Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003
Abstract
The aim of the present research is to study the social origin of women's mental disorder, particularly depression. A survey was conducted
using questionnaires of casual-descriptive basis of "Social production of vulnerability/ stress" among women (20-60 years of age) in Tehran. The research findings ...
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The aim of the present research is to study the social origin of women's mental disorder, particularly depression. A survey was conducted
using questionnaires of casual-descriptive basis of "Social production of vulnerability/ stress" among women (20-60 years of age) in Tehran. The research findings indicate that women's depression has been influenced by complex network of numerous interrelated factors/causes. Mental stress of women has a social origin that is closely and extensively linked to social structures and systems. Unequal access to valuable resources within the family, gender-based work division, types of power relations in the family, along with social-economic status-related variables of women's background have important roles in creating mental stress. The process of women's socialization determined by ascribed gender roles of womanhood (e.g. having mental stress and lacking self determination among women) tend to make them more vulnerable to mental disorder, particularly depression. Feeling socially alienated and having cognitive duality are also among meaningful and critical social factors causing women's depression.
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2003
Abstract
Women's social and economic participation is considered to be an important development indicator. In developing countries, however, social and cultural factors have limited the opportunity for women's participation in social and economic structures. This paper examines the factors which promote the rate ...
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Women's social and economic participation is considered to be an important development indicator. In developing countries, however, social and cultural factors have limited the opportunity for women's participation in social and economic structures. This paper examines the factors which promote the rate of participation by women in the labor market within the provinces of Iran. The methodology applied is a regression model utilizing panel data. The results indicate; factors influencing the women's participation in the labor market include level of education, the incentive to gain income, and the rate of male unemployment. Negative factors include rural-urban migration (the rate of urbanization), rate of women's unemployment, and the birthrate. The trend of women's participation in the labor market of Iran is V-shaped in which has experienced an upward turn in recent years.
Volume 1, Issue 5 , April 2003
Abstract
In traditional societies, women are under-represented in the law profession in such a way that they constitute approximately one-tenth of the total number of lawyers in Iran. Over the past few decades, due to prevailing restrictions, women’s entering into judicial positions has been restricted, decreasing ...
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In traditional societies, women are under-represented in the law profession in such a way that they constitute approximately one-tenth of the total number of lawyers in Iran. Over the past few decades, due to prevailing restrictions, women’s entering into judicial positions has been restricted, decreasing their number in this profession. This article shows that in spite of these different restrictions the number of female trainees in law has increased. Also, female lawyers have joined the board of Bar Association. Clearly women’s active presence at managerial level of the association will facilitate changing stereotyping of law profession as a masculine field, also utilizing women’s capacities in this specialized profession.
Volume 3, Issue 3 , December 2005
Abstract
In this article the sins and the presence of the women in Ardavirafnameh, a Pahlavi book, has been surveyed. The book is one of the important religious books of Zoroastrianism. Although this book has been written contemporarily but the foundation of the introduced ideas comes from Sasanians period. Since ...
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In this article the sins and the presence of the women in Ardavirafnameh, a Pahlavi book, has been surveyed. The book is one of the important religious books of Zoroastrianism. Although this book has been written contemporarily but the foundation of the introduced ideas comes from Sasanians period. Since the book has directly addressed some women's issues and state of their sins in The Day of Judgment, studying this book is sort of pondering on women's affairs in Sasanians.
Ardaviraf in his journey to The Day of Judgment sees a lot of men and women sent to paradise or hell because of different causes. Examining the every woman's conditions, the article concludes that the women's sins and punishment is related to their sex. Unlike men whose careers and behaviors determine them to be sent to the paradise or hell, women are sent to hell and paradise just for being woman - frequently from men's point of view and those burdens which men imposed on their shoulders. Some of the women's sins which are addressed in Ardavirafnameh are prostitution, disloyalty to matrimony, doing some jobs during their period while they are forbidden to do that, witchcraft, refusing to milk their kids, abortion, having dispute with their husband and avoiding getting married to their blood-related relatives.
Volume 4, Issue 14 , September 2006
Abstract
The study of social mobility is part of urban studies. Iranian sociological investigations do not reflect much about the problem of women’s social mobility; while understanding the dynamics of women’s mobility and its extent can help in planning and policy-making within the framework of social studies. ...
