Volume 1, Issue 5 , April 2003
Abstract
The changes in age and sex structure of population as an independent and primary factor- irrespective of other influencing factors- creates imbalance in marital situation of the society. Based on population changes in recent decades in Iran, especially in the period of 1976-1986, there has been a remarkable ...
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The changes in age and sex structure of population as an independent and primary factor- irrespective of other influencing factors- creates imbalance in marital situation of the society. Based on population changes in recent decades in Iran, especially in the period of 1976-1986, there has been a remarkable change in the age and sex structure of population. These structural changes of the population in Iran had different economic, social and cultural impacts in different time periods causing many types of economic and social hindrances in the society. As a consequence, presently we have to deal with over supply of labor and as the result a high rate of unemployment .Other expected impacts in the near future will be imbalance among girls and boys in the marital age groups. This imbalance will result in the increased number of single girls. The aim of this article is to study the issue in the three decades (1956-1986) and to discuss the relationship between changes of population age and sex structure and marital situation in Iran. Also, quantitative impacts of such changes on the future decade will be presented.
Volume 3, Issue 3 , December 2005
Abstract
In some traditional societies including Iran, birth giving is an element of women’s identity and status, also having a child is looked as a source of women’s power in the family and society. Therefore infertility typically can be considered as womanly problem. Consequently infertile women face more ...
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In some traditional societies including Iran, birth giving is an element of women’s identity and status, also having a child is looked as a source of women’s power in the family and society. Therefore infertility typically can be considered as womanly problem. Consequently infertile women face more family and social problems than infertile men. This study is to examine the conditions of these women as well as the effects of infertility on different aspects of their lives. The necessary data for this study have been collected through qualitative method and deploying in-depth interview with 30 infertile women in Tehran. This study has provided profound perception about the social and cultural conditions of infertile women in the society. The result of research showed that infertility can bring a great deal of problems of women even where the cause of infertility attached to men rather than women. In this case where men in denial of their problem, women are threatened to go along with divorce and leave their home. Promoting public knowledge on infertility could save the infertile women against several problems facing, and eventually could contribute the family's health and stability.
Volume 4, Issue 14 , September 2006
Abstract
In Iran, entrepreneurship is a new phenomena and the research in this subject especially on women entrepreneurship is very limited. In spite of the fact that most of the Iranian women cooperate in economic, social aspects and especially in higher education, the society is not rewarding their contribution ...
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In Iran, entrepreneurship is a new phenomena and the research in this subject especially on women entrepreneurship is very limited. In spite of the fact that most of the Iranian women cooperate in economic, social aspects and especially in higher education, the society is not rewarding their contribution and efforts in economic affairs.
In this national and broad research, all the factors effective in the women entrepreneurship were taken into consideration. Having reviewed the literature on educated women entrepreneur population, a list of relevant and influential socio-cultural factors was gained. For the purpose of identifying influential socio-cultural factors on educated women entrepreneur, a questionnaire was designed and corrected by the experts and a pretest. This article presents a part of the results about socio cultural factors. The results point out that among socio cultural factors including positive attitude of others toward woman entrepreneur, social values and beliefs, existence of role models, the balance of work and family life, training and environmental motives, according to binominal test, only positive attitude, of others toward woman entrepreneur encourage women entrepreneurs to start the business, however other factors have no significant influence.
Volume 4, Issue 3 , December 2006
Abstract
On discussion about managerial ability of women outside home, social scientists refer to the wide range of women in labor force on one hand and to the discrimination against women on the other. Although women occupation is considered as an evidence of change, but providing opportunities for them in order ...
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On discussion about managerial ability of women outside home, social scientists refer to the wide range of women in labor force on one hand and to the discrimination against women on the other. Although women occupation is considered as an evidence of change, but providing opportunities for them in order to fulfill their abilities is of primer significance. This requires identification and evaluation of women managerial ability. Our case study consists of 172 women working in ministry of education, Shiraz University and Shiraz medical science university who experienced managerial position. In the research, the women’s managerial ability was examined and evaluated by quantitative and qualitative method. In quantitative method, the indicators of the social communication, self –esteem, and creativity were employed. In qualitative method, women’s interpretation about the characteristics of women managerial ability, the way to obtain those characters, evaluative criteria of women managerial ability and methods of problem finding and problem solving were considered. The findings represents that although the women are enjoying almost high managerial ability but the social and organizational context is not sufficient enough for their empowerment and the change in managerial structure of organizations in the benefit of women is very slow.
