Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003
Abstract
The present Iranian labor market is faced with a huge number of people who are seeking work and with insufficient growth of job opportunities, it will entail increasing rate of unemployment. The process of job creation has neither met the demands of the unemployed, nor those of university graduates, ...
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The present Iranian labor market is faced with a huge number of people who are seeking work and with insufficient growth of job opportunities, it will entail increasing rate of unemployment. The process of job creation has neither met the demands of the unemployed, nor those of university graduates, and the country's population as a whole. In this study, a review will be made of the major economic policies at the macro level with their impacts on women's work force in the labor market. Policies such as reducing fertility rate, expansion of education, controlling inflation rate, privatization, and economic growth were analyzed in this study. The findings indicated that while economic growth improves macroeconomic capacities, but unemployment rate is reduced only slightly. The fertility rate has been reduced noticeably in recent years; however, it had minimal impact on women's participation rate. Inflation encourages women to enter labor market. With an increasing number of women graduating from universities,
the labor market will not be able to meet the demands of the female population and in the near future, the country will encounter a new crisis: "The crisis of young unemployed women graduates".
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2003
Abstract
In the past two decades, the expansion of ethnic identity move¬ments has increased the number of studies examining the social, cultural, and political dynamics of ethnicity. A review of the studies demonstrates that the gender aspect of ethnicity has been largely over-looked and tended to consider gender ...
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In the past two decades, the expansion of ethnic identity move¬ments has increased the number of studies examining the social, cultural, and political dynamics of ethnicity. A review of the studies demonstrates that the gender aspect of ethnicity has been largely over-looked and tended to consider gender as a contextual variable. This article is based on the findings of a survey in four cities of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, to examine the importance of gender attitude in the development of ethnic identity. The hypothesis is that the unequal status of the two ethnic groups (Baluch and Non-Baluch) especially in terms of access to educational opportunities, has resulted in two different attitudes with respect to gender roles. Traditional and relatively modern attitudes of gender have differentiated the two ethnic groups. Additionally, it has impacted the family structure and the social
dynamics within ethnic groups. The analysis of the data attributes many of the differences between groups to differences in the level of education .Other variables, such as different religions, also affect the difference in perspectives and cultural behavior.
Volume 1, Issue 5 , April 2003
Abstract
Development is the ultimate goal that any country attempts to achieve. The basic values of sustainable development lie on enhancing people’s quality of life leading to women’s and men’s empowerment. One of the ways that influences development of men and women is women’s equal access, equality ...
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Development is the ultimate goal that any country attempts to achieve. The basic values of sustainable development lie on enhancing people’s quality of life leading to women’s and men’s empowerment. One of the ways that influences development of men and women is women’s equal access, equality of opportunity as compared to men, attaining economic security and alleviation of their poverty. These issues are more tangible in the case of female-headed households. This article presents the findings of a survey research on the opportunities and challenges encountered by female-headed households. 4280 samples were taken in a field research of women heads of households in five provinces of Iran. A review of the development, poverty, gender empowerment measures has to take place. The information gathered indicates severe poverty among women. The reviews of development and poverty indicators as well as women’s empowerment measures for women heads of households is very high and approximately equivalent to 0.527, in comparison to the same indicator for the whole country being equivalent to 0.193. Female-headed households constitute 8.4 percent of the total households in Iran. The main reasons of their responsibility as heads of households are disability of men to work (42% of cases) and death of spouse (36%).
Volume 3, Issue 3 , December 2005
Abstract
This paper is trying to offer a better understanding of relationships between government and nongovernmental organizations in Iran. Although the constitutional law, development plans, development practitioners have paid more attention to the importance of NGOs in the society, but still NGOs are not functioning ...
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This paper is trying to offer a better understanding of relationships between government and nongovernmental organizations in Iran. Although the constitutional law, development plans, development practitioners have paid more attention to the importance of NGOs in the society, but still NGOs are not functioning properly. The 1990s has been quite a decade for increasing the numbers of nongovernmental organizations in Iran. It has affected the relationship between the government and the NGOs. The study on challenges of this relation based on cooperation, co-optation, complementarily and confrontation could indicate the possibility of empowerment and capacity building of the NGOs.