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The study of social mobility is part of urban studies. Iranian sociological investigations do not reflect much about the problem of women’s social mobility; while understanding the dynamics of women’s mobility and its extent can help in planning and policy-making within the framework of social studies. The present research probes into women’s inter-generation social mobility in an Iranian urban setting: that of the city of Tehran.
This research measures girls’ inter-generation social mobility (the new generation), as compared to that of their mothers, by considering indices such as level of education, number of children, age of marriage, status of job, and the choice in spouse selection. Moreover, factors influencing inter-generation social mobility have also been analyzed and assessed. The findings show that the girls under the study (sample population) had greater upward inter-generation social mobility, as compared with their mothers. This is demonstrated by a comparison of values of indices of inter-generation social mobility with the earlier generations. This comparison indicated an increasing upward tendency. Among factors influencing such a tendency, the parents’ income was of paramount importance, within other independent variables. Whereas, so much as their grand mothers were concerned, the same importance was attached to the age of marriage.
Volume 4, Issue 3 , December 2006
Volume 4, Issue 4 , January 2006
Abstract
In most of the literature, the presence of women in universities is associated with the issue of occupation. In clarifying and explaining this issue the theories of economists on human resources are, often, used. However this article focuses on other aspects of this phenomenon, and evaluates the social ...
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In most of the literature, the presence of women in universities is associated with the issue of occupation. In clarifying and explaining this issue the theories of economists on human resources are, often, used. However this article focuses on other aspects of this phenomenon, and evaluates the social and cultural motives of girl’s entrance into universities. The main questions are that based on what factors could we explain the increasing entrance of women into universities considering the widespread unemployment condition of the educated women and what is the impact of the social demands against the economic demands in attracting women to universities. Does this social demand means withdrawing from the private field (family) and entering into public field. Or do women, in their conception, link these two categories together? This article with references to some conceptual frameworks and empirical researches provides hypotheses for testing in another systematic research. On these conceptions, girl's inclination for continuing with education in higher education, further to personal expectations, has social implications as well. And it is influenced by their sense of belonging to previous family and their inclination towards symbolic participation in making a future family.
Volume 5, Issue 1 , September 2007
Abstract
This article is concerned with women's representation in a Television Advertisement. The main question posed here is the manner of representing a female's image so that her cultural reproduction leads to "symbolic annihilation" in the society.
A great part of representations in the advertisements depict ...
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This article is concerned with women's representation in a Television Advertisement. The main question posed here is the manner of representing a female's image so that her cultural reproduction leads to "symbolic annihilation" in the society.
A great part of representations in the advertisements depict women as stock cultural roles.
In this article, we studied an advertisement which unlike other commercials represented women in new roles, and at the same time; in this form of representation we were encountered with a troubled woman.
Thus, a subject (concept) of "Iranian modern woman" is constructed which corresponds, fully, to the "Iranian traditional woman" subject conditions.
As a result, in spite of superficial transformations in women's life, the womanhood is still, accordingly, defined as "otherness of manhood".
Volume 7, Issue 2 , August 2009
Abstract
In order to develop a country it is necessary to pay attention to women’s role particularly their talents and abilities. Many governments have
overcome their economical crisis by adopting measures and policies for higher participation of women. Sociological theories argue that social
structure, workplace, ...
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In order to develop a country it is necessary to pay attention to women’s role particularly their talents and abilities. Many governments have
overcome their economical crisis by adopting measures and policies for higher participation of women. Sociological theories argue that social
structure, workplace, and family affect women’s access to entrepreneurial opportunities and may influence performance. The families can create
opportunities and limitations that affect women’s individual efforts. The current essay surveys family situation and family support in entrepreneurial
activity. The results of the statistical analysis show that family’s entrepreneur, divorce, husband’s death, emotion family, financial, and
networks support are some of effective factors in development of women entrepreneurship. Among them “economical needs” are the most effective
factors in start up of Iranian women's business.
Hamid Abdollahian; Awat Rezania
Volume 7, Issue 3 , September 2009
Abstract
This paper examines the question of women’s self in virtual space and analyzes how women in the city of Saghez, in the western Iranian province of Kurdistan, experience “self”. Methodologically, the researcher conducts the survey based on the data provided by a case study among 15 to 29 years old ...
