Mohsen Taheri Demneh; Zahra Heidari Darani
Abstract
In a world where changes are inevitable rule, generational changes are faster and the term "generation" has become a concept only used for a decade. Each generation has different lifestyles and their needs are different with a variety of desires and wishes. From this perspective, the study of the characteristics ...
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In a world where changes are inevitable rule, generational changes are faster and the term "generation" has become a concept only used for a decade. Each generation has different lifestyles and their needs are different with a variety of desires and wishes. From this perspective, the study of the characteristics and attitudes of a generations and intergenerational studies is essential for a better understanding of social behaviors and the way in which future social reality is constructed. The present study as a futuristic study explores the images of the future in the minds of female students born in the decade 1990s. The data of this research were obtained through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by qualitative methods of thematic and narrative analysis. The results of the research show that 8 macro narratives create images of the future in the minds of interviewees. These macro narratives are as follows: i) small steps and gradual changes; ii) the transition from traditional to modern life; iii) social without future; iv) color properties; v) Paradise Homeland; vi) Female participation; vii) future without gender and viii) Mother forever. The findings of this paper show that although interviewees, like most young people in the world, are faced with two categories of social disappointment and individualism as negative images of the future; however, 3 narratives include future without gender, acceptance of the role of motherhood and a positive image of Iran's future reflecting the constructive role of women born in the 1370s in the future of the country.
Sociology
Ghasem Zaeri; fatemeh yusefinejad
Abstract
Abstract The policy of Compulsory "Unveiling" was implemented in January 1936 (Dāy 1314) as the official policy of the First Pahlavi Regime, and accordingly, women were forced to unveil by the police force. In September 1943, during the Second Pahlavi era, the government ordered to eliminate the term ...
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Abstract The policy of Compulsory "Unveiling" was implemented in January 1936 (Dāy 1314) as the official policy of the First Pahlavi Regime, and accordingly, women were forced to unveil by the police force. In September 1943, during the Second Pahlavi era, the government ordered to eliminate the term "compulsory" in this policy. This article is studying the resistance of social actors, in particular women's agency, to the implementation of this law and will show that in three main periods, from 1927 to 1935, and from 1935 to 1941, and from 1941 to 1943, three different forms of resistance against unveiling has been formed. The beginning of World War II in 1939 and the occupation of Iran by the Allies in 1941 are the most important structural changes that have provided context for action of social actors. The Second Pahlavi required that the clergy (Ulamā) support his monarchy or at least they do not disagree with it. This is another important change that helps the institutional revival of the clergy as an important power in topic of hijab. The article will show that there is no uniform and planned process in confronting women with "Unveiling" whereas this is resulted from the historical and social dispersed forces which provides the context for "Return to Hijab" in 1943. Women pursue a set of strategies against the policy of unveiling such as positive resistance and innovation in clothing design, negative resistance and physical conflict with police officers, immigration, staying at home and social deprivation, as well as petitioning for legal authorities. During the course of this resistance and return, the next discourse of hijab is formed such as "Hijab as Freedom" or the responsibility of the government to promote hijab. The Foucault method of analyzing historical trends, and first-hand documents, and official reports of the police and the Ministry of Interior, and oral history at the aforementioned time periods has been used in this paper.
Management
Amir khanlari; Masoud Keimasi; Mohammad Saleh Torkestani; Iman Yaghoubian
Abstract
The purpose of this study can be divided into two parts. In the first part, the factors are identified that affect the consumer behavior and of cosmetics luxury goods in Iran's market. In the second part, these identified factors are turned into the model of the consumer behavior of luxury cosmetics ...
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The purpose of this study can be divided into two parts. In the first part, the factors are identified that affect the consumer behavior and of cosmetics luxury goods in Iran's market. In the second part, these identified factors are turned into the model of the consumer behavior of luxury cosmetics goods. This study has been conducted using combined method (qualitative and then quantitative method). In the first phase, the data were collected qualitatively through semi-structured deep interviews with consumer focus groups and studied using the theme analysis method. The data were obtained from interviews with 23 subjects. Then, in the second phase using the quantitative method, the questionnaires have been completed by 12 experts of cosmetics industry and turned into a final consumer behavior model using Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM). In this study, after identifying 12 main categories from the first phase of the study, we achieved four-level model of the consumer behavior using Interpretative Structural Modeling Method (ISM) in the second phase.
