Entrepreneurship
Zahra Eskandari; Rasoul Abbasi; Mohammad Reza Fallah
Abstract
IntroductionHome-based businesses not only play a significant role in a country’s gross domestic product but also create a link between domestic space and economic activity. These businesses can be particularly important for women, especially female heads of households in developing countries, ...
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IntroductionHome-based businesses not only play a significant role in a country’s gross domestic product but also create a link between domestic space and economic activity. These businesses can be particularly important for women, especially female heads of households in developing countries, as they serve as a crucial tool for empowerment and economic independence. Female-headed households, due to specific circumstances such as the loss of a spouse, cultural biases, and financial difficulties, have turned to home-based businesses. These businesses can serve as a tool for empowering these women and reducing the poverty of vulnerable households. Women in home-based businesses, especially those who are heads of households, face numerous limitations and challenges. Investigating their experiences in entering the entrepreneurial domain and starting a home-based business can provide valuable guidelines for government officials in smoothing the path and supporting entrepreneurship for this particular group of women. Previous research has addressed the issue of female-headed households and their limitations; however, the lived experiences of female heads of households in starting a home-based business have not been explored. Therefore, given the lack of prior research on the experiences of entrepreneurial female heads of households, this study aims to examine the lived experiences of female heads of households in establishing and managing home-based businesses in Iran.MethodologyThis research employed a qualitative phenomenological approach to explore the lived experiences of female-headed households in establishing and developing home-based businesses. The primary aim was to identify these women's experiences in order to provide valuable information for policymakers and legislators. In this study, 19 semi-structured interviews were conducted with entrepreneurial women who have been running home-based businesses for at least three years. Purposeful sampling was used, and data collection continued until data saturation was reached. The interview questions focused on social, cultural, and gender-related barriers to starting a business, resource acquisition, and challenges in product sales. Data analysis was conducted using Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological method. Initially, the data was analyzed through coding and the extraction of key concepts. Then, the meanings were organized into categories to identify core concepts. The reliability of the analysis was assessed through inter-coder reliability, with a 92% agreement rate between two coders. Moreover, the validity of the results was confirmed through participant feedback. Overall, this research addresses the challenges and factors influencing the success of home-based businesses run by female-headed households and provides an appropriate tool for better understanding this phenomenon.FindingsThe findings indicate that participants’ experiences can be classified into three main categories: prerequisites for home-based businesses, proficiency in sales management, and challenges faced by female-headed households. A. Prerequisites for home-based businessesFemale heads of households cited several reasons for choosing home-based businesses, including spousal loss, financial responsibilities, and cultural restrictions discouraging women from working outside the home. Additional considerations such as preserving personal dignity, overcoming societal stigmas, and balancing professional and familial responsibilities also influenced their decisions. Unique circumstances such as previous legal issues, imprisonment, or limited education further motivated them toward entrepreneurship. These women acquired the necessary skills through various avenues, including family mentorship, expert training, vocational programs, and self-guided learning via online platforms. Charitable organizations and hands-on experience also contributed to their skill development. Additionally, technology adoption—such as using YouTube for education, social media for marketing, and design software for innovation—enhanced their business success.B. Proficiency in sales managementEntrepreneurial women employed diverse strategies to market and sell their products, including word-of-mouth referrals, social media advertising, and traditional print promotions. Initially, their sales were limited to acquaintances, but over time, they expanded their customer base to include strangers and institutional buyers. Many leveraged online sales platforms and participated in local events and markets to boost their visibility. Some adopted intermediary-based sales strategies or established direct contracts with institutions such as schools and production workshops, allowing them to increase market reach and achieve financial stability.C. Challenges faced by female-headed householdsDespite their determination, female heads of households face substantial individual and environmental challenges. Personal difficulties include limited knowledge of digital technologies, the lack of permanent product display spaces, and physically demanding