economics
saadolah darabi; Hossein Mahmoudian
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration ...
Read More
The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration of job seekers aged 20 to 45 referring to employment centers across the country. This study has been carried out with the help of the statistical technique of survival background analysis, through the refinement and analysis of about two million data records (collected by job seekers across the country and under the supervision of the Ministry of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare). The findings of this study indicate that compared to men, women have longer periods of unemployment and less chance to get a job. In explaining this finding, it can be said; Probably, one of the reasons could be that there are more jobs for men that do not suit the conditions of women. And in other words, women are facing limited job variety. Marriage and having children and raising children by women can also be one of the reasons for increasing the length of their unemployment period compared to men, which can be justified according to gender theories. Because gender theories, especially in Iranian culture, consider the main duties of women to be mainly education and upbringing of children, while in this culture, providing the income needed by the family has been the responsibility of men, and therefore it is expected to impose such a duty on men. to reduce the period of unemployment for this group.Women and men looking for work in the age groups of 20 to 24 years have a lower average length of unemployment and more chances to get a job and get out of unemployment compared to other age groups. This finding can be explained with the help of job search theory. Because people aged 25 to 45, probably due to the improvement of their education level and skills, have more expectations for receiving high-paying jobs, and this causes them not to accept any job with any level of pay and therefore give up. They search for more jobs, which ultimately increases the length of the unemployment period among these people. Married, divorced and widowed job seekers (except for divorced and widowed men) have a lower risk of unemployment than single people. It seems that married, divorced and widowed people (especially among women) are under more pressure than single people to get a job in order to earn money and meet the needs of the family due to family responsibility and the burden of taking care of the family. They usually accept any job with any salary level. On the other hand, single people, due to having enough opportunity and without financial pressures, decide to accept or not accept the proposed job, and this may lead to an increase in the length of their unemployment period compared to married people. It is consistent with job search theory.In both groups of men and women, uneducated job seekers have the highest unemployment risk and people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest unemployment risk category. The chances of leaving unemployment are higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels. This finding can be explained based on the skill theory (education and training). According to this theory, training and skill training programs increase the chances of a job seeker to find a job. Participating in training programs can provide a positive sign to employers and also reduce uncertainty about the employability of job applicants. According to other findings of this study, people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest risk of unemployment. have. On the other hand, the chance of leaving unemployment is higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels, so it seems that Iran's labor market has not yet reached a stage of complexity and maturity. which wants people with education levels higher than diploma on a wide level. And almost the skill requirement of the labor market has remained at the same diploma and sub-diploma levels for most jobs, due to the lack of innovation and the very slow growth of skill-oriented jobs.Therefore, it is suggested to pay serious attention to the changes in the age and gender structure of the population in the policy making and management process of the country's labor market. Women are half of the country's population,t
economics
Omran Gheisar; Sima Eskandari Sabzi; ali salmanpour; Seyed Yosef Hajiasghari
Abstract
The trend of population growth in the last three decades will cause extensive changes in the age structure of Iran's population. So that it can be one of the most important challenges of the country in the coming decades. This development will have different effects and consequences in the process of ...
Read More
The trend of population growth in the last three decades will cause extensive changes in the age structure of Iran's population. So that it can be one of the most important challenges of the country in the coming decades. This development will have different effects and consequences in the process of social, economic and political development. In this research, with the aim of dynamic analysis of the economic effects of the structural changes of the age groups (the age group of the workforce) of Iran's population in the coming decades until 1455, and then the role of women's labor force in the process of gross domestic product is studied and review puts. Therefore, this research aims to understand more about the structural changes of the population in four age groups (under 15 years, between 15 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years and over 65 years) in the past decades, the present and its future forecast; Using the global model "World3" modeling of dynamic systems to simulate the country's population trend from 1355 to 1455, with "Vensim" software, it has predicted the structural changes of the population. Forecasts show that based on the probable fertility rate of 1.6 (announcement of the researches of the Statistics Center), the growth trend of the entire country's population will be increasing until 1425, and the trend will decrease from this year onwards. Also, until 1455, the growth trend of the population in the age group below 15 years will be decreasing, and the growth trend in the age group of the workforce (between 15-44 years, 45-64 years) will increase until 1415, and from this year onwards, the trend will decrease. According to the forecast, the growth trend in the age group above 65 years will increase. The findings show that the demographic trend of working age will happen about 10 years earlier than the decreasing trend of the total population. Therefore, to compensate for the deficit of economically active labor and improve the production process and increase per capita; Considering the existing capacity in the country, increasing the employment of women will be one of the most effective solutions in this crisis. In the following, a dynamic economic model is presented using Solow's growth model. To show how the effects of changes in the labor force pattern will be on the growth process of gross domestic production. Then the operational scenarios related to increasing the employment of women in the growth of production and the growth and development of the country; Provided. Also, practical and operational suggestions have been presented regarding how to reduce the side effects of population structural changes and its negative effects on the growth of domestic production (GDP) by establishing women's employment in the country's economic cycle.
