Majid Koosheshi; Hossein Raghfar
Abstract
The objective of this research is to compare the duration of unemployment among Iranian men and women who have visited labor centers. The current study is a secondary analysis, and the statistical population of the study consists of all job seekers aged 15 to 45 who have referred to job centers throughout ...
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The objective of this research is to compare the duration of unemployment among Iranian men and women who have visited labor centers. The current study is a secondary analysis, and the statistical population of the study consists of all job seekers aged 15 to 45 who have referred to job centers throughout the country from the beginning of 2013 to the end of October 2019. The study was conducted using the survival analysis statistical technique. The results of this study indicate that women experience longer periods of unemployment than males. The average duration of unemployment among job seekers aged 20 to 24 is shorter than that of other age categories. Job seekers who are married, divorced, or widowed are at a lower risk of unemployment than those who are unmarried. The risk of unemployment is highest among job candidates who lack education, while the second highest risk is borne by individuals with master's and doctoral degrees. The findings of this investigation suggest that the age and gender composition of the populace must be taken into account when formulating policies and overseeing the labor market. Given that women comprise half of the country's population, it is imperative to capitalize on this capacity, especially in the context of departing the demographic window and implementing strategies to reduce unemployment and establish stable employment. Furthermore, the role of job applicants in marriage, childbearing, and child training, as well as the limitations of job diversity, must be thoroughly considered and prioritized.
economics
Mohammad Mehdi Zare Shahne; Mehdi Akaberi Tafti; Ebrahim Bahraminia; Ehsan Salimi
Abstract
The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development without ...
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The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development without expert and efficient human resources. Many factors are effective in the empowerment of human resources, among which education is one of the most important. Gender differences and gaps in education can be introduced as one of the basic obstacles to economic growth and development, and it may prevent women from participating in society. The majority of social experts believe that Iranian society has undergone many social, cultural, political, and educational changes in the last few decades, especially after the Islamic revolution. One of the most important developments, like many developing countries, has been the expansion of education at various levels. This event has been associated with the significant participation of women and girls in education. In order to investigate the impact of these changes in this research, has been investigated, the impact of the positive momentum of women's education and technology on macroeconomic variables such as production, investment, and employment in Iran. The Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model has been used to achieve the research goals. In this model, the economy is divided into three sectors: households, firms, and the government. Households include people (women and men) who gain utility from consuming goods and services and keeping money and lose utility from working and have the goal of maximizing their utility according to the constraints of the household budget. Firms are producers of intermediate and final goods. A continuum of monopolistically competitive firms produces intermediate domestic goods using labor and capital. There is perfect competition in the production of final goods, with the output of intermediate firms as inputs and according to a production function with constant returns to scale. The imperfect competition in the goods market is introduced by assuming that each firm produces a differentiated good for which it sets the price. Some constraints are imposed on the price adjustment mechanism by assuming that only a fraction of firms can reset their prices in any given period. In particular, a model of staggered price setting due to Calvo (1983) and characterized by random price durations is adopted. Finally, the central bank and the government implement monetary and financial policies. The obtained results from impulse response functions show positive impulse of women’s education increases production and investment, as well as employment. According to the results of the research, it is recommended to pay more attention to appropriate investments in the field of women's education by using appropriate policies in order to obtain as many benefits as possible for scientific development and higher economic growth. In such a way that practical training in jobs related to women increases female labor force participation and creates new job opportunities.
Women's Studies
shohre rowshani
Abstract
Work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. University faculty members are faced with more difficulties to establish the balance between career and family ...