Women's Studies
Ahmad Kalate Sadaty; Hamid Hejazi; Elham Moradi Nezhad
Abstract
Living single in Iran has an increasing trend. Single life experiences for women can bring lots of hazards. The objective of this research is to address the relationship between religious believes and high risk behavior among Yazd women. In the current study, we have used theories of social pressure ...
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Living single in Iran has an increasing trend. Single life experiences for women can bring lots of hazards. The objective of this research is to address the relationship between religious believes and high risk behavior among Yazd women. In the current study, we have used theories of social pressure and social deterrence. The theoretical framework of the present research is Emile Durkheim's theory of social solidarity. This is descriptive-analytic study that has been examined by a standardized questionnaire as the instrument. The population of the research include single women aged 18 and above in Yazd province. Using Cochran formula, the sample size was calculated 385 people. We have used multi-stage cluster sampling. Different areas of the city were divided into three parts (north, center, and south), and two blocks from each part was selected as the sample. In order to analyze the data, we have also applied SPSS 16. The results have indicated that tendency toward high risk behavior among women is at the average level. Furthermore, the religious ties of the women are at the average level. There is a reverse and significant relationship between religiosity and high risk behavior (-0.619). The high risk behavior declines as religiosity increases (p=0.000). Also, there is a significant relationship between religiosity (24.126) and marital status (p=0.000). The religiosity of married people is more than that of single people (p=0.000). The analysis of regression indicated that religious attitude affects high risk behaviors with beta coefficient of -0.558. Despite wide social changes, the results of this study confirmed that religion still controls high risk behaviors.
Sociology
Vahid Ghasemi; Somayeh Arab Khorasani; Ali Rabbani Khorasgani
Abstract
Studies about gender and family institute with recent changes leading to family disruption shows that women are experiencing exiting from shadows and finding new identity. Studying women residents with the history of at least one marriage and divorce in Tehran city based on grounded theory method shows ...
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Studies about gender and family institute with recent changes leading to family disruption shows that women are experiencing exiting from shadows and finding new identity. Studying women residents with the history of at least one marriage and divorce in Tehran city based on grounded theory method shows a process that focuses on constructing meaning of marriage and family life. This revealed experience and redefinition of living space and the dimension of new identity. Given the women emotional and sexual demands and development of their social capitals, the women are going to change a one-gender public and private living space. Due to unknown peculiarities and dimensions in one hand and ignorance of men to the changes on the other hand and ultimately lack of common language makes the situation ambiguous for men and women and makes family life confusing and discrete.
Women's Studies
Meimanat Abedini Baltork; Sirus Mansoori
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify the barriers to women's promotion in management position in Iranian educational system based on Interpretative Structural Modeling. The research method in present study is to identify the factors for categorizing based on qualitative approach as a case study. ...
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The purpose of this study is to identify the barriers to women's promotion in management position in Iranian educational system based on Interpretative Structural Modeling. The research method in present study is to identify the factors for categorizing based on qualitative approach as a case study. The participants of the study are consisted of faculty members of Iranian Universities and then among them, 13 faculty members were selected as research sample based on purposeful sampling. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, a content validity criterion was used. The questionnaire was originally reviewed by the experts of the women researches after the final amendments. The data collection tool was a self-interactive questionnaire (ISM) and content validity was confirmed by specialists. The results showed that 10 factors are considered as the factors affecting the barriers to women's promotion in managerial positions in Iranian educational system. Also, factor analysis showed that this model has 8 levels ranged from the deepest and most influential to the most surface. The eighth level of the model was the norms based on religious traditionalism that is as the deepest level of the model. The seventh level of the model is dominance of patriarchal culture and also stereotypical attitude toward women's management. The sixth level of the model is the unwritten gender discrimination. The fifth level is dismissal of women's management by employees, and women's inability to deal violently and not risk-taking. The fourth level of the model is the lack of self-confidence and self-esteem of women. The third level is Job conflict with family duties. The second level is the disapproving women's responsibility for management and finally the first level is lack of suitability in employment.