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This paper examines the question of women’s self in virtual space and analyzes how women in the city of Saghez, in the western Iranian province of Kurdistan, experience “self”. Methodologically, the researcher conducts the survey based on the data provided by a case study among 15 to 29 years old female internet users in the city of Saghez. The problem of this analysis lies in the question of how the experience of "female’s self" takes place through the communications of female users. In order to tackle this problem, Lacanian theory of self (Lacan, 1988; Shawver, 1998) and Zizek’s (2008) considerations regarding formation of self in virtual space are utilized. A field study based on qualitative approach of collecting data consisting of direct observation and written and oral structured interviews is carried out. The data is then categorically coded and is classified. The findings are thus used to support our theoretical framework. The results of this study indicate that the experience of female self in internet-based communication is affected by some type of lack of confidence that the users felt was present in the virtual space. Meanwhile, the users combine their confidence anxieties with established norms and beliefs which they had learned in the real world.
Mohammad Amin Ghaneirad; Naima Mohamadi; Javad Ebrahimi Kheirabadi
Volume 7, Issue 4 , January 2010
Abstract
The Present article studies epistemological and sociological dimensions of feminism theories, using documentary and analytical methods, to examine the relationship between Feminism as an emancipatory social movement and the problem of human totality. The most important criticism about views of modern ...
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The Present article studies epistemological and sociological dimensions of feminism theories, using documentary and analytical methods, to examine the relationship between Feminism as an emancipatory social movement and the problem of human totality. The most important criticism about views of modern and postmodern feminism movements is related to their inability to provide a general concept for the emancipation of human subject and, conversely, construct a basic gap between the two halves of human being. These two currents of thought which have been influenced by different socio- epistemological conditions especially due to changing conditions of the last years of the century and formation of Post feminism theories are subject to criticizing and rethinking. Post feminism has different tendencies, one tendency is, basically, denying the feminist achievements and announces its obsoleteness, but the other tendency, is trying to provide a relevant perspective for paying attention to emancipation of women and the totality of human being, simultaneously. In the present paper, this critical and continuing tendency has been studied in terms of their ways of constructing the dual subject of human being.
Azam Ravadrad; Mohammad Reza Moridi; Masoumeh Taghizadegan
Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2010
Abstract
The aim of this article is to analyze representation of women in contemporary Iranian painting. As the approach of cultural studies shows, a representation is never a pure reflection of reality; rather, it portrays reality in a specific way in order to reproduce the dominant hidden discourse. Therefore, ...
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The aim of this article is to analyze representation of women in contemporary Iranian painting. As the approach of cultural studies shows, a representation is never a pure reflection of reality; rather, it portrays reality in a specific way in order to reproduce the dominant hidden discourse. Therefore, this research aims to decode women’s portrayals in order to discover the hidden ideology in works of male and female painters. The theoretical approach of this article is based on studying the strategies which women use in their paintings in order to prevent becoming, in Foucault’s words, a subject of the male discourse. These strategies include visual techniques which challenge the expected ideas in facing women’s portraits. The study includes decoding the portraits drawn by women and men, and emphasizing on the meaning layers of power and resistance in the works. The methodological approach of this article is semiotics, and its method is content analysis using the technique of a reversed questionnaire which was designed according to binary oppositions of meanings used in the works. The questionnaire is designed based on decoding explicit and implicit significations in paintings about women, which includes undertaking a semiotic analysis of male and female painters. Thus the meanings are arranged based on the binary opposition, which is an experimental study of paintings based on counting the repetition of meanings in the works of male and female painters. The research statistical sample includes 142 paintings portraying women exhibited during the last two years in active galleries of Tehran. The main hypothesis of this article is about the existence of a meaningful difference between the paintings drawn by female and male painters. The strategies which explain two different masculine and feminine subjectivities are examined in 9 categories and 30 binaries including: sexual performance/desexualized performance, subjective strategies/objective strategies, descriptive/explanatory, natural/cultural, generalized/particularized. Probing into such binaries poses the question of how men using descriptive signs in representing women reproduce their masculine dominant discourse of culture with sexualized, subjective, naturalistic, generalized visual strategies. On the other hand, the issue as to how women using explanatory signs resist the masculine discourse with desexualized, objective, particularized visual strategies is examined. The findings show that the portrait of women in the paintings created by men is based on a system of descriptive, iconic and stereotypical signs, while women painters have an explanatory, non-stereotypical, an interpretive vision towards characteristics and the real conditions of women. In paintings of men the reference to women is an implicational, symbolic, and mythic reference which does not aim at femininity, but rather points to feminine characteristics and the implicit meaning and subjectivity of being a woman; and thus portray woman’s beauty and elegance. On the contrary in women’s paintings, the representation of women is based on feminine experience explaining the shortcomings of women’s life-world, while men’s paintings disregard these conditions and portray women in an imaginary space. The study of Iran’s contemporary paintings show that for women, a woman’s painting is a field of resistance against the masculine subjectivity and, in Foucault’s words, is a war against subjectivization of the woman. Women painters attempt to deconstruct the visual form which men have constructed about women. They resist subjectivization, and using new visual strategies, create gaps in the reproduction of masculine dominant culture.