Although various executive and administrative institutions are willing to exercise legal supervision on the organizations but social groups and elites believe that the government does not establish public communities since it would undermine the organization's power. However, it is important to determine an effective relationship between governmental and non-governmental organizations. This article tries to identify those possible damages which can influence an effective relationship between NGO’s and government. As a result of discussion between focused groups and different groups in Tehran and the other cities, this study offers an optimal approach to the relationship. This approach could strengthen cooperation and collaboration between the government and these organizations. If the current relationship continues, it will probably make a restriction for women to solve their problem fundamentally. Moreover, the emphasis of the Constitution and the Development Plans on women's participation would be ignored.
Volume 4, Issue 14 , September 2006
Abstract
Globally, today particularly in the developing countries, much attention is paid to how to achieve the goals of all-out development, that is sustainable and human development. This paper proposes the question that what role does women’s increased participation play in attaining sustainable development ...
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Globally, today particularly in the developing countries, much attention is paid to how to achieve the goals of all-out development, that is sustainable and human development. This paper proposes the question that what role does women’s increased participation play in attaining sustainable development in the Muslim countries. What is the prospect for these countries? Drawing on the experiences of the developing countries, writers hold that a comparison of the conditions of the Middle Eastern nations with those of the Muslim countries of Southeast Asia demonstrates that sustainable development in the Muslim countries cannot be realized without women’s extensive participation. Thus, women’s increased participation in the development process of these countries is essential. More importantly, what guarantees the materialization (manifestation) of such an objective is the existence of adequate inclination to facilitate the conditions for women’s engagement in the development process.
Volume 4, Issue 3 , December 2006
Abstract
Social participation has a critical effect on quality of life in any society. In this paper, we try to evaluate eventual relationships between the structure of power in family and quality and quantity of social participation. The main objective is to measure the correlation between the type of socialization ...
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Social participation has a critical effect on quality of life in any society. In this paper, we try to evaluate eventual relationships between the structure of power in family and quality and quantity of social participation. The main objective is to measure the correlation between the type of socialization in the family of orientation (origin), and the type of social participation and its scope. The principal approach is to take into consideration the genesis of participation in the process of decision making at home, and its continuation in the society as a whole. According to this approach, configuration of social participation and strengthening of civil society is influenced by developmental grounds of individuals; civil society is constructed by persons who are forming their civic identities. Methodology used is inferential statistics and survey. The study is carried out in Tehran in 2004 and 391 adults living in Tehran is included in this study. The research illustrates clearly the effect of structure of power in family on social participation among the adults. For Those adult whose family is democratic and egalitarian, the scope of social participation was considerable. People from these families will participate, in adulthood, in the destiny of society as a whole (unions, parties, political organizations…); they are true citizen of their society.
Volume 4, Issue 4 , January 2006
Abstract
This article considers literature with all its literary obligations as a narration of language and analyzes two generations of authors while focusing on the gender variable. In this research two pairs of literary texts within the period of forty years are analyzed using discourse analysis and speech ...
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This article considers literature with all its literary obligations as a narration of language and analyzes two generations of authors while focusing on the gender variable. In this research two pairs of literary texts within the period of forty years are analyzed using discourse analysis and speech from formalist school of literature, in order to extract the literary and gender features. The article deals with the question of what are the characteristics of the writings of men and women in fields such as degree of movement in literary text criteria, departure from terms outside standard language including usage of archaic terms, indigenous terms, creation of new terms or proximity to central trends of language and culture such as usage of expressions and idioms in two generations of authors. This study reveals that in analyzed texts, men have not been more successful or closer to the creation literary term but they have done it in a more different style than women, Men have turned to laborious writing compared to women, whereas the women’s writings are more versatile and fluent while maintaining literary criteria. It is also worth mentioning that the movement of the two generations of authors in the course of time has been to assimilate and approximate to each other. In other words male authors have departed from rules of laborious writing more than male authors of previous generation and female authors have departed from versatile writing more than female authors of previous generation. Regarding terms and expressions women have been loyal to regional and indigenous language while men have been loyal to standard language. With respect to creation of new terms no difference was seen between two genders. Considering usage of laborious terms, the second generation has used less as compared with the previous generation, although the subject of these laborious terms is different. On the whole we can conclude that male and female authors have departed from extremist features of their previous generation and are moving towards a common aim although their starting point are different.