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Work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. University faculty members are faced with more difficulties to establish the balance between career and family roles, especially mothering, due to having a large amount of job duties. Various conditions are effective in the balanced performance of roles, and its identification can create the necessary grounds for solving the obstacles of establishing the balance between occupational and maternal roles and as a result, be useful for performing these roles as best as possible. In this regard the purpose of the present study was to identify the conditions that affect the balance between work and mothering among women university faculty members based on their lived experience.The present research was conducted using a qualitative method. The target population are women who are faculty members of the universities of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, who have the experience of mothering and employment together. The selection of the participants was done with the purposeful sampling method and taking into account the maximum diversity. The information was collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Sampling and conducting interviews continued until data saturation was reached, and based on this, 20 faculty members of Tehran universities were interviewed. After converting the interviews into text, the interviews were coded using the summary content analysis technique and the conditions affecting the balance between the job role and mothering were extracted.Based on the data analysis, the conditions affecting the establishment of balance include eight main categories: "attitude towards mothering and employment", "Quality of support and companionship by family", "Quality of support and companionship by university", "job requirements of faculty members", "personal characteristics", "children's childhood difficulties", "children's presence at home" and "access to material facilities" and each of them included several sub-categories. The category "attitude towards mothering and employment" includes a positive attitude towards mothering and a positive belief towards employment and mothering together, the category "Quality of support and companionship by family" includes the support and accompaniment by spouse, the lack of support and accompaniment by spouse, the support and accompaniment by one's own family and the spouse and Lack of support and companionship by one's family and spouse, the category "Quality of support and companionship by university" includes understanding the conditions and companionship of the member by colleagues and university officials, lack of understanding of the difficulties and requirements of the mothering role by the university officials, depriving the member of opportunities for Career success due to mothering and the lack of legal support for the role of mothering, the category of "job requirements of faculty members" includes the time urgency of some career activities, the need to focus strongly on career activities in the primary years, the impossibility of using the rules of hours of Breastfeeding and reduction of working hours, the impossibility of actually using maternity leave, the need to spend a lot of time continuously for work activities, the specific job conditions of the field of study, the need to spend a lot of time to achieve career success, the lack of a clear boundary between work and family life, the necessity of continuity of work activities at home, the requirements of career growth and promotion, and the quantity-oriented rules in evaluating the job success, the category of "individual characteristics" includes being hard-worker, perfectionism and scientific obsession, Being highly responsible in work and obsession in child rearing, the category of "children's childhood difficulties" includes breastfeeding difficulties, childhood mischief, dependence Child to mother and the difficulties of using kindergarten, the category of "children's presence at home", including the presence of children at home during summer vacations, the presence of children at home due to the closure of kindergartens and schools, and the presence of children at home due to illness, the category of "access to Material facilities" included the distance from work to home, financial ability and vehicle. Some conditions, such as the support and companionship of the spouse and the university, have a more prominent role in establishing balance, and in addition to helping women to successfully fulfill their career and motherhood duties, by reducing the tensions of fulfilling roles simultaneously and creating the Reassurance and calmness are effective in playing a balanced role of work and motherhood and it is necessary to pay special attention to them.
Hassan Afrakhteh; somayeh azizi
Abstract
In recent years, development has been emphasized from another perspective using a knowledge-based approach. This kind of view requires the creation of growth centers and technology parks in different areas. The main purpose of establishing technology parks is to promote science and technology in the ...
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In recent years, development has been emphasized from another perspective using a knowledge-based approach. This kind of view requires the creation of growth centers and technology parks in different areas. The main purpose of establishing technology parks is to promote science and technology in the region, and Sistan and Baluchestan Science and Technology Park is no exception to this rule. With the establishment of the Science and Technology Park, the province intends to increase the quality of its industrial and production sectors with the help of its human resources. The present study, with the aim of the role of science and technology parks in creating jobs for rural women, has tried to examine the importance and role of Sistan and Baluchestan Science and Technology Park in this regard. In order to collect data, snowball interviews with experts and technicians have been used. The population of this research includes officials, managers and experts in the field of science and technology of Sistan and Baluchestan province who are working in the science and technology park and the growth unit of this park. In this regard, 20 officials in the relevant field were interviewed. The results show the positive impact of technology on employment, education, turning ideas into business, self-esteem and self-efficacy of rural women. In addition to the positive effects, a number of individual, knowledge-skills, socio-cultural, managerial, legal-legal barriers to the employment of rural women were identified. Active participation of women, reform of community attitudes and development of government support were suggested.