economics
Mohammad Mehdi Zare Shahne; Mehdi Akaberi Tafti; Ebrahim Bahraminia; Ehsan Salimi
Abstract
The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development without ...
Read More
The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development without expert and efficient human resources. Many factors are effective in the empowerment of human resources, among which education is one of the most important. Gender differences and gaps in education can be introduced as one of the basic obstacles to economic growth and development, and it may prevent women from participating in society. The majority of social experts believe that Iranian society has undergone many social, cultural, political, and educational changes in the last few decades, especially after the Islamic revolution. One of the most important developments, like many developing countries, has been the expansion of education at various levels. This event has been associated with the significant participation of women and girls in education. In order to investigate the impact of these changes in this research, has been investigated, the impact of the positive momentum of women's education and technology on macroeconomic variables such as production, investment, and employment in Iran. The Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model has been used to achieve the research goals. In this model, the economy is divided into three sectors: households, firms, and the government. Households include people (women and men) who gain utility from consuming goods and services and keeping money and lose utility from working and have the goal of maximizing their utility according to the constraints of the household budget. Firms are producers of intermediate and final goods. A continuum of monopolistically competitive firms produces intermediate domestic goods using labor and capital. There is perfect competition in the production of final goods, with the output of intermediate firms as inputs and according to a production function with constant returns to scale. The imperfect competition in the goods market is introduced by assuming that each firm produces a differentiated good for which it sets the price. Some constraints are imposed on the price adjustment mechanism by assuming that only a fraction of firms can reset their prices in any given period. In particular, a model of staggered price setting due to Calvo (1983) and characterized by random price durations is adopted. Finally, the central bank and the government implement monetary and financial policies. The obtained results from impulse response functions show positive impulse of women’s education increases production and investment, as well as employment. According to the results of the research, it is recommended to pay more attention to appropriate investments in the field of women's education by using appropriate policies in order to obtain as many benefits as possible for scientific development and higher economic growth. In such a way that practical training in jobs related to women increases female labor force participation and creates new job opportunities.
economics
Atieh Honardoust; Saba Karim Abadi
Abstract
Dressing and preparing suitable clothing is one of the indicators and superiority of humans. Since women play an essential role in the various relationships of every society, in other words, all social, cultural, political and economic programs will achieve the desired result with their performance and ...
Read More
Dressing and preparing suitable clothing is one of the indicators and superiority of humans. Since women play an essential role in the various relationships of every society, in other words, all social, cultural, political and economic programs will achieve the desired result with their performance and support; Therefore, choosing the type of their cover is of particular importance. Because hijab has a special place in the religion of Islam and Iran as an Islamic country, and in addition, it has significant economic and cultural effects on the social life of individuals. One of the ways to investigate the place of hijab in the society is to investigate the behavior of consumers. The utility function reflects the consumption behavior and preferences of consumers, and by using it, it becomes possible to analyze the individual's demand structure. In this regard, the analysis of the demand structure and household consumption pattern is very important for the goals of economic activists, so that the policy makers and planners use its results to predict the future situation and finally, by evaluating the past policies, it is the basis for detailed planning. It will be provided for them for favorable conditions in the future. On the other hand, producers and other market agents need to forecast demand in order to plan and design their production and sales, and demand elasticity is important for this reason.In this study, using data from the period 1990 to 2020, the model of an almost ideal demand system for four types of hijab goods - black veil, cotton cloak, mantle, scarf and shawl - in Iran using the panel data method as a single equation and A system is estimated. The results of this study show that according to the criterion of good fit, the system model has a higher explanatory power.Based on the single-equation estimation, the elasticity of cotton tent, black tent, coat, scarf and mask was equal to 6, 22.04, 18.25, and 25.62, respectively.The estimation of the system model in terms of the significance of the coefficients is the same as the single-equation model. According to the system model, the income elasticity of the cotton tent, black tent, coat, scarf and mask is equal to 6.33, 17.56, 18.44, and 19.32, respectively. The elasticity and sign of the coefficients of Manto are substitutes for the black veil and the cotton veil and have a complementary relationship with the other hijab products mentioned in this research. The black chador has a complementary relationship with the cotton chador and the shawl and scarf.Based on the obtained results, both the systematic estimate and the single-equation estimate have a positive income elasticity, which indicates that with the increase in people's income, they go for higher and higher-quality hijab goods, which causes an increase in the share of expenditure on goods. It becomes a veil. By comparing the elasticities in both estimations, it can be concluded that the share of expenditure on hijab, headscarves and masks is more sensitive to income changes.