Volume 5, Issue 1 , September 2007
Abstract
To explain the differences between the familial roles in men and women, this article has tried to analyze the perception of employed individuals, both men and women, towards their familial duties, their performance, as well as the possible gap between percieved and performed roles.
The study is based ...
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To explain the differences between the familial roles in men and women, this article has tried to analyze the perception of employed individuals, both men and women, towards their familial duties, their performance, as well as the possible gap between percieved and performed roles.
The study is based on a survey. The sample population of the research constitutes employed married men and women residing in Tehran. The sample is selected from research centers of state university and industrial centers in the city of Tehran. The research shows that: a) the division of labor in housework is based on gender roles, b) the attitude of men and women about their duties and their roles in the family differs consequently, c) The gap between perceived and performed roles is greater for women than for men.
It is also possible to conclude from the research that men are in charge of decision making and the financial matters in the family while it is expected for women to stay at home to take care of children; But as the children grow up the role of men with regards to children is increased.
Volume 7, Issue 2 , August 2009
Abstract
The present study tries to investigate the dissimilarities among women in therural areas of different counties in terms of fertility, possible access (accessibility) to health, hygiene and medical attention during fertility, taking into account the difference in human and gender development index of ...
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The present study tries to investigate the dissimilarities among women in therural areas of different counties in terms of fertility, possible access (accessibility) to health, hygiene and medical attention during fertility, taking into account the difference in human and gender development index of the counties. Since the ertility variables express the condition and circumstances of a woman and types and causes of deprivations as well as uncommon needs prevent them to be in a same group, therefore it is important to have access to the divisive information about various or different groups of women. In this study it is argued that being in the same rural area does not necessarily mean that these areas are similar. Unbalanced levels of human and gender development indices, geographical isolation and different climates of rural areas causes different status in the level of fertility and the index of possible accessibility to hygiene and health during pregnancy and after pregnancy. Therefore to have access to this information in planning and programming of the rural areas is vital. The theories onsidered in this research include the theory of economical fertility, theory of proximate determination and the theory of cultural fertility. This research has utilized documental-statistical of survey method.Factorial, experimental and Pearson's correlation coefficient, regression multiple experimental ,cluster analysis and software of' spss' has also been used. The outcome and results of this research show that there is a positive and significant relationship between levels of gender and human development and level of fertility benefits, contrary there is a negative relationship between the levels of human and gender development and the level of fertility deprivation. Although the intensity of this relationship has reduced in the year 1385 as compared to the year 1375 ,but still the relationship is
significant and continuous. The relationship between deprivation and the level of benefit or returns or quotient reveals that one of the causes of a decline in
fertility specially during 1385 can be the level of benefit or quotient because anywhere that women have possible access to health and
hygiene during pregnancy and after pregnancy, they have shown lower tendency to the fertility
Mohamad Reza Bemanian; Mojtaba Rafieian; E Zabetian
Volume 7, Issue 3 , September 2009
Mohammad Reza Javadi Yeganeh; Asieh Arhami
Volume 7, Issue 4 , January 2010
Abstract
Nowadays, novel is the most dominating genre in literature. Concerning the advocates and proponents of novel, women’s share either as the writer or the reader is ever so increasing. It is such that some rhetoricians speak about a feminizing literature. This article is an attempt to deal with these ...
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Nowadays, novel is the most dominating genre in literature. Concerning the advocates and proponents of novel, women’s share either as the writer or the reader is ever so increasing. It is such that some rhetoricians speak about a feminizing literature. This article is an attempt to deal with these aspects. Unfortunately, in the domain of the Iranian novel reading, there are no exact and proper statistics available, so the findings of the experiments in this article are the results of sets of students' works concerning the relationship of girls with novels. The results of these researches indicate that women outnumber men in reading novels and of course there is no meaningful difference between the rate of reading novels between male and female students. The most frequent reason for reading novels is to gain new experiences and to become familiarized with the world and new characters.
Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi; Malihe Alimandegarie
Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2010
Maysam Musai; Nader Mehregan; Ruholah Rezaee
Volume 8, Issue 2 , July 2010
Mahdi Montazer Ghaem; Maryam Noorainezhad
Volume 8, Issue 3 , October 2010
Mohammed Tavakol; Mohammad-Reza Javadi-Yeganeh; Seyyed Mohammad Hani Sadati
Volume 8, Issue 4 , February 2011
Abstract
Sociology of medical education is an area of sociology that could well
link the two fields of Medical Sciences and Social Sciences together. Sociologists believe that the scope of Medical Science deals with problems and realities much graeter than medical techniques and practices, of which sociology ...
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Sociology of medical education is an area of sociology that could well
link the two fields of Medical Sciences and Social Sciences together. Sociologists believe that the scope of Medical Science deals with problems and realities much graeter than medical techniques and practices, of which sociology of medical education, described as one of the effective institutions of society as well as medicine, is the most important one. Thus, this institution has its own features that can function properly or improperly depending on social realities within the medical sphere. In the light of this, the present study aims to probe into some aspects of Iran's medical education system. The review of literature and statistics reveals that women do not enjoy an equal status in the medical system as men naturally do. The available data consists of two sets of trends. The first one shows that females score a higher rate in university enrolment of medical sciences, however, another quite contradictory trend shows a declining trend where females have a lower rate in obtaining high ranking positions within the system. In other words, more girls enter the universities but less continue their studies and attain high ranking scientific and managerial positions in medical universities and higher education centers. This issue gains significance from the perspective of comprehensive development which tends to eliminate all kinds of discrimination and decrease inequalities in all spheres within the society. In this view, the main goal of development is to promote human development opportunities, and therefore the equality between men and women is one of its principles. The theoretical framework within which this study explains women's status in medical education system includes a combination of gender socialization and gender stereotype theories, such as Sandra Bem’s Gender Schema Theory, and Janet Saltzman Chafetz's Gender Equity Theory. Two main methods are available to study the inconsistency in the behavior of Iranian female students, one is either to study the concentration factor, and the other one is to study the voluntary factor. However, the latter is selected for the purpose of this study. The research has taken advantage of quantitative method. The statistical population of this research consists of 6146 female students, out of which 301, from the medical universities of Iran, Shahid Beheshti and Tehran, are selected as the population by multiple step cluster sampling. Moreover, some 107 male medical students are also selected to be used as the control group, making the total size of the population 408. Data collection makes use of survey technique and questionnaire. The findings show that gender stereotypes has a negative effect on girls tendency to continue their study, achieve managerial position, and finally obtain high ranking positions in medical education system. The findings of this research related to gender stereotypes in the society, higher education, senior managerial posts and also high ranking positions in the medical education system, support all the related studies conducted previously in this field.
Volume 1, Issue 3 , June 2002
Abstract
Studies on wife abuse show that men committed violence behavior against their wives have experienced a high degree of violence in their childhood. Children who have witnessed, their mothers being beaten in their adulthood; girls have tendency to tolerate the violence and boys perceive the abuse of wife ...
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Studies on wife abuse show that men committed violence behavior against their wives have experienced a high degree of violence in their childhood. Children who have witnessed, their mothers being beaten in their adulthood; girls have tendency to tolerate the violence and boys perceive the abuse of wife as their right.
The aim of the present article to study wife abuse and contributing factors in Iran. Data gathered through a random sample of 180 women in two groups: (1) women who were beaten by their spouse and after complaint were referred to legal medicine and (2) women who were referred to the physician for other reasons.
Two groups were compared on the age, job, education, and prior marriage. On these variables there was no significant difference between the two groups. But in variables concerning men’s childhood, number of wives and criminal acts, two groups were significantly different.
The most important factor affecting wife abuse is cultural. Men who in their socialization process have seen their mother is beaten in the family, or those who have more than one wife or/ and drug addicts have a higher tendency to violence against women.