Volume 4, Issue 4 , January 2006
Abstract
The aim of this article is to study how women read, decode and interpret soap operas. The theoretical paradigm of this study is based on cultural studies. In other words, the theoretical framework is a constellation of the theory of hegemony (in Gramsci and Hall) and the theory of articulation (in Gramsci, ...
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The aim of this article is to study how women read, decode and interpret soap operas. The theoretical paradigm of this study is based on cultural studies. In other words, the theoretical framework is a constellation of the theory of hegemony (in Gramsci and Hall) and the theory of articulation (in Gramsci, Hall, Althusser, Laclau and Mouffe). Regarding methodology, qualitative method, such as focused interview is applied. This research shows that women often negotiate with the dominant reading or dominant discourse of soap operas, and decode the preferred ideas and meanings of the text in another, even opposite, way.
Volume 5, Issue 1 , September 2007
Abstract
On one hand having undergone many remarkable structural and value changes and on the other hand considering the disorganized and uncoordinated social condition of the subsystems, marriage is conceived as one of the prominent social problems. So, this paper seeks to explore the attitudes of unmarried ...
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On one hand having undergone many remarkable structural and value changes and on the other hand considering the disorganized and uncoordinated social condition of the subsystems, marriage is conceived as one of the prominent social problems. So, this paper seeks to explore the attitudes of unmarried youth towards marriage and its problematic nature.
The results demonstrate that the youth's tendency towards marriage in lower age has decreased and almost 90 percent of youth believe that male marriage depend on having a job and financial possibilities. Also, more than half of the youth maintain that the best age for marriage would be after university graduation and gaining economic autonomy which, in turn, show the value changes and transformation.
Regarding the problematic nature of marriage, youth believe that many factors may affect marriage so as it to be considered a social problem among which the unemployment (lack of permanent job) is the most important factor.
To solve this problem and as a strategy for reducing the pathological impacts stemming from the current problematic nature of marriage in Iran, the temporary marriage strategy has been suggested. In this respect, the findings show that the temporary marriage strategy is not socially accepted among the youth and is perceived in opposition to their value orientation.
Volume 7, Issue 2 , August 2009
Abstract
Everyday life not only provides a favorable context for the application of power, but also it has a good potential far praxis, creativity and independence of subject. Family is one of the most important spheres in which women receive the principal role. Considering that it is not without power relations ...
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Everyday life not only provides a favorable context for the application of power, but also it has a good potential far praxis, creativity and independence of subject. Family is one of the most important spheres in which women receive the principal role. Considering that it is not without power relations therefore it demands resistance tactics just as any other fields of power strategies. This article measures the type and level of women’s resistances towards patrimonial power in family. Results show that women show relatively moderate and weak resistance in 5 types. Resistance and marital power show significant negative correlation. It means that the more power women have in the family, the less they have to resist. Besides, if women marry at older age, work or their husbands have higher levels of education, they have more power in their marital relationship and less resistance. Further Results reveal that women demand more attention,
participation and amity. Thus if men recognize the significance of women’s role and are better at convincing women when trying to get their agreements in important decisions, they will face less resistance and the family will have less tension.
Zahra Pishgahifard; zahra pishgahi fard
Volume 7, Issue 3 , September 2009
Ahmad Mohammadpur; Rasoul sadeghi; Mahdi .Rezaei; Latif Partovi
Volume 7, Issue 4 , January 2010
Majid Movahed; Esfandiar Ghafarinasab; Maryam Hosseini
Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2010
Farideh Maneshii; Raziyeh zohrevand; Faezeh Mashini
Volume 8, Issue 2 , July 2010
Abstract
Education is an investment to improve working ability and social activities of people. In the Iranian educational system, training of human resources (men or women) is done via theoretical and Technical - Vocational fields of study in the high schools. In fact the students’ future education and employment ...
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Education is an investment to improve working ability and social activities of people. In the Iranian educational system, training of human resources (men or women) is done via theoretical and Technical - Vocational fields of study in the high schools. In fact the students’ future education and employment is ascertained by choosing the desired field of study at the end of first year of high school. In the other word, students’ higher education aspirations are directed by the fields of study at high school. They may opt for theoretical studies in which case they can continue such studies at University or they may choose a vocational study which prepares them for a technical job in future
The aim of this study is to investigate the gender structure of students in the high schools in the theoretical and Technical - Vocational fields and its effect on acceptance of male and female students in the universities.