economics
zahra rezaeinasab
Abstract
The development of any country depends on the optimal use of all facilities, especially human resources, which is one of the most important and key assets of that country, and undoubtedly the role of specialized human resources is more than others. The purpose of this study is to study the contexts and ...
Read More
The development of any country depends on the optimal use of all facilities, especially human resources, which is one of the most important and key assets of that country, and undoubtedly the role of specialized human resources is more than others. The purpose of this study is to study the contexts and contexts of unemployment formation of female graduates in Ilam city using a qualitative method and in particular the methodological approach of grounded theory. The study population includes all unemployed female university graduates from the period 1390 until now in all university fields in Ilam. The sample size was determined based on theoretical saturation, and the validity of the findings was provided by confirmation and matching with the opinions of expert judges and key informants. In this study, information was collected through in-depth interviews and semi-structured. Analysis of graduate interviews led to the formation of a conceptual framework in the form of definition and understanding of female graduates of the phenomenon of unemployment, background conditions in the form of "non-institutionalization of work culture", "structural constraints", "tribal culture as a deterrent" Mediating conditions in the form of "managerial weakness", "weakness of human capital", "erosion of social capital".Considering the relationship between the mentioned categories, the category of unbalanced social development was finally selected as the core category.
economics
Yasser Rezaei Pitenoei; Khadijeh Mohseni
Abstract
Today, sustainable development relies on empowerment of women, as social scientists have always emphasized on the elimination of gender barriers as a prerequisite for the realization of economic and social development. Accordingly, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship ...
Read More
Today, sustainable development relies on empowerment of women, as social scientists have always emphasized on the elimination of gender barriers as a prerequisite for the realization of economic and social development. Accordingly, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between Board Gender Diversity and Internal Control Weaknesses in companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. To test the research hypotheses, financial information of the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange was used between 2012 and 2016. Thus, after applying the limitations in this study, a final sample of 87 companies was selected. In this study, the Board Gender Diversity as independent variable and Internal Control Weaknesses are dependent variables of the research. After measuring the variables of the research, multivariate linear regression analysis was used to test the research hypotheses. Statistical tests were performed using the Eviews econometric software and the statistical data compilation technique. The results obtained from the test indicate that there is a significant relationship between Board Gender Diversity and Internal Control Weaknesses. In other words, the presence of women on the board reduces the company's internal control weaknesses.
economics
Ahmad Asadzadeh; Nina Mirani; Forough Ghazi khani; Najmaeh Esmail Darjani; Atieh Honardoust
Abstract
To enrich the complex process of development and the role of human resources as one of its main factors, it is essential to review the role of the human resources, especially the role of women, who constitute half of the world population. In recent years, the new socio-economic phenomenon of the female ...
Read More
To enrich the complex process of development and the role of human resources as one of its main factors, it is essential to review the role of the human resources, especially the role of women, who constitute half of the world population. In recent years, the new socio-economic phenomenon of the female participation in the labor market has emerged. Empowering women and removing the obstacles improve the political, social and economic conditions of the society, as it brings about the sustainable growth and development. The present paper gives an analysis on the relationship between the variables affecting economic growth during the period 1380- 1393, with emphasis on the role of employment and education of women. Then, by using the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) and Firefly Algorithm (FA), the economic development of the country is estimated in the form of non-linear equations with emphasis on the rate of the economic participation of women and their education. The findings indicate that increasing rate of women's economic participation in the labor market has a positive and significant impact on the country's GDP as the growth of the literacy level in form of an intersection variable has a positive impact on the rate of the women's economic participation and as a whole on GDP.
economics
Vahid Mehrbani
Abstract
Since family economics is the application of economic theory in explaining behavior with respect to family, marriage is undoubtedly one of the items in this realm. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of marriage on women's home labor supply theoretically and empirically. Accordingly, the ...