Ecology
Masoud Hadjizadeh Meimandi; Hossein Afrsiabi; Maryam Baharluoei
Abstract
The approach and attitude to water is effective in water treatment. Women are one of the most important agents of water consumption at the household level. In a situation where dehydration has become one of the super-challenges, it is important to know the views of women about this situation. The purpose ...
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The approach and attitude to water is effective in water treatment. Women are one of the most important agents of water consumption at the household level. In a situation where dehydration has become one of the super-challenges, it is important to know the views of women about this situation. The purpose of this study is to explore the experience and interpretation of Isfahan women about water consumption and dehydration. The current research has been coducted by qualitative method; meanwhile, it has used data-based theory for conducting the research and data analysis. In addition, the sampling method is based on purposeful sampling. To obtain validation of the investigation, we used three methods including validation by members, analytical comparison, and external inspection by supervisor and consultant. For data collection, a semi-structured interview has been conducted with 30 women living in the city of Esfahan. After implementing open coding, axial coding and selective coding, 10 main categories and a paradigmatic model have been presented. The achieved strategies are including environmental and natural hazards, and modernization of causes of water scarcity conditions, obsessive-compulsive disorder and social and psychological concerns as the causing conditions, water governance and water consumption technologies, , and awareness and learning. The consequences are also including understanding the danger, being responsible and feeling guilty of unnecessary consumption. Therefore, institutional theory in this research as culture and infrastructure has been provided in the form of a paradigmatic model.
Women's Studies
Amir Soltani Nejad; Adibeh Barshan; Amirsadra Asadi; Maryam Balvardi; Ali Sadei
Abstract
Drug trafficking is one of the complex social problems of the present time. This is the cause of many social injuries and deviations. This phenomenon targets not only individual security but also national security of the community. In this research, the qualitative method has been used to recreate life ...
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Drug trafficking is one of the complex social problems of the present time. This is the cause of many social injuries and deviations. This phenomenon targets not only individual security but also national security of the community. In this research, the qualitative method has been used to recreate life experience of women to identify the causes and areas of their exposure to narcotics trafficking. The research data were obtained from a deep interview with 18 trafficked women in the central prison of Kerman. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling. The results were analyzed using thematic analysis approach. According to the results, the causes of drug trafficking by women can be found in eight main themes: women's situations, economic system problems, weaknesses in coping systems, ecological platforms of the region, family problems, cultural poverty, inferior friends and class contradictions. Therefore, the smuggling of drugs by women is a phenomenon of several causes. The causes and areas of its formation should not be sought only in a person or a particular entity; it is also always a set of cultural, social and environmental factors, family, judicial, law enforcement, and individual causes were the basis of smuggling.
Rural Development
Seyed Ahmad Firouzabadi; Hossein Imani Jajarmi; Hamideh Dabbaghi
Abstract
Nowadays, social entrepreneurship in the form of different organizational structures (profit, non-profit, or combination, charities, cooperatives, joint-stock companies, businesses, unions) creates social value. The cooperatives play an expanding role in the society and the number of women as their ...
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Nowadays, social entrepreneurship in the form of different organizational structures (profit, non-profit, or combination, charities, cooperatives, joint-stock companies, businesses, unions) creates social value. The cooperatives play an expanding role in the society and the number of women as their member is increasing. This research is to investigate whether rural women's cooperatives in Iran, considering they are a combination of both private and public sectors, can be a platform for social entrepreneurship. We have analyzed eight interviews rural women as members of a rural women's cooperative and the text of law about cooperative companies. Moreover, we have applied grounded theory as our method and the MAX QDA as a software to analyze qualitative data. The results of this research show that 438 semantic terms were extracted and categorized into 5 categories of clusters, 16 main themes, and 42 sub-themes. During the establishment of a cooperative in 2011, there have been two kinds of capital-financial facilities, human capital and knowledge. The nature of the created business in the cooperative has addressed rural women as the community and their problems as social problems. Analysis of the social problems shows that this cooperative has initially intended to create job for the entrepreneurs and secondly to solve the local economic problems of women, especially those as the head of the household. The Entrepreneurship Environment in the rural women's cooperatives (Mehr Afarin Eram) consists of four main factors: entrepreneurs, rural women as local community, special aspects in social, cultural, economic and legal contexts, as well as the obstacles against the cooperatives. Strategies of these cooperatives are formed via current strategies like training part, human resource management, financial, production and sales as well as development strategies in the future. Additionally, the achievements and outcomes of the cooperatives shows that Mehr Afarin Eram can empower women, create objective and subjective values, and achieve financial success.