work with low financial returns. Early-stage losses, low customer engagement, and isolation also hinder progress. Moreover, securing loans remains difficult due to the absence of guarantors and inadequate legal and marketing knowledge. At an environmental level, bureaucratic loan approval processes, competition with cheap imports, shortages of raw materials, and the lack of insurance or trade unions significantly obstruct business growth. Gender-based discrimination, including skepticism regarding women’s capabilities and demands for financial guarantees, further complicates their entrepreneurial journey. Nevertheless, these women demonstrate resilience and creativity, utilizing their resourcefulness to navigate obstacles and progress in their businesses.ConclusionHome-based businesses not only create job opportunities for female-headed households but also play a crucial role in reducing poverty and improving the quality of life for vulnerable families. This study highlights the transformative potential of such businesses in enabling women to achieve financial independence while fulfilling their familial responsibilities. Despite the positive outcomes, significant barriers persist. Gender biases and cultural prejudices remain major impediments, emphasizing the need for systemic changes in societal attitudes and structural frameworks. To ensure the growth and sustainability of home-based businesses, institutional and governmental support is imperative. This includes providing low-interest or collateral-free loans, offering vocational training, and establishing robust support systems such as unions and insurance schemes. Policy measures should also focus on addressing cultural norms and creating awareness to foster an inclusive environment that empowers women. Furthermore, practical steps such as organizing regular markets, enabling access to technology, and providing financial incentives are essential to help these entrepreneurs thrive. In conclusion, home-based businesses represent a viable solution for alleviating poverty, promoting economic empowerment, and challenging traditional gender roles in society. Strategic planning and targeted policy interventions can not only improve the living conditions of female-headed households but also contribute to the broader goals of sustainable economic and social development. This study offers valuable insights and a foundation for future research on the role of social capital, technology, and institutional support in enhancing the outcomes of home-based businesses. To address the limitations of this study, it is recommended that future research include broader and more diverse samples from various cultural backgrounds. Additionally, to enhance the reliability of the data, it is suggested that the findings of this study be tested quantitatively on a larger statistical population.
Entrepreneurship
Fariba Mesri Eisalo; Naser Seifollahi; Ghasem Zarei
Abstract
Digital entrepreneurship is acknowledged as a novel concept in the business world, which pertains to utilizing opportunities provided by the internet, mobile technology, and new media. The primary goal of this investigation is to develop a digital entrepreneurship model that is tailored to the needs ...
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Digital entrepreneurship is acknowledged as a novel concept in the business world, which pertains to utilizing opportunities provided by the internet, mobile technology, and new media. The primary goal of this investigation is to develop a digital entrepreneurship model that is tailored to the needs of women who operate home-based businesses. This research is applied in terms of purpose, qualitative in methodology, and employs the grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin. It is exploratory in nature. The statistical population of the research includes university professors and entrepreneurs who have established home-based businesses through social media and digital platforms and have over 5 years of work experience. In this study, purposive sampling and snowball sampling procedures were implemented. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 individuals until theoretical saturation was attained. This was the data collection tool. Maxqda software was employed to analyze the interview transcripts, utilizing coding techniques and both manifest and latent content analysis. This process ultimately resulted in the presentation of a paradigmatic model.The findings indicate that entrepreneurial empowerment, technology, and individual factors serve as causal conditions, while opportunities, infrastructure, individual knowledge, and content serve as contextual factors. Internal factors and effective communication function as intervening conditions for digital entrepreneurship in home-based businesses. Proposed strategies include the potential of online advertising, specialized leadership and management, digital laws and regulations, and digital marketing strategies. The implementation of these strategies leads to the establishment of transnational networks, the creation of job value for women, and improved economic performance.
Entrepreneurship
Hossein Sadeghi; Azhin Abbaspour; Goodarz Shahmoradi
Abstract
In today's world, where various scientific researches, particularly in the field of entrepreneurship, are taking place at a high rate, a meaningful engagement with observable, tangible, and practical outcomes for solving human challenges is challenging. One of these areas is the cultural approach to ...