Volume 1, Issue 4 , September 2002
Abstract
There is no single sociological theory which can explain the full extent of women's social participation in the developing countries. An analytical framework is developed to serve the objectives of the research. This article presents a summary of most important findings on the types and intensity of ...
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There is no single sociological theory which can explain the full extent of women's social participation in the developing countries. An analytical framework is developed to serve the objectives of the research. This article presents a summary of most important findings on the types and intensity of women's social participation in the city of Tehran. Factors related to their social participation are divided into four groups: values- culture, family, personality and socio-economic characteristics of the individual and her family..
Religious and charity organizations have the highest rate of participation (over the group mean) and the levels of other types of social participations are much lower. Based on the intensity of social participations women are grouped into four categories: (1) Absolutely non-participants 38%, (2) Isolationists 31%, (3) Cultural participants 14% and (4) Social Participants 16%. Structural and family norms are among the most important factors related to low levels of participation.
Volume 5, Issue 2 , November 2007
Abstract
Image of woman in literature is an important issue of Critical Feminism. It can be argued that literature is the society's mirror, but unfortunately this mirror has not yet reflected a beautiful image of woman. With some exceptions women are usually given a nasty and negative image.
This paper is a ...
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Image of woman in literature is an important issue of Critical Feminism. It can be argued that literature is the society's mirror, but unfortunately this mirror has not yet reflected a beautiful image of woman. With some exceptions women are usually given a nasty and negative image.
This paper is a study on the images of women in some anecdotes and stories that had been written between 6th and 10th century after migration (Hijrat). Some of these stories have Indian origin such as ‘Tooti Nameh’, ‘Sindbad Nameh’, Kalila and Demnah’, ‘Javameol Hekayat’, and some have Persian origin including ‘Samak Ayyar’, ‘Bakhtiar Nameh’, ‘Marzban Nameh’, ‘Golistan’, ‘Baherestan’, and ‘Latayefol Tavayef’.
Misogyny and patriarchy are evident in Indian religions especially Hindu. In some of Indian customs such as Sati women are considered at the lowest level of society and they suffer a lot. Therefore in some Persian anecdotes adopted from Indian stories, one can find traces of misogyny.
In Persian Stories with Iranian origin, there is no sign of misogyny, but the approach to these texts is masculine. In stories such as ‘Bakhtiar Nameh’, ‘Samak Ayyar’, ‘Golistan’, ‘Baharistan’, and ‘Latayefol Tavayef’ women are considered as the second sex and those who are pious and obedient are praised.
Volume 5, Issue 3 , January 2008
Abstract
Nowadays, adolescent girls live in such a more complex and challengeable world that considering their infinite desires and potential abilities as social, cultural, economical and geographical conditions change their needs and social inclinations become more diverse and dynamic.
This study probes into ...
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Nowadays, adolescent girls live in such a more complex and challengeable world that considering their infinite desires and potential abilities as social, cultural, economical and geographical conditions change their needs and social inclinations become more diverse and dynamic.
This study probes into the social, cultural, and educational needs of adolescent girls studying at junior high school and high school in different provinces.
4500 female students at junior high schools and high schools from 5 province including Tehran, Esfahan, Fars, Sistan and Balochestan, and Azarbayjane Gharbi constitute the statistical sample of this research.
The results show that the most important needs at high schools are as follows: ontological security, satisfactory philosophy of life, and gender equality and equity. Girls' most important educational needs are continuing with education content and educational technology.
Also, the most important social, cultural and educational needs of girl students at junior high school are similar to that of high school students. With the exception that in social and cultural needs category the satisfactory philosophy of life and ontological security are placed in a different order.
Volume 6, Issue 1 , May 2008
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between social and cultural traits of female students and their tendency toward emigration. The research method used in data collection and data analysis is social survey. The survey consists of 508 female students studying at M.A. and PhD level ...
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The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between social and cultural traits of female students and their tendency toward emigration. The research method used in data collection and data analysis is social survey. The survey consists of 508 female students studying at M.A. and PhD level in Shiraz and Ferdowsi University. The theoretical framework on which the study is based on is location-specific capital formulated by Da Vanzo.