The theoretical framework under which this study is carried out is in accordance with human resources management theories. Descriptive methods are used for statistical evaluation.
The results of this study show that although the male students' proportion was higher in the first grade of high school in all studied years, registration rate of girls for pre-university grade was more than that of boys. Our findings also show that although presence of girls has increased in the Technical - Vocational fields in the third development plan, boys have enjoyed greater opportunities and facilities for continuing education in these fields. Higher number of Technical - Vocational schools and higher diversity in the offered Technical - Vocational fields for boys are just some of these mentioned opportunities.
Greater access and presence of boys in the Technical - Vocational fields and so lower access and presence of girls in these Technical - Vocational fields and their presence in the theoretical fields as a result, is a cause for gender gaps in the proportion of females over the males in pre-university education and higher acceptance of girls in the universities.
Bita mashayekhi; Mahdi mohammad abadi
Volume 8, Issue 3 , October 2010
H. Shabanali Fami; N. Fallah Haghighi; Ali Asadi
Volume 8, Issue 4 , February 2011
Abstract
In recent decades, empowerment has been used as a mechanism to improve
the quality of women’s personal life and career. In this respect, information technology can be used as an effective instrument to meet that end. The purpose of this study is to examine gender roles in inclination of men and women ...
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In recent decades, empowerment has been used as a mechanism to improve
the quality of women’s personal life and career. In this respect, information technology can be used as an effective instrument to meet that end. The purpose of this study is to examine gender roles in inclination of men and women towards using Information Technology in Agricultural Extension. The study is conducted in Gilan province and it gains significance as it reveals the existing gap between men and women in terms of knowledge and skills of using information technologies. The statistical population covers 472 agricultural extension workers of Gilan province that are studied in two groups of men and women. Using Cochran formula and stratified random sampling method, some 203 people are randomly selected, of which 160 are men and 43 are women. Data is collected through a questionnaire and its reliability stands at 0.76 using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The independent variables include the amount of using information technology in agricultural extension, extension worker's level of knowledge about information technologies and their attitude towards using information and communication technologies. The dependent variables consist of gender, age, marital status, level of education, the field of study, the years of services, the organizational status, the employing status, the place of access to computer and the place of access to internet, the level of extension activities, the level of knowledge of English language, contributing in IT courses and the hours of using computer and internet in a week. The results of analysis indicate that women have less knowledge about IT and the level of using it stands at a lower level than as compared with men. Moreover, in terms of variables such as age, the years of services, the skills of using internet and computer in extension activities, there is a significant difference between men and women; namely that in each case men demonstrate higher level of skills in comparison with women. The results of diagnostic analysis reveal that the level of using internet, the level of internet knowledge, the skills of using computer to do extension tasks, have the highest importance in differentiating men and women respectively. In addition, in all cases men have higher level of skills in using IT in extension affaire in comparison with women. The results also confirm that skills of using computer in extension tasks have the highest correlation with diagnostic score and play the most important role in explaining total variance. Group mean for men is 2.121 and for women it stands at -0.908.
Volume 1, Issue 3 , June 2002
Abstract
This article discusses the role of time and location in jurisprudence, its’ impacts on the changes of jurisprudent’s opinions and it’s relation with women’s rights. Time and location are two important factors in these processes. That is changes in the society causes changes in decrees, in judgments ...
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This article discusses the role of time and location in jurisprudence, its’ impacts on the changes of jurisprudent’s opinions and it’s relation with women’s rights. Time and location are two important factors in these processes. That is changes in the society causes changes in decrees, in judgments and as the result evaluation in the people’s understanding of religion.
Provision of women’s rights with reforms or enactment of new laws is an old debate. In Iran like some other Islamic countries the issue of the adaptation of religious rules time, location, needs and necessities have been a major issue for discussion. Based on the legal system of Iran, any type of reforms in the present laws or development of new law should be approved by jurisprudentes. Such a situation of dependency adds to the importance of taking time and location into consideration by jurisprudentes. It is noticeable that, at present and with the existing jurisprudentes’ opinions, reforms, and changes in some laws regarding women’s rights is possible.
Volume 1, Issue 4 , September 2002
Abstract
Women’s management has brought up admirable achievements in the organizations of different countries. But in most of the government organizations of Iran the tendency is toward appointing male managers. It seems the reasons of such selection are more gender factor rather than capacities and abilities ...