Sociology
Yosra Mahmoodi; Hasan Mohadessi Ghilovaei
Abstract
The current research aims at sociological investigation and understanding of body industry and cosmetic surgeries of women. This research is conducted using qualitative approach and grounded theory method. The tool used to collect data was a semi-structured interview. Targeted sampling was used to select ...
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The current research aims at sociological investigation and understanding of body industry and cosmetic surgeries of women. This research is conducted using qualitative approach and grounded theory method. The tool used to collect data was a semi-structured interview. Targeted sampling was used to select the interviewees and theoretical sampling was used to identify the number of people. The population under study is women living in Tehran who have experienced cosmetic surgery. The number of examined sample is 27 women aged 20-60 who have experienced cosmetic surgery. Based on the findings, the causal of the research were the fear of being rejected and a negative mental picture of oneself. The desire for beauty and physical expressiveness is the pivotal cause of surgery, which has happened in the context of social values and family conditions. Social constraints, sense of conflict, intervening conditions, promotions and encouragement by others for surgery are the facilitating reasons of this phenomenon. The implications and effects of the body industry, found in this study, are increasing confidence, saving time and economic savings.
Sociology
Soheila Alirezanejad; Elahe Khakpour Marvasti
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the effect of money and its dual function on the continuity of a family. In this regard, mixed method (field research and survey) is designed. The data were collected through semi-structured interview and questionnaire. The findings reveal that based on a traditional role ...
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This research aims to analyze the effect of money and its dual function on the continuity of a family. In this regard, mixed method (field research and survey) is designed. The data were collected through semi-structured interview and questionnaire. The findings reveal that based on a traditional role men are bread winners of the family. Women’s ability of making money may bring a new financial challenge for men’s traditional role as breadwinners of family; which can create sort of new marital economic relations in the family. However, when this role is disturbed by women, some serious challenges happen in family’s life. This condition, particularly in the early years of marriage when the wife is young, results in emergence of the idea of separation. However, feminine money creates some experience of co-breadwinning for family which may create a new balance between spouses. As the age of marriage increases, this balance may prevent marital separation. Then, as sort of catalyst, feminine money plays a dual role in separation between spouses.
Women's Studies
Akbar Zare Shahabadi; Mojtaba Shafiee Nejad; Javad Madahi
Abstract
Suicidal behavior is defined as a non-fatal act wherein the person consciously and purposefully and without the interference of others, in order to achieve the desired changes, does self-painful and self-harmful acts, which is understood and interpreted in various ways by different people. The purpose ...
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Suicidal behavior is defined as a non-fatal act wherein the person consciously and purposefully and without the interference of others, in order to achieve the desired changes, does self-painful and self-harmful acts, which is understood and interpreted in various ways by different people. The purpose of this research, Background discovery and has been involved in Suicide emprise Through perception and the intrinsic meaning women who have been involved in this process. Study with qualitative methods and deep interview among women was Abdanan city. The sample consisted of 23 women who participated have experienced suicide That in terms of age, education, place of residence, marital status were different. A sample of purposive sampling was used to collect data from interview. Data were analyzed with no coding style. According to the findings, women collaborator perceive Suicide is a way to express and achieve the desired In order to try to hegemonic behavior, restrictions, slander and selfishness, react and manage it. In the end, improve supporting role in suicide prevention as a strategy is very important.
economics
Vahid Mehrbani
Abstract
Since family economics is the application of economic theory in explaining behavior with respect to family, marriage is undoubtedly one of the items in this realm. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of marriage on women's home labor supply theoretically and empirically. Accordingly, the ...