Read More
Since family economics is the application of economic theory in explaining behavior with respect to family, marriage is undoubtedly one of the items in this realm. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of marriage on women's home labor supply theoretically and empirically. Accordingly, the utility maximization approach is applied to demonstrate how the behavior of a typical single woman changes after marriage. The theoretical model predicts that women turn to specialization at home production following marriage and thereby their welfare will increase. Two samples including single and married women who reside in Tehran have been used to present empirical evidence. These samples are restricted to all regions of Tehran on the basis of segmentation carried out by municipality. Data have been gathered by questionnaire which was constructed by author. Results approve the prediction of theoretical analysis. Estimations show that the event of marriage will significantly lead to an increase in home labor supply. These findings suggest that women specialize at home production due to marriage. In addition, results also indicate that income, education and employment have negative and statistically significant effect on work within home while, by contrast, the number of children has positive and statistically significant impact.
economics
Vahid Mehrbani
Abstract
Conventional economic theory neglects home production and provides services within household because what is produced and consumed within households has not economic value and hence does not enter the national accounts. The main reason of such ignorance is that the home products are not transmitted from ...
Read More
Conventional economic theory neglects home production and provides services within household because what is produced and consumed within households has not economic value and hence does not enter the national accounts. The main reason of such ignorance is that the home products are not transmitted from market. The history of this viewpoint dates back to the advent of industrialization into the capitalism. Family is a framework for preparation of many worthy commodities in which welfare of individuals is determined while women attend the core of this process. Some economists in the second half of the twentieth century attempted to incorporate housework into the neoclassical theory of labor-leisure choice. Accordingly, this paper also presents an alternative model to analyze such valuable activity called "housework" in which characteristics of Iranian family is more compatible including evident implications. The model leads to a supply function of housework that represents the housework as a negative function of female's wage rate and a positive function of husband's wage and the wife's share from husband's earnings. The method of research is gathering data of married women and analyzing evidence according to econometric equations. These data have been gathered by questionnaire. The housework supply function has been estimated by using a sample that includes 409 married women who reside in Tehran and are at least 35 years old. The estimation is based on logistic distribution function and Maximum Likelihood method. Results suggest that earnings, education, employment and age of women besides family income and marriage duration have negative effect on housework but number of children shows positive impact. As a whole, factors that make market opportunities more attractive tend to lessen the time devoted to housework and vice versa.
economics
Zahra Afshari
Abstract
Using cross-provinces and panel regressions, this paper investigates the interrelationship between gender equality and fertility in Iran for the period 2007-2012. The article attempts to explain the low fertility rate in Iran by distinguishing between two types of gender equity, i.e. gender equity in ...
Read More
Using cross-provinces and panel regressions, this paper investigates the interrelationship between gender equality and fertility in Iran for the period 2007-2012. The article attempts to explain the low fertility rate in Iran by distinguishing between two types of gender equity, i.e. gender equity in individual-oriented institutions and gender equity in family-oriented institutions. For this purpose, two models; i.e. fertility and gender equality, are estimated. The first model shows that as gender equality (in general, and gender equality in labor market) increases, fertility follows a U shape pattern. The second model confirms a U shape relationship between fertility increase and gender equality (in general and in education). The results show that the transition from very high fertility to replacement-level fertility in Iran has been associated with a rapid shift toward high levels of gender equity in individual institutions such as education but with low levels of equality in market employment, in combination with high level of gender equity within the family and low level of family-oriented institutions.
economics
Zahra Mila Elmi; Shahyar Zaroki; Sayyedeh Mona Mahdavi Chabok
Abstract
Nowadays, the female participation rate is known as one of the reasons of societies' development. Hence, this study explores some of the effective factors such as education, marital status, age, and female-headed households on female participation probability in labor market. To achieve this goal, by ...
Read More
Nowadays, the female participation rate is known as one of the reasons of societies' development. Hence, this study explores some of the effective factors such as education, marital status, age, and female-headed households on female participation probability in labor market. To achieve this goal, by using micro data of household survey in 2011, which is carried out by the Statistical Center of Iran, Panel Data with Limited Dependent Variable Models is estimated with maximum likelihood approach. Based on the obtained results, in the urban area of Iran, low levels of education (primary and secondary), could not cause the entry of women into the labor market, higher levels of education, however, especially university education, would cause the entry of women into the labor market. Divorced and single women have a positive effect on the probability of female participation rate, but widows have shown to have a negative effect. The relationship between age and the likelihood of participation of women is an inverted U; that is, at a young age, women are more likely to take part in the labor market than middle-age women. Being female-headed households also has a positive effect on the probability of female participation.
economics
Firozeh Asghari; Atieh Honardoust
Abstract
Gender equality, equity and women`s empowerment are the essential factors for integral human development and also key factors for all countries to achieve economic, political and social development. The main goal of this paper is a comparative study on women`s status in Malaysia and Iran as two developing ...