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Women’s management has brought up admirable achievements in the organizations of different countries. But in most of the government organizations of Iran the tendency is toward appointing male managers. It seems the reasons of such selection are more gender factor rather than capacities and abilities of appointees. According to management theories, there are many factors behind the issue. This article aims to answer the question of:" With the improvements in women's education and social participations in recent years, why women do not have access to managerial positions in the government?”
Factors of organization’s culture, male managers' attitude toward women and their managerial skills have been studied. The findings provide evidences on negative attitudes of male decision-makers about women's abilities for management. Also, organizational culture does not favor the presence of women at the management level. In addition, there is no significant difference between male and female managers in their cognitive skills.
Volume 5, Issue 2 , November 2007
Abstract
This article aims to analyze the imposed war between Iran and Iraq from a new standpoint. Here, we look at the war from the viewpoint of women who were involved in the war as nurses, doctors, or reporters and etc. They lost their homes and families, or even got armed and battled against enemy.
Their ...
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This article aims to analyze the imposed war between Iran and Iraq from a new standpoint. Here, we look at the war from the viewpoint of women who were involved in the war as nurses, doctors, or reporters and etc. They lost their homes and families, or even got armed and battled against enemy.
Their experiences are categorized into six concepts including dis-embedding, explosion in family structure, changing in the female self, suspension and re-embedding in everyday life. The research analyzes eighteen memoirs, and believes that female experience of war is something unique and considerable which has not been mentioned before.
Volume 5, Issue 3 , January 2008
Volume 6, Issue 1 , May 2008
Abstract
This article tries to study female insecurity feeling in everyday life in civic spaces. Although there are different kinds of insecurity in civic spaces for people of different strata, but it seams that women experience a special kind of insecurity feeling which is common among women of different groups ...
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This article tries to study female insecurity feeling in everyday life in civic spaces. Although there are different kinds of insecurity in civic spaces for people of different strata, but it seams that women experience a special kind of insecurity feeling which is common among women of different groups and social classes. This is mostly due to their female body which is susceptible to rape and violence by men. To study this kind of female experience, 40 women residing in Tehran are interviewed and they are asked to explain how they manage their body when encountering such dangers in civic spaces.
Volume 6, Issue 2 , July 2008
Abstract
Women's strong will to obtain higher education degrees and to work as faculty member of universities is an undeniable fact in Iranian current society. Nevertheless, female faculty members just like many other women encounter some career problems which can affect their emotions, attitudes and behaviors. ...
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Women's strong will to obtain higher education degrees and to work as faculty member of universities is an undeniable fact in Iranian current society. Nevertheless, female faculty members just like many other women encounter some career problems which can affect their emotions, attitudes and behaviors. This article aims at answering the three following questions:
- What are the career problems of female university faculty members?
-Is there any significant relationship between individual characteristics of female faculty members and their problems?
- Is there any significant relationship between the problems and job tendencies of female faculty members?
The surveys are obtained through interviewing 290 female members of non-medical faculties of state universities. The survey shows that a noticeable number of female faculty members face two major problems. The first problem is inconsistency between family-job role expectations while the second problem consists of discrimination against women
Among demographic variables only age, ethnicity and scientific position are statistically related to the so-called problems but only in a limited way. In addition, interaction of family-job roles and gender discrimination has a significant negative relationship with job satisfaction and sense of fulfillment from their affiliated organization.
Volume 6, Issue 3 , December 2008
Abstract
The present article's focus is mainly on the qualitative analysis of women's representation in Iranian national TV series. Thus, three series, "if my dad was alive!", "the ninth month gazelle " and the satire genre "homeless" produced by channel 1 and 3 in the second half of 2004 have been addressed ...
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The present article's focus is mainly on the qualitative analysis of women's representation in Iranian national TV series. Thus, three series, "if my dad was alive!", "the ninth month gazelle " and the satire genre "homeless" produced by channel 1 and 3 in the second half of 2004 have been addressed through qualitative method.
The analysis of these cases focused on the concept of the deserving presence of women in the series' plot. To this aim, the views of Islamic thinkers as well as the television's agendas and purposes in 2004 have been examined. The authors conclude that the qualitative presence of women in the series is not consistent with the agendas and purposes although the quantity of the presence is reasonable. In reality, a significant rupture between Islamic Iranian policy-makings and the productions of the Iranian TV has resulted in the ineffectiveness of this organization in exercising its gender policy.