Zahra Azizi; Zahra Mir Hosseini; Fatemeh Homayouni
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social capital and economic factors on women's happiness. The statistical population of this research includes 18-65 years old women in Tehran. As sample of this study, 384 people were selected based on Cochran formula through multistage cluster ...
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social capital and economic factors on women's happiness. The statistical population of this research includes 18-65 years old women in Tehran. As sample of this study, 384 people were selected based on Cochran formula through multistage cluster sampling method from 22 regions of Tehran. The data gathering tool was a modified standard Oxford Happiness Inverntory (OHI) test. Estimating the effect of variables on women's happiness has been conducted by Eviews software to estimate the cross-sectional regression by the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimator. The results of regression analysis show that among economic variables, household income has a positive effect on women's happiness and is reliable at 90% confidence level. Research findings also show that social coherence, social participation, social trust as the variables studied in relation to social capital, has a meaningful positive relationship with the happiness. Hence, it can be concluded that with the rise of social capital in women, their happiness increases accordingly. In addition, studying the effect of education shows that this variable has a significant and inverse relationship with women's happiness. So, with the increase in the education level of the women, their happiness levels are reduced.
Rural Development
Jafar Yaghoubi; Parisa Najafloo; Elaheh Haghverdi
Abstract
The main purpose of this research was to study different aspects of self-employment among the agricultural female students in University of Zanjan. The statistical population of the study consisted of senior female students in agriculture faculty of Zanjan University in 2014-2015 academic year (N= 135). ...
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The main purpose of this research was to study different aspects of self-employment among the agricultural female students in University of Zanjan. The statistical population of the study consisted of senior female students in agriculture faculty of Zanjan University in 2014-2015 academic year (N= 135). According to Cochran's formula, 63 students were selected using a stratified random sampling method. The research tool was a questionnaire. Validity of the instrument was confirmed by a panel of faculty members and experts of the field. The reliability was determined by pilot test and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.71-0.88). The results of this study showed that the most important priority for employment was cooperative work, self-employment and recruitment. The most important motivation for self-employment was greater prosperity, freedom and flexibility to work and use all the knowledge, skills and their ideas. Most students tend to agricultural employment in the service section. The self-employment requirements included: need of financial capital, benefiting from specialized training and experience in the field to set up business on one’s own way. Using exploratory factor analysis, barriers to female students self-employment in agriculture were summarized into seven factors including: supporting law and gender barriers, agricultural risks and weaknesses in communication skills, physical weakness and knowledge, attitude and security, tendency to indolence and failure to taking risk in employment, lack of technical and management skills and lack of facilities. These factors explained 74.34% of barriers to female students' self-employment in agriculture.
Women's Studies
Akbar Zare Shahabadi; Roqieh Mandani
Abstract
Power is an important social variable in the study of the social structure, institutions, groupsand individuals considered to be a conventional relationship and family is no exception. Themain purpose of this article to review the decision making power of women in the family iswhite and its influencing ...
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Power is an important social variable in the study of the social structure, institutions, groupsand individuals considered to be a conventional relationship and family is no exception. Themain purpose of this article to review the decision making power of women in the family iswhite and its influencing factors. This research is a quantitative survey, which was conductedin 2011 in the town of processes might work. Our findings indicate that women in decisionmakingprocesses might work in family income affect women, women's education, spouse'seducation, women's employment, place of birth, how to choose a wife, the mother of thefamily of origin and stereotypical attitudes towards gender. Also among the variables,variables such as age, age difference between spouses, length of marriage, type of marriageand legal barriers to women's decision-making power in the household are significant. Drthlylmultivariable regression variables as income, the mother's family of origin and stereotypicalattitudes, a total of 4.13% of the variance in family decision-making power of women in thepopulation account.
Zahra Nasrollahi; Haniye Poushdouz
Volume 8, Issue 4 , February 2011
Abstract
Globalization is a complex and complicated concept that can be defined from various dimensions including political, cultural and economical. Economically speaking, globalization is defined as a process in which the mobility of capital, organizations, ideas, discourses, and people has taken on an increasingly ...