Hassan Reza Zeinabadi
Volume 8, Issue 2 , July 2010
Abstract
Recent developments in leadership theories and styles have shifted interest from classic styles to transformational leadership style. This new style has become a popular model of leadership in most organizations especially, in educational organizations.Transformation occurs when one or more persons engage ...
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Recent developments in leadership theories and styles have shifted interest from classic styles to transformational leadership style. This new style has become a popular model of leadership in most organizations especially, in educational organizations.Transformation occurs when one or more persons engage with others in such a way that leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivations and morality. Bass (1985) mentioned that transformational leaders motivate followers to performance beyond expectations and he also suggested that there were four different components of transformational leadership including Intellectual Stimulation, Individualized Consideration, Inspirational Motivation, and Idealized Influence.
Transformational leadership has been widely linked to positive individual and organizational consequences, typically, with higher trust in leader and organizational citizenship behavior of employees. Although a number of studies have investigated gender differences in leadership style but empirical evidence surrounding the gender differences in transformational leadership is relatively scarce. It has, however, been suggested that female leaders may be more transformational than males. Despite evidences which emphasis on female advantages, research about differences of male and female principals in transformational leadership and teacher related consequences have yielded contradictory findings. Therefore the question remains as whether women and men are equally likely to be transformational leaders or does one’s sex have a slight advantage?
The purpose of this study is to examine gender differences in transformational leadership components of male and female principals and their effect on teacher trust in principal and organizational citizenship behavior. A sample including 200 female teachers and 36 female principals of girls' primary school and 200 male teachers and 41 male principals of boys' primary school of Tehran city were selected and data were collected through 3 questionnaires. Teachers answered the transformational leadership and teacher trust in principal questionnaire while the principals answered the organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire. Factorial analysis of variance was used to assess the gender differences in components of transformational leadership and path analysis was used to examine impact of components on teacher trust in principal and organizational citizenship behavior.
Analysis of results indicated that mean of components in female principals was significantly higher than male principals. Results of path analysis showed that the impact of components of transformational leadership of female principals on trust in principal and organizational citizenship behavior is higher than that of male principals.
Therefore Female principals' advantage in transformational leadership may be due to the following reasons:
Females are perceived as transformational more often than males.
Females as a group are relations-oriented and other-oriented than males.
Females may be more devoted to individual follower development than males.
Females highlight responsibility and care but males highlight rights and justice.
Females tend to be less self-serving authoritarians than males.
Females are less conforming, more self-confident, and more likely to take risks.
Positive qualities such as sensitivity, nurturance, emotional expressiveness and individualized consideration are more associated with the feminine stereotype.
Results of the study have positive implications for the women’s future in school administration position and also indicate that transformational leadership requires a gender balance rather than the traditional leadership stereotype of masculinity.
soheila Sadeghi; Mahsa Rajablarijanei
Volume 8, Issue 3 , October 2010
Aryan Gholipour; Neda Mohammadesmaeeli; Fattane Gholipour
Volume 8, Issue 4 , February 2011
Abstract
International competition for having a greater contribution in the world is
ever increasing, thus human resource management plays an important role. In a knowledge-based economy, an all-out participation of women in different social arenas promises optimal utilization of all human resource potentials. ...