Read More
Gender equality, equity and women`s empowerment are the essential factors for integral human development and also key factors for all countries to achieve economic, political and social development. The main goal of this paper is a comparative study on women`s status in Malaysia and Iran as two developing countries, which are similar from different aspects. The method used in this research is comparative. The result of this study shows that despite the efforts of both countries to improve the women`s status in many key areas such as education, health, employment, according the reports of United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and World Economic Forum, especially in Gender Inequality Index and Gender Gap Index, Malaysia is ranked higher than Iran. Why and how a country like Malaysia has a higher score than Iran, it is a question that at the end of this paper was answered.
economics
Ahmad Yaghoubi Farani; Hajar Vahdat Moaddab; Somayeh Latifi
Abstract
Home business is one of the best fields of women's economic activity and considered as an important strategy for job creation, particularly for rural women. Nonetheless many barriers avoid addressing rural women to these businesses. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the most important barriers ...
Read More
Home business is one of the best fields of women's economic activity and considered as an important strategy for job creation, particularly for rural women. Nonetheless many barriers avoid addressing rural women to these businesses. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the most important barriers for trends of rural women and girls to home businesses. The statistical population of this study was rural women that are over 18 years in Sardrod district in Razan county, Hamedan province. 187 people were studied randomly according to Cochran formula. The most important data collection tool was a questionnaire that its validity was confirmed by panel of experts and Its reliability was tested by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. According to results of factor analysis, barriers to rural women trend to establish home businesses were classified in six factors that were: social and cultural, infrastructure and finance, personality, support, domestic and training. Social and cultural factors as the most important factor was introduced.
economics
Zahra Nasrolahi; Ezatollah Lotfi; Atieh Honardoust
Abstract
The rate of suicide globally and in Iran is increasing. Suicide destroys human capital and poses huge obstacles for the improvement of women’s health and for the wider public health agenda. The main objectives of this paper is to review the available evidence on suicide in Iran as well as to explore ...
Read More
The rate of suicide globally and in Iran is increasing. Suicide destroys human capital and poses huge obstacles for the improvement of women’s health and for the wider public health agenda. The main objectives of this paper is to review the available evidence on suicide in Iran as well as to explore the underlying causes and reasons for suicidal tendencies among Iranian women. The paper tests whether economic inequality, unemployment, urbanization and the rate of divorce is related to suicide mortality. Using an unbalanced panel of 30 cities for the period 2006-2009 allows us to control for the effect of unobserved factors that may have an impact on suicide rates. The results show that unemployment, inequality, urbanization and divorce rate is significantly associated with female suicide rates. Our results indicate that there is a statistically insignificant positive effect of unemployment, inequality, urbanization and divorce rate on the incidence of suicide. Finally, suicide rates were not sensitive to income levels, divorce rates. The paper suggest the need for further and deeper investigation on other effective indicators.
economics
Asad Allah Babaei Fard
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of women's employment on Family and Social Relations in the city of Aran & Bidgol. The theoretical framework of research is Role Conflict theory. Survey methods is used in this study and the statistical population included all women working in the city of Aran & ...
Read More
This study investigates the effect of women's employment on Family and Social Relations in the city of Aran & Bidgol. The theoretical framework of research is Role Conflict theory. Survey methods is used in this study and the statistical population included all women working in the city of Aran & Bidgol. Using Cochran's formula and Simple Random Sampling, 250 married women were selected as research sample. Statistical tests show that there is meaningful and direct relationship between Conflictin Social Relations, Conflict in Housekeeping, Conflict in Spouse Handling, Conflict in Children Handling, Age, Number of Children and Work Pressures. There is also an inverse relation between Education and Working Pressure. In the Multivariate Analysis and Path Analysis among the four first variables, only two variables, namely Conflictin Social Relations and Conflict in Housekeeping, entered into the regression equation and other variables are out of the equation. As a result, Work Pressure on employed women creates effects on their Social Relations and Housekeeping that in trurn, creates new conflicts for them. The paper argues how Role Conflicts, in particular Work Pressures, can create risks for physical and mental health of working women.