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In today's world, where various scientific researches, particularly in the field of entrepreneurship, are taking place at a high rate, a meaningful engagement with observable, tangible, and practical outcomes for solving human challenges is challenging. One of these areas is the cultural approach to entrepreneurship, which, as a specific goal, can influence the development of social entrepreneurship among women through other variables. However, due to the multitude of studies, the researcher derives their findings scientifically from the results of these researches. Additionally, considering the broad field of cultural entrepreneurship studies, namely women's entrepreneurship, the researcher systematically analyzes and reviews the quantitative research of other researchers in a comprehensive manner using CMA2 software. Based on this model, the total number of relevant articles searched on this topic from 2010 to 2021 is 1547 articles. Out of this number, 305 articles were selected, and following the standard protocol, 17 articles were included in the analysis basket. This analysis basket has been transformed into comparable and aggregable values, with effect size being a crucial measure in interpreting the results. The results indicate a positive and significant impact of cultural attitudes on the development of women's social entrepreneurship, and the effect size is perceived as a strong influence according to Cohen's interpretation. Ultimately, the results of this research can be utilized in the field of entrepreneurial businesses and sociology.
Entrepreneurship
Ehsan Chitsaz; Pedram Adibfar
Abstract
Despite significant progress in promoting gender justice in the workplace, gender dynamics further affect women's career opportunities and advancement. This article highlights coaching strategies to help female clients navigate these dynamics and advance their careers. Drawing on research and best practices, ...
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Despite significant progress in promoting gender justice in the workplace, gender dynamics further affect women's career opportunities and advancement. This article highlights coaching strategies to help female clients navigate these dynamics and advance their careers. Drawing on research and best practices, this article builds on the recognition and understanding of gender differences while avoiding harmful stereotypes. In this research, women identified studies related to the areas of coaching strategies in the workplace by using the methods of review systems and by searching in databases and specifying indicators to get the opinion of the input researches, we analyzed the data using a narrative synthesis. The studies included in this review used different coaching interventions, including one-on-one coaching, group coaching, and mentoring programs. Several studies have focused on the impact of mentoring on gender-based biases, including perceptions of women in leadership positions and the impact of mentoring on men's attitudes toward female leaders. This systematic literature review highlights the effectiveness of coaching in addressing gender-based biases, identifying and overcoming barriers to advancement, and developing effective communication and leadership skills for women in the workplace. In this paper, we conclude that while progress toward gender equity remains a struggle, mentoring can play a critical role in helping women reach their full potential in the workplace.
Entrepreneurship
Fatemeh Alinejad; Morteza Akbari; Nematollah Shiri
Abstract
Considering that women as half of the population in different societies, have a prominent role in the development of economic activities, therefore, it is necessary to provide mechanisms to improve their role in the development of entrepreneurship and business. The review of the research literature regarding ...
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Considering that women as half of the population in different societies, have a prominent role in the development of economic activities, therefore, it is necessary to provide mechanisms to improve their role in the development of entrepreneurship and business. The review of the research literature regarding the sustainability of women's businesses and the factors affecting it shows the fact that, firstly, coherent studies have not been conducted regarding the identification of the factors affecting the sustainability of women's businesses at the international level in general, at the national and local levels in particular, and secondly, the sustainability of women's businesses in Different regions are affected by different factors and the results of one region or sector cannot be generalized to the sustainability of women's businesses in other regions. Therefore, to analyze and conceptualize the sustainability model of women's businesses in Behbahan County, the present research seeks to identify the causal, contextual and intervening factors affecting the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. Also, the researchers seek to investigate the views and experiences of women business owners in Behbahan County, while identifying strategies and solutions to promote the sustainability of women's businesses in this region, and also identify and analyze the consequences of the development of women's sustainable businesses. Hence, the purpose of this study was to conceptualize the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. In the present research, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using the snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 businesswoman in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding processess. In the current research, the criteria of believability, reliability, confirmability and transferability were used to confirm the findings. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are influential in the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women’s businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women’s businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. Based on the results of the current research, the main components of the sustainability model of women's businesses were categorized into causal conditions, contextual factors, intervening factors, phenomena, strategies and consequences. Therefore, the results of the current research have appropriate theoretical and practical implications in the field of sustainability of women's businesses. In terms of the theoretical implications of this research, it filled the existing study gap regarding the dimensions of the sustainability model of women's businesses, and researchers in future studies can use this model as a robust framework for analyzing sustainability in women's businesses. In terms of practical implications, government and educational policymakers can take advantage of the results of this research in order to develop programs and solutions for stabilizing women's businesses.