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International competition for having a greater contribution in the world is
ever increasing, thus human resource management plays an important role. In a knowledge-based economy, an all-out participation of women in different social arenas promises optimal utilization of all human resource potentials. In this respect, Iran has experienced an extensive presence of women in its higher education. Generally, the stronger the social identities of women, the better will the national objectives, as depicted in the country's development plan, be realized. Therefore one of the essential challenges of Iranian managers is to reinforce the social identity in higher education institutions which train future human resource of the country. In order to identify the strategies of reinforcing social identity, the University of Tehran and Qazvin Azad University are chosen as research sample and data is collected through interviews and questionnaires. Twenty people are interviewed from each university and another 419 fill out a questionnaire. This research takes advantage of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The research findings indicate that the mean of the sense of national identity equals 3.61 for University of Tehran whereas this figure stands at 3.87 for Qazvin Azad University. Qualitative analysis of data suggest that physical, spatial and symbolic separation of girls’ and boys’ identities leads to a feeling of disappointment and frustration in girls and is detrimental to their self confidence, while destroying it. The lack of ability to link different identities is considered as one of the main causes of failure in balancing different social roles. Consequently, this gives rise to unidimensionality of girls and a poor self-esteem. In the light of this, presenting women who have succeeded in positively relating different identities is a way to reinforce and strengthen identity in women. Accordingly, the priorities of identity management strategies in universities are as follows: 1. Aggregation, 2. Combination, 3. Division, 4. Omission. Human being has a folded character, it doesn't only possess one identity but rather it is made up of numerous complex identities. This is further complicated as humans can simultaneously hold social identity, corporate identity and individual identity. These identities are relative and are subject to change over time. This paper aims to identify and analyze dynamics of women in organizations, especially educational institutions, thus offering solutions for identity management.
Volume 1, Issue 3 , June 2002
Abstract
The application of qualitative and participatory research methods in rural development studies shows similarities in findings with quantitative methods, as well as possibilities of more depth data analysis.
This article is based on research carried out with rural appraisal method and participatory technique. ...
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The application of qualitative and participatory research methods in rural development studies shows similarities in findings with quantitative methods, as well as possibilities of more depth data analysis.
This article is based on research carried out with rural appraisal method and participatory technique. The objective is to gather information on four major issues in Women’s studies. The research is conducted in Garmsar region in the time period of 1999 and 2000.
Based on research findings rural women’s activities is extensive, their knowledge on environmental conditions and degradation factors is good but their participation in group decision making in rural society is low. Therefore with qualitative research methods we can have information on: (1) rural women’s knowledge of their environment, (2) their activities, (3) their participation in the process of decision making and (4) their needs, problems and priorities.
Volume 1, Issue 4 , September 2002
Abstract
Iranian women's economic participation rate is similar to undeveloped countries, while their educational achievements can be compared with developed countries. The aim of this article is to discuss some of the factors related to the situation.
According to the policies of Third Development Plan, the ...
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Iranian women's economic participation rate is similar to undeveloped countries, while their educational achievements can be compared with developed countries. The aim of this article is to discuss some of the factors related to the situation.
According to the policies of Third Development Plan, the rate of employment in government sector should decline and the opportunities for new employment is meager. At the same time, ineffectiveness and disadvantages of the informal sector, makes it unattractive to women with higher education. Therefore the study of costs affecting female employment in private sector is crucial.
The article presents its discussion with the emphasis on costs to employers , as well as the costs to the society from a developmental perspective. A review of Labor Law provides information on ; how Law as formal institution have been developed to protect women’s right for employment and informal institutions,(.cultural and social ) have had impacts on it. With present Labor Law , the costs are imposed on the employers, and as the result women have lost the opportunities to work. Therefore a new approach is needed to distribute the costs between government and employers.
Volume 5, Issue 2 , November 2007
Abstract
TVS have been established with different objectives, namely to prepare the grounds for guiding the students towards employment or providing opportunity for continuing their studies. However poor quality of schools, lack of required capacities in society, and various gender inequalities in labor market ...
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TVS have been established with different objectives, namely to prepare the grounds for guiding the students towards employment or providing opportunity for continuing their studies. However poor quality of schools, lack of required capacities in society, and various gender inequalities in labor market have been serious obstacles in fulfilling the above objectives and thus have reinforced the conception that school outputs are undesirable.
Aimed at studying this mentality scientifically, the present research evaluates the outputs of girls’ TVS in Tehran in 3 stages.
"Pre-evaluation" stage consisted of surveying 236 experts, 7 factors, 45 indicators in "personal, social and economical" dimensions and compiling 16 judgment criteria in "desirable, fairly desirable and undesirable" levels.