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Since family economics is the application of economic theory in explaining behavior with respect to family, marriage is undoubtedly one of the items in this realm. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of marriage on women's home labor supply theoretically and empirically. Accordingly, the utility maximization approach is applied to demonstrate how the behavior of a typical single woman changes after marriage. The theoretical model predicts that women turn to specialization at home production following marriage and thereby their welfare will increase. Two samples including single and married women who reside in Tehran have been used to present empirical evidence. These samples are restricted to all regions of Tehran on the basis of segmentation carried out by municipality. Data have been gathered by questionnaire which was constructed by author. Results approve the prediction of theoretical analysis. Estimations show that the event of marriage will significantly lead to an increase in home labor supply. These findings suggest that women specialize at home production due to marriage. In addition, results also indicate that income, education and employment have negative and statistically significant effect on work within home while, by contrast, the number of children has positive and statistically significant impact.
Women's Studies
Susan Bastani; Shohre Rowshani; Nahle Gharavi Naeeni
Abstract
The current study aims to investigate the way married women living in Tehran face with disruption of sense of tranquility in marital life. This research has been done using grounded theory method and deep interview technique. As a result of encounter with disruption of sense of tranquility, which is ...
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The current study aims to investigate the way married women living in Tehran face with disruption of sense of tranquility in marital life. This research has been done using grounded theory method and deep interview technique. As a result of encounter with disruption of sense of tranquility, which is the result of the gap between the assets and demands of women, it has become necessary for women to adopt a set of strategies with two general approaches of "change in assets" including modification of the spousal relationship, management of interactive problems with families, improvement of the status of children, attention to self and removal of structural barriers, with the aim of changing the available status into a desirable one, and "change in demands" including reduced demands, patience and forgiveness and selection of the null relationship, with the aim of accepting the available status. Choosing these strategies and their effectiveness is affected by a set of conditions such as “decision-making factors" including the husband's approach, religious beliefs, dominance of affection and exterior constraint.
Sociology
Dariush Boostani; Elham Karamizadeh
Abstract
Addiction is one of the important social problems in Iran, and is considered a masculine problem. Nevertheless, women are also facing this phenomenon. Now we are witness to the tendency of women to industrial drug misuse. Since few studies have been conducted in this regard, especially qualitative studies, ...
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Addiction is one of the important social problems in Iran, and is considered a masculine problem. Nevertheless, women are also facing this phenomenon. Now we are witness to the tendency of women to industrial drug misuse. Since few studies have been conducted in this regard, especially qualitative studies, this article aims to study the conditions (causal, intervening, and contextual conditions) and strategies of crystal (Methamphetamine) consumption by addicted women in the City of Kerman. Given that discovery and understanding of addiction to crystal among women is a sensitive phenomenon that requires interaction and dialogue, Grounded Theory methodology was used as the research approach. 12 addicted women were selected as the participants, following qualitative purposive sampling and theoretical saturation criterion and their life experiences were analyzed. In-depth open ended interview was used to collect data. Generally, data coding culminated in 13 categories and 18 subcategories which indicate conditions and strategies of crystal consumption, including: life tensions, facilitator beliefs of consumption, sex and crystal (Methamphetamine) consumption, knowledge of using crystal, strategies of providing drug's cost, etc. Finally, extracted categories were presented in a model of conditions and strategies of crystal consumption. Generally, participants encountered several challenges during the process of crystal misuse. Different conditions led them to misuse. They adopted various and dangerous strategies to obtain crystal. These strategies ranged from borrowing money to sexual exploitation and beggary.
Medical Sociology
Maryam Ghazinejad; Hajar Sangari Soleymani
Abstract
Like the rest of the world, paying attention to health dimensions, especially social health and its elements, has become essential in Iran's society. Moreover, the recent decade has been witness to a wave of women entering universities and their demand for job.Since job, as a main social determinant, ...