Descriptive statistics show that M.A. students constitute 89.5% of the sample while 10.5% are PhD students. In addition single students make up 70.5% of the sample whereas married students only take up 29/5% of the total. Inferential statistic illustrate that amongst social and cultural variables, the university of study, rate of using mass media, attitude towards status of science in Iran, attitude towards status of educated women in Iran, sense of belonging to homeland and the four dimensions of religiosity have a significant relationship with the dependant variable which is emigration.
Multi-variable regression analysis also confirm that there's a significant relationship between tendency towards emigration of intellectual female students and independent variables including sense of belonging to one's homeland, consequential dimension of religiousness, and attitude towards status of science in Iran. In general, these variables predict 56% of tendency to international migration of students.
Volume 6, Issue 2 , July 2008
Abstract
There are two perspectives regarding women judgment. One approach believes that "being a man" is one of the essential elements of judgment and claims that women can not be a judge. Another one, believes that "being a man" is not an essential element of judgment and there is no difference between women ...
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There are two perspectives regarding women judgment. One approach believes that "being a man" is one of the essential elements of judgment and claims that women can not be a judge. Another one, believes that "being a man" is not an essential element of judgment and there is no difference between women and men in this regard.
This article seeks to investigate about these two approaches, because choosing each of the choices will have a great influence on society.
Ultimately, it can be concluded that the arguments of the first approach (which is opposed to female judgment) can not prevent women from being appointed as judge and the reasons on which they are based can be rejected easily. Therefore accepting the approach claiming that women can become a judge just like men is not so unpredictable.
Recent bill of family protection emphasized on women judgment in family courts. This shows that women can be appointed as judges just like men.
Volume 6, Issue 3 , December 2008
Abstract
Theoreticians of development believe that among the 3 types of capital; physical, technological and human capital; the main important one is human capital and its appropriate utilization. Economical development will not occur unless environmental factors of work and work organization develop culturally. ...
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Theoreticians of development believe that among the 3 types of capital; physical, technological and human capital; the main important one is human capital and its appropriate utilization. Economical development will not occur unless environmental factors of work and work organization develop culturally. Thus work ethic in the work culture of society will become important and warrant development and improvement. Presence of women in the work market is one of the effective variables on work culture and work ethic.
This research has a gendered view of work ethic in Iranian society. The question raised in this article tackles the following issues:
What similarities and differences are observed in men’s and women’s work ethic? If they are different, which factors interfere?
This research is conducted through a survey using a questionnaire. The sample population consists of 356 faculty staff of Tehran University including 148 females and 208 males. The sampling method used is stratified sampling. The results of research show that the variable of gender does not influence work ethic directly but it is influential through other variables. The most effective variables are mediating variables such as inner organizational and cultural variables. The causal model is distinctive both in men and women. While the work ethic model is very complicated for men, it is very simple for women. The reason for this refers to the fact that women want to maintain their jobs and keep it as long as they can. Therefore, in order to reach a desirable and effective work for all individuals based on universal standards, it is important to consider gender differences.
Volume 6, Issue 4 , March 2009
Abstract
Permission along other unilateral legal acts has a specific place in religious jurisprudence and consequently in civil law, thus it is used in different juristic and legal discussions. Considering the significant role of permission in legal and social relationships of individuals, the issue of marriage ...
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Permission along other unilateral legal acts has a specific place in religious jurisprudence and consequently in civil law, thus it is used in different juristic and legal discussions. Considering the significant role of permission in legal and social relationships of individuals, the issue of marriage in religious jurisprudence and civil rights questions the validity of permission of a parent in the marriage of an immature girl or boy and also in the marriage of a maiden girl. Thus the answer to such skepticism brings about various orientations in juristic and legal discussions. A child cannot be the stipulator of a coupling because of her absence of eligibility. There are different opinions about whether this can be argued for adolescent and mentally mature maiden girl and a lot of jurist consults are completely against it and argue that she should have complete independence in this matter, while some of them are in favor of dependence of the maiden girl and also the continuation of natural guardianship of her father and grand father. However there are some who have provided interim opinions. This article conducts a comparative survey on Sunni and the jurist consults of Shiite religion in order to probe into their juristic principles while presenting arguments for the necessity of permission of parent for marriage. It is concluded that in Shiite there is no juristic necessity for the permission of a parent. Never the less concerning legal matters, besides accounting for the views of juristic consults, the legislator has to consider the social interest and necessarily he is not obliged to pass a law in accordance to famous juristic point of view regarding all issues. Regarding permission in marriage the legal dimension is considered and not the canonical dimension.