In "evaluation" stage, compiled factors and indicators, along with 3 questionnaires administrated to 226 participants including principals, graduates, and employers of employed graduates were used.
Results showed that in personal dimension, quality of "achievement and dropout" and "alumni (knowledge, attitude, creativity, and skills)" were "fairly desirable" and "promotion to higher education " was "undesirable".
In social dimension, quality of "fulfillment of educational-social goal" was "fairly desirable". In economical dimension, quality of "employment" and "entrepreneurship" was "undesirable" and "employer satisfaction" was "fairly desirable". Both of personal and economical dimensions were evaluated as "undesirable" and social dimension evaluated as "fairly desirable". Finally, quality of girl’s TVS in Tehran was evaluated as "undesirable".
In "post-evaluation" stage, using the results of content analysis of open ended questionnaires of graduates and employers, matched with interviewing students, teachers and school counselors, the reasons of evaluation results were discussed and recommendations for improvement of present situation were suggested.
Volume 5, Issue 3 , January 2008
Abstract
One of the important problems concerning women in Iranian organizations is the stereotype attitudes towards women inherited from the past. Many of these negative attitudes have been made by men, and that’s why, women's efficiency and effectiveness in organizations seems low as compared to that of men. ...
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One of the important problems concerning women in Iranian organizations is the stereotype attitudes towards women inherited from the past. Many of these negative attitudes have been made by men, and that’s why, women's efficiency and effectiveness in organizations seems low as compared to that of men.
This study attempts to examine the popular clichés concerning women's organizational commitment, job involvement and organizational citizenship behavior in educational organizations (Ministry of Education, Ministry of Research & Technology, and Ministry of Health and Medical Education).
The statistical sample consists of 819 people. The findings show that women's organizational commitment in educational organizations is not qualitatively different from that of men. Thus Women's involvement and organizational citizenship behavior is actually more than men's. Furthermore, the results show that organizational commitment has a significant causal relationship with job involvement and organizational citizenship behavior.
Volume 6, Issue 1 , May 2008
Abstract
Non-renewable natural resources play an important role in sustainable development of developing countries such as Iran. However, if natural resources are to be preserved for future generations, proper use of such resources will be imperative. Women are one of the prime users of natural resources. This ...
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Non-renewable natural resources play an important role in sustainable development of developing countries such as Iran. However, if natural resources are to be preserved for future generations, proper use of such resources will be imperative. Women are one of the prime users of natural resources. This study assesses the conservational behavior of rural women and factors influencing such behavior with regards to destruction, protection, and restoration of desert areas of Khuzestan province in Iran during the year 2006-2007.Using multi-stage random sampling techniques data is collected and rural women living in desert areas are interviewed. Result reveal rural women play in a vital role in protection, restoration and destruction of natural resources. Moreover, there is no significant relationship between personal characteristics and their activities in using natural resources. This implies that destruction of natural resources is not attributed to intentions of rural women. However, human basic needs such as searching for a place to live, unpredictable weather conditions, lack of conservation knowledge, financial difficulties, large family members, over grazing, and using woods as a means of fuel are the prime reason for destruction.
Volume 6, Issue 2 , July 2008
Abstract
This paper highlights the increasing importance of "Women's Health" issues and aims to examine and analyze the published scientific papers in this field in five Iranian academic health journals during the last decade, by using content analysis method and gender analysis and feminist theory approach. ...
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This paper highlights the increasing importance of "Women's Health" issues and aims to examine and analyze the published scientific papers in this field in five Iranian academic health journals during the last decade, by using content analysis method and gender analysis and feminist theory approach.
According to the result, journals have produced an overall of 1069 papers in 102 journal issues. Among them 177 papers (16/5%) are about women's health and 160 papers (14/9%) are about women's health priority issues in Iran according to a women’s health national survey conducted by Women's Cultural and Social Council.
The published papers are related to only 15 subjects out of 23 priority issues of women's health. It also shows that 51% of these 15 subjects are about the first 3 items (i.e. pregnancy and after pregnancy cares, malnutrition, and women's cancers). However, it seems that analyzed journals and their academic organizations as well as state research institutes should pay further attention to women's health problems and priorities and also try to publish and use the knowledge produced.