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Globalization is a complex and complicated concept that can be defined from various dimensions including political, cultural and economical. Economically speaking, globalization is defined as a process in which the mobility of capital, organizations, ideas, discourses, and people has taken on an increasingly global or transnational form. Many economists believe that globalization is an engine of growth because it can stimulate economic development through an increase in exports; reducing the isolation of many developing countries, and facilitating their access to new technologies and information. On the other hand, other economists argue that free trade can give rise to high levels of unemployment in the affected sectors. In terms of the effects of globalization on women, the same controversy exists. Opponents of globalization accuse the new free zones of gender discrimination and exploitation of women. Moreover, spread of poverty and prostitution among women are frequently cited as byproducts of globalization. Meanwhile, proponents of globalization, explain that worldwide competition makes discrimination too expensive to sustain. Thus, it seems that Globalization is an unavoidable and accelerating process that affects the national economies in all aspects. Although in an integrated world, there is not any difference between man and woman, it seams that, women are greatly affected by world trade and globalization. Trade liberalization has had a particularly striking effect on the number of women working in developing countries’ manufacturing sectors. It seams that export-oriented industrialization is associated with a rising share of women’s manufacturing employment. Considering the fact that female make up about half of the population in Islamic Republic of Iran and play an important role in economic activities and sustainable development, it is essential to know how trade liberalization affects women’s job opportunities. Bearing in mind that legally speaking there is no difference and discrimination between men and women in terms of employment, this study investigates the effects of trade liberalization indices on women’s manufacturing employment (as an important sector in the industry development process) between the Period of 1996-2005. The research uses export, import and sum of export and import to the value added ratio in 2 digit industry level as trade liberalization indices. Panel data method is used for the purpose of the research. The results of this study show that trade liberalization has a significant negative impact on women’s manufacturing employment and also there is a positive relationship between women’s wage and ratio of Construction payments to total payments. It seems that one of the reasons of the negative relationship between trade liberalization and women’s manufacturing employment is women's low initial human capital endowments. To break the vicious circle of women's low initial human capital endowments and inferior labor market outcomes, the paper proposes greater access of girls to education and of women to training, enforceable equal pay, taxation and benefit structure that treats reproduction as an economic activity and women as equal partners within households, and a better accounting of women's work to include invisible production.
Bahman Khosravipour; Mohammad Reza Soleimanpour
Volume 8, Issue 4 , February 2011
Abstract
Human resources play a crucial role in Iran’s economic growth. Men make
up the majority of the economically active population; however, there has been a surge in female employment since 1995, with a higher pace in the past recent decades. In the early current century, women in more privileged education ...
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Human resources play a crucial role in Iran’s economic growth. Men make
up the majority of the economically active population; however, there has been a surge in female employment since 1995, with a higher pace in the past recent decades. In the early current century, women in more privileged education groups were more likely to work for pay. Education and employment experience increased women’s potential earnings, making the opportunity cost of staying home greater. They may also be indicators of more interest in and commitment to paid work, as well as access to more interesting jobs. Probably for all these reasons, studies have long found a positive effect of education on employment. On the other hand, nowadays employment status of higher educated women is considered to be a major issue through developing countries in the world. In addition, Iran’s agriculture sector is faced with the shortage of qualified and powerful workforce, since there is not a self-employment sprit, and thus most of the agriculture female graduates are unemployed. The current study aims to explain the role of personal characteristics affecting female graduates’ employment in agriculture and natural resources university of Ramin. Some specific objectives of this study are as follows: 1) Identification of the personal, occupational, and educational characteristics of female graduates in agriculture and natural resources university of Ramin; 2) Prioritizing barriers of female graduates’ employment in agriculture sector; 3) Comparing female graduates with each other based on occupational status and graduation time; 4) Regression analysis of effectiveness of psychological and sociological variables on employment of female graduates in agriculture sector. The study uses a descriptive-correlative method. The independent variables include personal characteristics which are categorized as psychological and sociological characteristics, and dependent variable constitutes graduates’ employment measured on an interval scale. Data collection is carried out through questionnaires and the reliability of which is calculated by Cronbach Alpha coefficient to stand at 83%. The population is female graduates of agriculture and natural resources university of Ramin who graduated within the period of 2005 to 2008, out of which 140 are selected through stratified sampling. The data is analyzed using the computer software 'Statistical Package for the Social Science' (SPSS) program. The responses are coded before being transferred into the SPSS format. The research results show that 41% of female graduates in the studied university are unemployed. Meanwhile 68% of female graduates, who are employed, state that their field of study is proportionate with their occupations. Based on the results 58.6% of graduates are employed and more than half of them are working in public sector and the remaining are in private sector or self-employed. According to the results of the study, limited job opportunities for women in agriculture, lack of governmental support for agricultural graduates, and lack of communication between agricultural faculties and agricultural sector are considered as important barriers to employment of female graduates in agricultural sector. Also based on regression analysis, self confidence is the most effective variable affecting the employment of female graduates. So that by increasing self confidence in female graduates, their employment is influenced positively and significantly. According to step by step regression, this variable along with seven other variables named financial possibilities, independence demanding and free hand, occupational experience, risk-taking, age, education, and initiating could specify 56.5% of changes of dependent variable of the research.