Entrepreneurship
manouchehr alinejad; seyedeh zynab mosavi; Mehraban Parsamehr
Abstract
In Iran, the development and promotion of entrepreneurship is one of the serious needs of society and family structure, traditional attitudes and gender stereotypes that describe the social structures of countries have a strong impact on the process of women entrepreneurship development. The purpose ...
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In Iran, the development and promotion of entrepreneurship is one of the serious needs of society and family structure, traditional attitudes and gender stereotypes that describe the social structures of countries have a strong impact on the process of women entrepreneurship development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the successful entrepreneurial behaviors of women in Yazd. In this qualitative study, the focused population are women entrepreneurs in Yazd. Selected by purposive and theoretical sampling, the sample of this study included 15 women entrepreneurs, who were different in terms of age, education, type of profession and marital status. The content analysis technique was used to analyze the interviews. From the results of the analysis, three main themes were obtained. The main theme of constructive interaction with mental and social barriers includes 21 concepts and 5 sub-themes (domination of patriarchal gender ideology, lack of structural support, stereotype of disbelief in women's ability, economic view of women's work, social short-sightedness). The theme of self-improvement was obtained from 21 concepts and 4 sub-themes (aligning with social norms, proving individual abilities, overcoming self-limitation, observing gender norms). The main themes of reflection positivity were extracted from 9 concepts and 2 sub-themes, positive self-affirmation and action self-belief.
Entrepreneurship
samaneh mansouri; Adel Peyghami; asemeh ghasemi
Abstract
One of the reasons for the unsuccessful presence of women in the field of entrepreneurship is the lack of theorizing and the shortcomings in policy making. New studies in the field of new approaches compatible with gender dimensions in the field of women entrepreneurship have been presented for this ...
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One of the reasons for the unsuccessful presence of women in the field of entrepreneurship is the lack of theorizing and the shortcomings in policy making. New studies in the field of new approaches compatible with gender dimensions in the field of women entrepreneurship have been presented for this purpose. The main question of the present study is what the new approaches and approaches in the field of women entrepreneurship are? Can these new approaches and developments in gender studies, while reducing inadequacies, create new opportunities for women to play a better role in development? To answer these questions, first the most important new theoretical approaches in the field of women entrepreneurship were identified and categorized. Then, in order to evaluate and complete them, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 19 university professors, managers, as well as a number of successful female entrepreneurs, and thematic analysis method was used to analyze the collected data.Empowerment in self-knowledge, women being pioneers in charity works, complementarity of family and social roles, Women creating surplus value are some of the 47 main themes identified in this study. This means that by intersecting the transgender characteristics of entrepreneurship with the gender roles of women in the objective and practical field, a new conceptual framework in the field of women entrepreneurship can be achieved that can lead to new opportunities, as well as reduce barriers and shortcomings.
Entrepreneurship
Roya Karamat; Rasoul Abbasi; Mohammad Reza Fallah
Abstract
Nowadays, one business taken into much consideration is family businesses. Given that no more strategies and factors have been found for women to enter family businesses, we have decided to conduct a research to accelerate the entry of women into these businesses. The purpose of this study is to enter ...
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Nowadays, one business taken into much consideration is family businesses. Given that no more strategies and factors have been found for women to enter family businesses, we have decided to conduct a research to accelerate the entry of women into these businesses. The purpose of this study is to enter the field of private business. The present qualitative study is applied in terms of its purpose and exploratory in terms of its methodology. The statistical population is women, entrepreneurship researchers, and managers in the field of entrepreneurship as well as in family businesses. For the effective factors, it has used sixteen interviews, selected based on the snowball sampling method. The data-based method has helped analyzing these interviews. The findings show that identification of family identity and individual competencies are among the causal conditions for women to enter family businesses. We can also mention social support as ground conditions and family challenges as intervening ones, which are effective in women entering the family business. One of the strategies to accelerate the entry of women is to improve the infrastructure and empowerment of women.