Volume 6, Issue 3 , December 2008
Abstract
Ferdowsi's Shahname (one of the most valuable literary works in Iran and in the world) can be studied from different viewpoints. This important literary work can be analyzed from various dimensions including literature, sociology, mythology and elements of the story. One quite new aspect which can lay ...
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Ferdowsi's Shahname (one of the most valuable literary works in Iran and in the world) can be studied from different viewpoints. This important literary work can be analyzed from various dimensions including literature, sociology, mythology and elements of the story. One quite new aspect which can lay the ground for research in Shahnameh and can be very useful and give great results to us is psychology and psychoanalysis. Karl Gustav Jung is an outstanding figure and prominent scholar of psychology in recent centuries and his views are very useful in studies of literary eastern works. Anima is one of his most important views regarding social unconscious and has also been applied in myth and epic. Anima can have a dual aspect, it can be creative and maker or contrary killer and ruinous (positive and negative). In Shahname women can be considered both as creative and ruinous Animas, such as Sowdabe and misleader women in the seven exploit (Haft khan) who are fatal, ruinous and are thus negative anima; and Faranak, Farangis, Roodabe and Sindokht who are creative and savior animas and thus positive anima that play special roles in epic.
Twins sisters in Shahname (Jamshid's daughters and Esfandear's sisters) who were captured by Zahhak and Arjasp and freed by Fereidoon and Esfandear, show that conscious can change anima and it can become both fatal and savior. This subject will be researched in this essay briefly.
Volume 6, Issue 4 , March 2009
Volume 7, Issue 1 , May 2009
Abstract
This article is aimed at investigating the Cultural-artistic exchange and its influence on female costumes in the most critical part of the history; that is during the formation of the Parthian Kingdom in the great Achaemenid’s realm after the invasion of foreigners such as Alexandra and the Greek. ...
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This article is aimed at investigating the Cultural-artistic exchange and its influence on female costumes in the most critical part of the history; that is during the formation of the Parthian Kingdom in the great Achaemenid’s realm after the invasion of foreigners such as Alexandra and the Greek. This paper also examines the causes that have lead to transformations in the type of woman's clothing during the Parthian history. The dissemination of Hellenism in East especially Iran led to great changes in various fields such as economics, religion, culture, art and etc. Therefore it is significant to understand the extent to which the new culture has penetrated into the ancient Persian civilization. In this article different types of women's clothing are analyzed in Iranian and Greek civilization. The details of each piece of clothing are delineated and the similarities and differences are compared and contrasted. The article also analyzes the extent to which the two civilizations have mutually influenced each other. The method of research is documental analysis and the results reveal that the culture of Iranian and Greek clothing have significant and deeply rooted relationship with each other which is mainly due to various wars between the two civilizations and the influence of counter factors in artistic style of each civilization thus the type of tailoring and styles of ornament are mutually influenced by each other.
Sociology
Nader Razeghi; Heydar Janalizadeh; Mehdi Alizadeh
Abstract
Recently, gender differences in scientific production has increasingly been focused on by science sociologists. Awareness of scientific priorities, technology and human resources based on gender is one of the determining factors for science policy making and the success of plans. The present study aimed ...
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Recently, gender differences in scientific production has increasingly been focused on by science sociologists. Awareness of scientific priorities, technology and human resources based on gender is one of the determining factors for science policy making and the success of plans. The present study aimed to examine the status and quota of women in academic departments and social science research journals. Quantitative method and secondary analysis were used in this study. To this end, from the archive of 18 journals from 2009 to 2013, 89 journals were selected for analysis i.e. one journal was randomly selected from each year. The results showed that, from among the examined journals, 22% of women (4 journals) were directors, and 28% (8 journals) were chief editors. Out of a total of 224 members of editorial board, women comprised 21% i.e. 47 women members. Out of a total of 685 articles published in the selected journals, 19% of women were first authors and 23% were second authors. 4% of the articles were single-authored and 6.7% were co-authored by women. In other words, the number of articles written by women only (whether single-authored or co-authored) included almost 11% of the articles (i.e. 75 articles). In general, women had a decisive role in the production of knowledge and ideas i.e. equivalent to 42% of the articles published despite their little presence in the areas mentioned above. The results indicate gender inequality in academic departments and social science research journals and inadequate policy-making within the science institution in this area.