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Like the rest of the world, paying attention to health dimensions, especially social health and its elements, has become essential in Iran's society. Moreover, the recent decade has been witness to a wave of women entering universities and their demand for job.Since job, as a main social determinant, affects health, and women's health brings family and eventually social health, we intended to probe the impact of job on social health of females. The statistical population included employed female students studying in Alzahra University. The sample size was determined to be 111 subjects who were selected from different faculties using cluster sample method. This was a sectional survey study and the information was collected using self-made questionnaire and social health standard scale; then the data were analyzed by using spss software. The suitability of job conditions (wages and benefits, job security, organizational support, growth and prosperity at work, etc.) had the highest effect on the students' social health. In addition, results indicated the effect of casual mechanisms of financial independence, social relations, social support, self-esteem, and social status on social health of employed people. Among the underlying variables, age, marital status, and type of living place were significantly correlated with social health. Finally, the type of job (in terms of rank and status) did' not have any major correlation with students' social health. Employment does not change one's social health. The main things affecting social health are occupational components including the type of job, suitability of job conditions, and social-mental capabilities (consequences of job).
Sociology
Ahmad Bokharaie; Malakeh Rafie
Abstract
The move toward modernism along with the cultural globalization and the rise of consumer culture makes fashionism and also permanent surveillance and focusing on the visible characteristics of the body a common phenomenon in contemporary societies.Nowadays, modern people with the use of fashionable things ...
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The move toward modernism along with the cultural globalization and the rise of consumer culture makes fashionism and also permanent surveillance and focusing on the visible characteristics of the body a common phenomenon in contemporary societies.Nowadays, modern people with the use of fashionable things and through paying extreme attention to cloth and appearance construct personal images of themselves and also send messages about their identities to others. The present research focusing on styles of clothing and women's attitudes toward fashion aims to explain causes and motivations leads women to use fashionable clothes and also attempts to identify their typology. The research method is qualitative and its data has been collected by semi-structured interviews. The results of data analysis display three distinct types of women's clothing, each of which has different characteristics. Of course, this division does not mean exact bordering, and one have mutual relationship. The findings show that women's increased tendency for using fashionable clothes should be assessed mostly in relation to both subjective and objective factors as well as the dialectic relationship of agency and structure.
Political sciences
Mahmoudreza Rahbarghazi; Leyla Radi; Ayoub Limoochi
Abstract
Classic political sociology dogmatically considers women, from a political perspective, more conservative than men and accordingly, women’s models of political behaviors are expressed based on their inherent tendencies towards right-wing conservative parties. But new research indicates that in ...
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Classic political sociology dogmatically considers women, from a political perspective, more conservative than men and accordingly, women’s models of political behaviors are expressed based on their inherent tendencies towards right-wing conservative parties. But new research indicates that in developed countries during 1980’s, women gradually distanced from traditional conservatism and joined democratic groups. In addition, Inglehart’s studies indicate that since 1990’s, not only have conservatism and right-wing tendencies faded in women, but also they support plans and objectives of new left-wing parties which are mostly based on cultural values of post-materialism more than ever. As a results, it seems that the effect of gender gaps has been reconfigured mostly in three models of traditional gap, convergence, and revisionism. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the comparison between men’s and women’s political attitudes among 596 students of University of Isfahan in 2016. Accordingly, analyzing the results of the research indicated that firstly, there is no significant difference among men and women in terms of the degree of their tendencies towards democracy and each group supports democratic attitudes to the same extent. Therefore, the claim of hypotheses of classic models about women’s tendencies towards conservatism is rejected in political domains. Secondly, findings also indicated that the degree of tendency towards post-materialist values which construct foundations of New Leftist parties according to Inglehart, is significantly higher among women than men. This issue indicates tha not only have women distanced from rightist attitudes in political domains, but also they have more tendency towards leftist plans based on revisionist models.
Women's Studies
Ali Hossein Hosseinzadeh; Marziyeh Shahryari; Maryam Farji Behbahanizadeh
Abstract
In the family, women can benefit from the newest information and knowledge on various life subjects and use them to train other members of the family; they can also use the knowledge to replce new and optimal beliefs with the false ones thereby oncreasing the soci-cultural level of the family more than ...