Esmat Danesh
Volume 8, Issue 2 , July 2010
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2005
Abstract
Micro credits can playa significant role in supplying necessary funds for employment of rural women, supporting small rural industries, creating new job opportunities and preventing rural migration. This research tries to asses the effects of micro credits which is paid to rural women of Zanjan province. ...
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Micro credits can playa significant role in supplying necessary funds for employment of rural women, supporting small rural industries, creating new job opportunities and preventing rural migration. This research tries to asses the effects of micro credits which is paid to rural women of Zanjan province. The study applies descriptive survey research. The questionnaire and interview techniques are used for data collection in this study. The statistical population consists of rural women that have got micro credit from
Agricultural Bank of Iran during the past 5 years in province of
Zanjan, Iran (N=61). The results of the study show that women use the credits for the purpose of animal production, horticulture, farming, the costs of their children's education, buying furniture, food stuffs, clothes, medicine and hand made industry. The paid credits have the most impact and strong motivation on women regarding their abilities,
increasing life management skills, increasing their se1f- confidences and inform rural women about their potential abilities and improving status of women in family.
Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003
Abstract
The emergence of families with two income sources (employment of husband and wife) is one of the important social changes in Iran. This type of family, despite benefiting from a blending of roles, is faced with certain pressures, which stem from traditional division of labor within the family and new ...
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The emergence of families with two income sources (employment of husband and wife) is one of the important social changes in Iran. This type of family, despite benefiting from a blending of roles, is faced with certain pressures, which stem from traditional division of labor within the family and new responsibilities of its members. If the conflict is not properly managed, have a negative impact on the social unity and functions of the family as well as the emotional and social health of the members. This paper identifies the impact of social support as one of the resources for addressing the conflict of work/family and gender-based expectations in two income families. The findings of a surrey conducted in Tehran demonstrate that the strategies chosen for addressing the conflict of work and family tend to be influenced by traditional gender roles. Additionally, the study indicates; women prefer to receive family support in addressing the
pressures, while men choose professional support systems as a means of addressing the conflict.
Volume 1, Issue 5 , April 2003
Abstract
This article presents the findings of a research on the relationship of mother’s employment on children’s social adaptation and educational achievement. The research samples are 203 primary students (girls and boys) in the city of Damghan. The Behavioral scale of Roter is applied to measure the students’ ...
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This article presents the findings of a research on the relationship of mother’s employment on children’s social adaptation and educational achievement. The research samples are 203 primary students (girls and boys) in the city of Damghan. The Behavioral scale of Roter is applied to measure the students’ rates of adaptation at school and home. The variables used to measure mother’s job satisfaction and job tension, is the extended occupations list and Estainments’ tension questionnaire. Data analysis shows that mother’s employment has improved students’ social adaptation and educational achievement at the fourth and fifth grades. Children with their mother’s occupation categorized under cultural activity, and those who are at management level, have the best educational achievement. In addition, there is a positive relationship between mother’s job satisfaction and children’s educational achievement and behavior.