Entrepreneurship
Davood Ghroneh; Hosein Abedi; Arezoo Ahmadabadi
Abstract
Economic development is the core of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs with the demolition of the old and inefficient methods of the past and replacing them with efficient and innovative practices improve the economic system dynamics and life. One of the factors involved in entrepreneurship is gender ...
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Economic development is the core of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs with the demolition of the old and inefficient methods of the past and replacing them with efficient and innovative practices improve the economic system dynamics and life. One of the factors involved in entrepreneurship is gender and the level of success that each sex will gain in their business depends on their particular features. This research is a comparative study of entrepreneurial characteristics of founders of non-governmental high school in Tehran. The research method was descriptive-survey and the population included the female and male founders of non-governmental high school in Tehran (totally 507 persons). The sample composed of 213 people (90 women and 123 men) selected by cluster sampling. The data were collected through questionnaire that measured two entrepreneurial characteristics including personality and cognitive-skill. The results indicated that the entrepreneurial characteristics of male and female founders of non-governmental high schools are relatively good. There is no significant difference between men and women in terms of entrepreneurial characteristics. Ambiguity tolerance of women entrepreneurs and independence of men entrepreneurs was evaluated as an undesirable item. Also in terms of the personality and cognitive-skill characteristics, there was no significant difference between both groups of men and women. There was no significant difference between personality characteristics between men and women entrepreneurs, except in independence and tolerance of ambiguity.
Entrepreneurship
Asef Karimi; Ahmad Reza Ghasemi; Esmaiel Shabani Nejad
Abstract
At present, entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation are considered as a competitive advantage in organizations. Emotional intelligence process plays a critical role in the formulation and activation of entrepreneurial orientation of firms and organization. Therefore, this paper aims at studying ...
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At present, entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation are considered as a competitive advantage in organizations. Emotional intelligence process plays a critical role in the formulation and activation of entrepreneurial orientation of firms and organization. Therefore, this paper aims at studying the impact of emotional intelligence on the entrepreneurial orientation of female university students with the moderating effect of cognitive style. To gather data, questionnaires were distributed among a sample of 290 female students in Farabi College of Tehran University. The results showed that emotional intelligence has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial orientation. Also the moderating effect of cognitive style on the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial orientation of female students was confirmed.
Entrepreneurship
Ahmad Yaghoubi Farani; Atieh Soleymani
Abstract
Today, women play an important role in rural area and their capacities in entrepreneurship and employment can enhance rural economics development. Accordingly, the present study seeks to identify the personal haracteristics of rural women and investigate the effect of this characteristics on entrepreneurial ...
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Today, women play an important role in rural area and their capacities in entrepreneurship and employment can enhance rural economics development. Accordingly, the present study seeks to identify the personal haracteristics of rural women and investigate the effect of this characteristics on entrepreneurial success in Hamedan province. This study in terms of the aim, is an applied research and, in terms of research, is descriptive– correlative that has been conducted through a surveying methodology by using questionnaire as a main tool. The statistical population of this study consists of 117 rural women entrepreneurs in Hamedan province. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient which was calculated for personal characteristics and levels of rural women entrepreneurship success were 0/80 and 0/81. Level of rural women success was measured by 10 variables like income growth, increasing production level, using new production tools and methods, using new and various methods in distribution and sale and job opportunities creation. Based on the results of research, among the personal characteristics, commitment and responsibility (M= 4.76), hard work (M= 4.74) and achievement (M= 4.69) were the most important entrepreneurial characteristics of rural women. Also, the results showed a significant positive relationship between personal characteristics of rural women and level of their entrepreneurial success.
Entrepreneurship
Gholamhossein Hosseininia; Ahmad Yaghoubi Farani; Reza Seyedin
Abstract
The main purpose of this applied research is to investigate the factors affecting rural female entrepreneur’s business performance. Based on theoretical literature, business performance is affected by several factors such as demographic characteristics, environmental factors, motives, social networks, ...