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In the family, women can benefit from the newest information and knowledge on various life subjects and use them to train other members of the family; they can also use the knowledge to replce new and optimal beliefs with the false ones thereby oncreasing the soci-cultural level of the family more than before. In this study, family economic efficiency including women's participation in household income, modifying consumption behaviors, women’s control over family consumption, maternal affection to create economic discipline and training children about the right economic behavior such as division of labor and roles in the family, has been examined. To identify the components listed above, the theories of resources, power, empowerment and system theory have been used. The method of this study is the survey data, using structured questionnaires obtained from a sample of 200 married women in Ahwaz city. Multi-stage stratified sampling has been used. Results show that variables such as women's participation in household income, modifying consumption behaviors, women’s control over family consumption, maternal affection to create economic discipline and training children about the right economic behavior has a positive relationship with dependent variable of economic efficiency Based on the results obtained from multiple regression analysis, women's participation in the cost of a family's income and modification of consumption behaviors are the most important factors of economic productivity, and presented a coefficient of determination of 0.39 to explain the chnages of family economic efficiency.
economics
Vahid Mehrbani
Abstract
Conventional economic theory neglects home production and provides services within household because what is produced and consumed within households has not economic value and hence does not enter the national accounts. The main reason of such ignorance is that the home products are not transmitted from ...
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Conventional economic theory neglects home production and provides services within household because what is produced and consumed within households has not economic value and hence does not enter the national accounts. The main reason of such ignorance is that the home products are not transmitted from market. The history of this viewpoint dates back to the advent of industrialization into the capitalism. Family is a framework for preparation of many worthy commodities in which welfare of individuals is determined while women attend the core of this process. Some economists in the second half of the twentieth century attempted to incorporate housework into the neoclassical theory of labor-leisure choice. Accordingly, this paper also presents an alternative model to analyze such valuable activity called "housework" in which characteristics of Iranian family is more compatible including evident implications. The model leads to a supply function of housework that represents the housework as a negative function of female's wage rate and a positive function of husband's wage and the wife's share from husband's earnings. The method of research is gathering data of married women and analyzing evidence according to econometric equations. These data have been gathered by questionnaire. The housework supply function has been estimated by using a sample that includes 409 married women who reside in Tehran and are at least 35 years old. The estimation is based on logistic distribution function and Maximum Likelihood method. Results suggest that earnings, education, employment and age of women besides family income and marriage duration have negative effect on housework but number of children shows positive impact. As a whole, factors that make market opportunities more attractive tend to lessen the time devoted to housework and vice versa.
Management
Saeed Farahbakhsh; Iraj Nikpey; Razieh Ghanbari
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the glass ceiling on women creative ideas working in administrative province units of Lorestan state with moderating of their self-concept variable. The population of this cross-correlation study included all women employees of administrative province ...
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the glass ceiling on women creative ideas working in administrative province units of Lorestan state with moderating of their self-concept variable. The population of this cross-correlation study included all women employees of administrative province units of Lorestan state. Using stratified sampling, and based on Morgan table, 306 persons were selected as samples. Instruments used in this study include a questionnaire of glass ceiling of Babaie Zklyky (1385), creativity questionnaire of Moghimi and Ramezan (1390) and Self-Concept Questionnaire of California (1986). For data analysis, structural equation test was utilized with benefit of PLS Software. The results showed that the glass ceiling is effective on women creative ideas and there is negative correlation between these two variables. Also the results of structural equation test showed that self-concept variable in correlation with glass ceiling plays moderating role in women creative ideas working in administrative province units of Lorestan state.
Demographics
Zeinab Kavehfirouz; Bizhan Zare; Hossein Shamsedini
Abstract
Iran in recent decades with the steep fall in fertility is facing a demographic issue. According to the movement of Iranian society towards modernity as a result of lifestyle changes, the big question raised in the present research is that ”what lifestyle changes can affect reproductive attitudes ...