Volume 6, Issue 4 , March 2009
Abstract
Feminist Ethics is a new and important branch of western ethics. This article is an attempt to examine one of the essential issues in this area; i. e. the necessities of feminist ethics. The paper has taken it for granted that:
1. it is necessary to criticize feminist ethics, 2.without considering ...
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Feminist Ethics is a new and important branch of western ethics. This article is an attempt to examine one of the essential issues in this area; i. e. the necessities of feminist ethics. The paper has taken it for granted that:
1. it is necessary to criticize feminist ethics, 2.without considering some points in this criticism, one cannot take a fair position towards or against it.
Having offered the definition, background, aims, and consequences of this ethical branch, the paper has presented some reasons for the necessity of criticizing it. In addition some proposals are offered to formulate an Islamic system of ethics for females.
Volume 7, Issue 1 , May 2009
Abstract
Fable literature is one of the bases in which sexual stereotypes are reproduced. Like all other scientific fields, it continuously delineates a repetitive image of women. Therefore, this article aims to study how literary texts reflect sexual discrimination in a specific culture and how they deal with ...
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Fable literature is one of the bases in which sexual stereotypes are reproduced. Like all other scientific fields, it continuously delineates a repetitive image of women. Therefore, this article aims to study how literary texts reflect sexual discrimination in a specific culture and how they deal with reproduction of sexual division; specially how these injustices are drawn in Mr. Dolatabadi's selected works.The Results of the research shows that in Hejrate solyman, Bashobeyro,Jaye khaliye soloch, kalidar story books, harshness plays the main role and appears with various origins and in different forms (clear and hidden) and thus overcomes and defeats women. The method used in this research is content analysis.
mohammad hossein panahi; shahnaz sedaghat zadegan esfahani
Abstract
Sociologists including structuralists and trans-structuralists emphatically believe in interpreting sports rules ideologically and also believe that a number of factors such as power of personality, organization and economic situation are involved. This research studies the relationship between personality ...
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Sociologists including structuralists and trans-structuralists emphatically believe in interpreting sports rules ideologically and also believe that a number of factors such as power of personality, organization and economic situation are involved. This research studies the relationship between personality power, economic, social and organizational resources with ideologically interpreting the sports rules of women. Through survey method the data collected from 30 federations which had women’s sports. The statistical population included all managers of the federations at different levels and the athletes, totally 650 people. Out of 6 hypotheses based on research theories, the ones which were orderly connected organizationally, economically, socially and gender specifically to interpreting sports rules ideologically were approved. The 3 other hypothesis did not get the approval.
Women's Studies
Seyyed Mohamadsadegh Mahdavi; Mohamadreza Mohamadjani
Abstract
Using social interpretivism approach, this research studies the process of political socialization of female students and its main agents. The process of political socialization is important because all political thoughts and attitudes of people are shaped through this process. Grounded theory is applied ...
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Using social interpretivism approach, this research studies the process of political socialization of female students and its main agents. The process of political socialization is important because all political thoughts and attitudes of people are shaped through this process. Grounded theory is applied and data have been collected by in-depth interviews. Based on purposive sampling and also taking into consideration the theoretical saturation, twenty female students from Shiraz Islamic Azad University participated in this study. The findings indicate that in a cultural sphere whereby the political socialization is marginal and while agents such as media, educational institutions and friendship groups are inefficient, family, as the only reliable institution, bears the burden of the socialization process.
Rural Development
Amir Hussein Ali Beygi; Nasrin Afshar; Mahna Shahmoradi
Abstract
In our country, there are many obstacles for active participation of rural girls in development; rural girls can be considered as the most deprived members in rural communities. Identification of rural girls’ difficulties could help remove the barriers of rural youth empowerment. The current research ...
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In our country, there are many obstacles for active participation of rural girls in development; rural girls can be considered as the most deprived members in rural communities. Identification of rural girls’ difficulties could help remove the barriers of rural youth empowerment. The current research aims to identify the difficulties of rural girls using grounded theory method. The study population consisted of rural girls of one rural area in Kermanshah city. The data of this study were collected by deep interview and direct observation that continued until theoretical saturation. The findings of study showed that rural girls are faced by many different problems. In this study, unemployment was identified as a central problem, and context, causes, interventions and connected strategies of which were analyzed. Moreover, some consequences were pointed the destructive effects of which will be observed in both rural and urban areas if no measure is taken to improve the current condition.