Volume 7, Issue 1 , May 2009
Abstract
Mystical literature provides a vast field of symbolism for the knowledgeable reader. Symbol has a bilinear quality. Mystical symbols are bilaterally both heavenly and earthly. The term "woman" has been studied symbolically in Persian literature.The present article is an attempt to discuss different ...
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Mystical literature provides a vast field of symbolism for the knowledgeable reader. Symbol has a bilinear quality. Mystical symbols are bilaterally both heavenly and earthly. The term "woman" has been studied symbolically in Persian literature.The present article is an attempt to discuss different aspects of this symbolism. The field of this study is mystical prose and poetry. From the category of mystical poetry, poetry of Maulana Jalaleddin from his poetry collection and Mathnavi are studied; also works of Sanai Ghaznavi and Attar are consulted. From the category of mystical prose, two books, Tadhkerat al-Owlya and Sefat al-saffa are studied. Also whenever needed some books such as Nasafi’s Kashf al-Haghayegh are consulted. The research methodology used in this research is contextual analysis and to this end, sample taking and studies have been conducted on mystical works. Finally ,an analytical comparison between Persian and Arabic mystical literature is carried out and Ibn Arabi's poetry and his point of view towards woman is examined. furthermore, in this study some aspects of the term "woman" are compared to the concept of Anima in Jung psychology. The results of this field study show that there is a great gap between the two symbolic meanings of the term "woman" in Persian literature. Symbolism of this word sometimes depicts a satanic quality of woman, and considers her as the source of sin and error; thus the human being is under the control of her malicious wills. Contrary, from the other point of view the term is divinely depicted, thus woman is raised to the state of unification and oneness with God. The woman reflects god and appears in forms of poetical brides or the mother of nature and world. The latter symbolism is the most beautiful image depicted of woman. In contrast to the former image that depicts woman as straying and deviating, in the latter, woman is represented in the form of Daughter of the Christian (referring to Mantigh ia- Tair of Attar) and Leili, as the guide of wayfarer toward God.
Key words: Mystical Literature, Symbolism, Woman, Soul
Hashem Dadashpoor; Ahmad Yazdanian; Vahid Keshtkar
Abstract
In urban spaces, the presence of different social groups always faces a constant flow of exclusion and inclusion. The dual stream which is a spatial competition finally results in the rejection or acceptance and the presence or absence of one of the parties. Today, despite multiple investigations under ...
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In urban spaces, the presence of different social groups always faces a constant flow of exclusion and inclusion. The dual stream which is a spatial competition finally results in the rejection or acceptance and the presence or absence of one of the parties. Today, despite multiple investigations under different names in relation to gender, urban spaces in our society has not been obtained for both men and women as expected. Therefore, this article investigates and analyzes the effectiveness of gender on the exclusion and inclusion of people of Shoosh Park. Then, reproduction of these codes and metaphorical borders of the landscape and urban space as well as their manifestation in the behavior of individuals in this space is studied. This article aims to answer the following question using qualitative analysis method and such techniques as participant observation and interviews with 21 people who are associated with the Shoosh Park: “What kind of spatial differences is caused by different genders in the Shoosh Park?” The results show that, in the Shoosh Park, component of gender is the most important component that causes the presence of different groups in space. In other words, some people are excluded from Park space because of their gender, while some others are included. Strengthening and preparing the context for active participation of women in local scale is the most important proposed policy that mostly considers historical roots and social status of women’s presence in the urban space. Accordingly, it looks for implementation strategies not only in spatial changes, bus also in socio-cultural and historical context of women’s presence in social spaces.