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Iran in recent decades with the steep fall in fertility is facing a demographic issue. According to the movement of Iranian society towards modernity as a result of lifestyle changes, the big question raised in the present research is that ”what lifestyle changes can affect reproductive attitudes of activists?” This study was designed aiming at investigating the attitudes toward childbearing, with an emphasis on lifestyle factors among women who want to get married referring to health care networks in Tehran. Using survey methods and techniques, 384 women in Tehran were studied. According to the results we can say that 83.3 percent of pre-marriage women have average and poor attitude toward childbearing and its functions. The lifestyle and its constituent components (body management, free time, cultural consumption and socioeconomic status) have a significant relationship with attitudes toward childbearing, and 32% of the change in attitudes toward childbearing is explained by the independent variable. Also, among the aspects of lifestyle, socio-economic status has the highest impact on the dependent variable. In other words, the mentioned variable, in addition to the direct effect on women's attitudes toward childbearing in Tehran, also influence all aspects of lifestyle, and cultural consumption variable, in addition to the immediate effect on women's attitudes, is influenced by the other dimensions of lifestyle. After socioeconomic status, body management affects women's attitudes toward childbearing.
Sociology
Hossein Afrasiabi; Roghayeh Dehghani Daramroud
Abstract
Lack of intimacy and emotional disconnection became a main challenge in contemporary family that can be interpreted and perceived differently from variant viewpoints. The current study aimed to explore the context and women’s way of dealing by emotional separation through investigation of perception ...
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Lack of intimacy and emotional disconnection became a main challenge in contemporary family that can be interpreted and perceived differently from variant viewpoints. The current study aimed to explore the context and women’s way of dealing by emotional separation through investigation of perception and subjective meaning of women involved in this process. Research was done in qualitative approach using grounded theory design. Sample included 33 women of city of Yazd- Iran that were variant according to age, education, marriage duration and spouse age difference. Participants were selected by purpose ful sampling method and participated in semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed by theoretical coding method. The analysis results showed that women participants perceived emotional divorce as communication-support shortage. The context of emotional divorce process started before marriage in abnormal family sphere and continued by risky marriage. Disloyalty, regression and risky media usage after marriage are important themes for emotional separation. Women react to and deal with emotional separation by some adaptive and deconstructive interactions. Finally, research theoretical model was obtained from these themes and categories.
Women's Studies
Amir Rastegar Khaled
Abstract
Attitude toward motherhood among societies has changed over time and fertility rates have decreased. Mothering and motherhood are rapidly expanding subjects of the literature of the context. A set of these studies has a more macro focus in terms of origins of motherhood and how it is manifested in practice. ...
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Attitude toward motherhood among societies has changed over time and fertility rates have decreased. Mothering and motherhood are rapidly expanding subjects of the literature of the context. A set of these studies has a more macro focus in terms of origins of motherhood and how it is manifested in practice. In the current research, based on Parson's general theory of action (A.G.I.L), motherhood is conceptualized as a kind of action system. In light of this theory, motherhood has four main dimensions: biological, psychological, social and cultural. Accordingly, this study examined the influence of women's religiousness on their motherhood attitudes. This study explores how aspects and type of religiousness are related to attitude toward motherhood. Random sampling method was used and 384 women were selected from city of Tehran. The factors explaining the connection between religiousness and motherhood are also examined. Multiple measures of religiousness and motherhood are considered in multivariate regression models. The results indicate that religious women have more traditional or positive attitudes toward motherhood.
Communications
Alireza Dehghan Niri; Atefe Aghaie; Mohaddese Ziachi
Abstract
The current paper aims to study pregnant women’s usage of cyber space as a muted group. This is a qualitative research which has been done using grounded theory method and interview technique. We interviewed a number of pregnant women who had visited some websites related to pregnancy issues, during ...
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The current paper aims to study pregnant women’s usage of cyber space as a muted group. This is a qualitative research which has been done using grounded theory method and interview technique. We interviewed a number of pregnant women who had visited some websites related to pregnancy issues, during fall and winter of 1394. The interviewees were 16 pregnant women and we met them in a hospital located in Saadatabad in Tehran. Our results show that women can overcome gender-based limitations using special websites concerning pregnancy issues, and remark their issues and problems related to pregnancy freely and clearly. Moreover, they have been able to play a more active and participative role in getting medical care during pregnancy in general and in their relation with physicians in particular.