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The main purpose of this applied research is to investigate the factors affecting rural female entrepreneur’s business performance. Based on theoretical literature, business performance is affected by several factors such as demographic characteristics, environmental factors, motives, social networks, skills, human capital and social learning. This research has been conducted applying a surveying technique by using questionnaire as the main tool. The population consists of 111 rural women who owned business in Mianeh County. The analysis and structural equation modeling showed the significant relationship between independent variables such as rural women’s goals, motives, planning skill, business skills and their business performance. Based on the research results, straightening these variables can enhance rural women entrepreneurship development.
Entrepreneurship
Rohollah Rezaie
Abstract
The main purpose of this survey was to study of relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial self-efficacy of agricultural students and test of moderating effect of gender in this relationship. The statistical population of the study contained all M.Sc. students in Agriculture Faculty ...
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The main purpose of this survey was to study of relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial self-efficacy of agricultural students and test of moderating effect of gender in this relationship. The statistical population of the study contained all M.Sc. students in Agriculture Faculty of Zanjan University (N=469). A sample size of 285 was selected using a stratified random sampling method (n=285). The standard questionnaires were used to collect the data. A panel of experts confirmed the content validity of the questionnaires. A pilot study was conducted to establish the reliability of the instrument. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the main scales of questionnaire were at appropriate level (ranged from 0.792 to 0.887). The data were analyzed using SPSSwin20 and AMOS20 softwares. The results showed that entrepreneurial self-efficacy had a positive and significant effect on dependent variable of entrepreneurial intention explaining about 40 percent of its variances. Also, the results indicated that gender had a moderating effect on the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial self-efficacy; so that the relationship was non-significant for female students, whereas it was positive and significant for male students.
Women's Studies
Ahmad Yaghoubi Farani; Hajar Vahdat Moaddab; Somayeh Latifi
Abstract
Home business is one of the best fields of women's economic activity and considered as an important strategy for job creation, particularly for rural women. Nonetheless many barriers avoid addressing rural women to these businesses. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the most important barriers ...
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Home business is one of the best fields of women's economic activity and considered as an important strategy for job creation, particularly for rural women. Nonetheless many barriers avoid addressing rural women to these businesses. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the most important barriers for trends of rural women and girls to home businesses. The statistical population of this study was rural women that are over 18 years in Sardrod district in Razan county, Hamedan province. 187 people were studied randomly according to Cochran formula. The most important data collection tool was a questionnaire that its validity was confirmed by panel of experts and Its reliability was tested by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. According to results of factor analysis, barriers to rural women trend to establish home businesses were classified in six factors that were: social and cultural, infrastructure and finance, personality, support, domestic and training. Social and cultural factors as the most important factor was introduced.
Entrepreneurship
Rohollah Rezaei; Mohammad Badsar; Nafiseh Salahi Moghadam
Abstract
There are new evidences to suggest that personality and emotional intelligence play a significant role in origin of entrepreneurship. However, few studies are carried out in this area particularly with regard to gender differences among individuals. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate ...
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There are new evidences to suggest that personality and emotional intelligence play a significant role in origin of entrepreneurship. However, few studies are carried out in this area particularly with regard to gender differences among individuals. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence on students’ entrepreneurship competencies in agricultural fields of Zanjan University and to examine the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurship competencies. The target population of the study contained all M.Sc. students in agriculture faculty of Zanjan University (n=366). According to Krejcie and Morgan table, a sample size of 280 was selected using a stratified random sampling method (n=280). A questionnaire was used to collect the data. A panel of faculty members in University of Zanjan confirmed the content validity of the questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted to establish the reliability of the instrument. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the main scales of questionnaire was at appropriate level. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) multivariate technique. The results showed that emotional intelligence had a positive and significant effect on dependent variable of entrepreneurship competencies explaining about 35 percent of its variances. Also, the result indicated that gender had a moderating effect on the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurship competencies; so that the relationship was non-significant for male students, whereas it was positive and significant for female students.