Volume 1, Issue 5 , April 2003
Abstract
Marital status and employment are factors which deeply affect women’s attitudes, distinguishing them from other female groups. Under these circumstances, cultural activities are among the areas which influence the position of women. This article, presents findings of “Household Cultural Activity ...
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Marital status and employment are factors which deeply affect women’s attitudes, distinguishing them from other female groups. Under these circumstances, cultural activities are among the areas which influence the position of women. This article, presents findings of “Household Cultural Activity and Consumption” research project. Reading books and journals between single and married women and married women in two groups of employed and housewife is compared. In all cases educational and social class variables are controlled. Data analysis indicates the lower level of cultural activity of married women and housewives comparing to those of singles and employed married women. In addition, educational variable as an intervening variable decreases the gap between groups with different positions.
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2003
Abstract
: Considering the status of women's employment in Iran and given their untapped potential as a labor force, facilitating their access to the labor market, can pave the way for increased social benefits. Therefore identifying the factors that promote greater participation of women in the economic and ...
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: Considering the status of women's employment in Iran and given their untapped potential as a labor force, facilitating their access to the labor market, can pave the way for increased social benefits. Therefore identifying the factors that promote greater participation of women in the economic and social sectors is of the utmost importance. Perhaps the most effective factor in promoting women's labor force participation is their level of education. Educated women demonstrate a greater willingness to put their skills to use in the labor market. Attracting educated and skilled women to the labor market requires greater investment. In an effort to identifying the impact of each of the variables in attracting educated women to the labor market, this study utilizes a econometric model. Variables in this analysis include women's share in the employed labor force, the birthrate, share of girls registered in middle school, gross domestic product per capita, the share of employed women in the labor force with higher education, and the relation of the level of investment to the level of gross domestic product. The results for the period 1345-1380 (1966-2001) using the OLS methodology, demonstrates that increase in education levels increase women's opportunities in employment. Also the increase in the gross domestic product and in the amount of investment increase women's share in the labor force.
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2003
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2003
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to identify indicators that demonstrate the lack of gender balance in the Iranian labor market. Based on a review of the theories on the dual labor market and the distinctions between available
employment options in the first and second sectors, the emergence of
employment ...
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The aim of this paper is to identify indicators that demonstrate the lack of gender balance in the Iranian labor market. Based on a review of the theories on the dual labor market and the distinctions between available
employment options in the first and second sectors, the emergence of
employment opportunities and their implications for women will be examined. The indicators have been identified based on data and official national reports. The findings point to the low level of women's participation, despite the increase in their presence as compared with the past decade, as well as the concentration of women in relatively few economic activities. The results also point to the relatively higher level of unemployment among women, especially young women in urban areas, as compared with men's unemployment level. The gender-based employment indicators in different parts of the country speak of alarming gender imbalances. For example, in Lorestan Province, the rate of women's unemployment in urban areas is 53% and 64.6% in rural areas. In urban areas, the problems of women's unemployment and in rural areas the high rate of male unemployment exist at alarming levels.
Volume 1, Issue 4 , September 2002
Abstract
Iranian women's economic participation rate is similar to undeveloped countries, while their educational achievements can be compared with developed countries. The aim of this article is to discuss some of the factors related to the situation.
According to the policies of Third Development Plan, the ...
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Iranian women's economic participation rate is similar to undeveloped countries, while their educational achievements can be compared with developed countries. The aim of this article is to discuss some of the factors related to the situation.
According to the policies of Third Development Plan, the rate of employment in government sector should decline and the opportunities for new employment is meager. At the same time, ineffectiveness and disadvantages of the informal sector, makes it unattractive to women with higher education. Therefore the study of costs affecting female employment in private sector is crucial.
The article presents its discussion with the emphasis on costs to employers , as well as the costs to the society from a developmental perspective. A review of Labor Law provides information on ; how Law as formal institution have been developed to protect women’s right for employment and informal institutions,(.cultural and social ) have had impacts on it. With present Labor Law , the costs are imposed on the employers, and as the result women have lost the opportunities to work. Therefore a new approach is needed to distribute the costs between government and employers.
