Women's Studies
Masoud Kosari; Amirali Tafreshi; Masoumeh Sadat Alavi Nekoo
Abstract
The Islamic Revolution of Iran can be identified as the emergence of a discursive transformation in Iranian society. This revolution, not only was indicative of a discursive and semantic transformation in the context of the Iranian society, but also it was able to create a new sign and a new meaning ...
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The Islamic Revolution of Iran can be identified as the emergence of a discursive transformation in Iranian society. This revolution, not only was indicative of a discursive and semantic transformation in the context of the Iranian society, but also it was able to create a new sign and a new meaning within the context of global discourses; thus, Foucault also mentioned this revolution as "the soul of a world repulsions." The present study for understanding the characteristics of this discursive evolution, aimed to study its most influential theorist, Imam Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Revolution. Given the necessity of creating boundaries for the study of discourse analysis, one of the most controversial discourse disciplines, that is, the discursive order of female identity, was chosen for study in this discourse. At the next phase, according to the macro view and the abstract mapping of discursive articulation, using Laclau and Mouffe's approach, this theory and method was chosen for analyzing the discourse of Imam Khomeini's speeches. According to the findings, the central sign of this discourse is "preservation of chastity and religiosity" and despite the conformity of some of the signs of this discourse with hegemonic discourses in the Western world, such as "social activity" and "freedom," all this is defined around "The preservation of chastity and religiosity" in this discourse, and a meaning different from other discourses is created. This discourse, which emerges in the apparent controversy with the second Pahlavi’s discourse, is also seriously deconstructing its hostile discourse-especially in the case of removing the shame from society- and attempts to marginalize it. Among epistemes that these two conflicting discourses have used to marginalize their rival discourse, are " being foreign", "seeing women as objects", "ignorance", " negligence" and " "approval of prostitution." On the contrary, the well-known fundamental epistemes that these two discourses have used for their hegemony in the Discursive Order of feminine identity include: "belief in progress", "support of freedom", "respect for women", "belief in equality of women and men" and "being civilized".
Sociology
Ahmad Pourahmad; Yousef Ashrafi; Tala Rashidy
Abstract
In recent decades, changes can be observed around the presence of women in urban public spaces. This paper investigates on the presence of women in these spaces in terms of selectivity or necessity. Method of research is survey and questionnaire is used to collect data. The statistical sample includes ...
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In recent decades, changes can be observed around the presence of women in urban public spaces. This paper investigates on the presence of women in these spaces in terms of selectivity or necessity. Method of research is survey and questionnaire is used to collect data. The statistical sample includes 128 male and 133 female residents of the city of Tabriz that are studied with random sampling. According to the research findings, freedom and independence of women for attending in public spaces is less than those of men. Family restrictions, female specific tasks and lack of performing suitable activities for women in public spaces such as park are the most important limiting factors for the presence of women in public spaces. The presence of women in this sphere has been intensively increased. With regard to the extensive presence of women in academic, educational and working centers, part of this increase is inevitable. Another reason is related to the reduction of men and households' resistance against women for their presence in public spheres. In other words, social attitudes (including both groups of women and men) have been transformed toward urban public spaces and participation of women in these spaces.
Women's Studies
Khalil Ali Mohammadzadeh; Parivash Afradi Asbaghrani
Abstract
Based on statistical evidence, rate of cesarean in Iran is quite high ranking Iran the second country in the world; in terms of the highest cesarean rates, various parameters affect decision of delivery mode in pregnant women. One way to reduce caesarean sections ...
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Based on statistical evidence, rate of cesarean in Iran is quite high ranking Iran the second country in the world; in terms of the highest cesarean rates, various parameters affect decision of delivery mode in pregnant women. One way to reduce caesarean sections is to identify these factors and their impacts. The aim of this study is to identify factors affecting willingness to cesarean section in pregnant women and the correlation between them to reduce the willingness to C-section. This study was examined in a cross-sectional way by means of stochastic and available selection procedure, within the second half of 2014, on pregnant women who live in Tehran. In the semi-structured survey with the answer package (5 point Likert scale), five effective factors to predict willingness to cesarean were examined including psychological, environmental and socio-cultural factors, as well as conditions and outcomes of childbirth; structural equation modeling (SEM) method and Amossoftware were utilized in order to confirm the parameters. Among the 5 factors affecting willingness to cesarean section in pregnant women, "fear of natural childbirth" related to psychological factors and the component "Not to put pressure on the baby's head" and "no shoulder dislocation other physical damages” caused by Caesarean section related to the consequences of childbirth, have the greatest impact. Also the results of this study demonstrated that the highest and lowest correlations are related to conditions and consequences and socio-cultural and psychological factors respectively. Therefore, we can help pregnant women to recognize their capabilities and overcome their fear of pain by improving the level of pregnant women’s awareness and using natural vaginal delivery techniques with lower pain.
Welfare and Planning
Mohsen Noghanidokht Bahmani; Zahra Baradaran-Kashani; Mahdi Kermani; Ahmadreza Asgharpour-Masouleh
Abstract
Unskilled women workers, including hotel housekeepers, despite a major contribution to the quality of the facilities, usually have invisible and less known position. While good understanding of their situation and the factors affecting their job performance can significant gains in improving their living ...
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Unskilled women workers, including hotel housekeepers, despite a major contribution to the quality of the facilities, usually have invisible and less known position. While good understanding of their situation and the factors affecting their job performance can significant gains in improving their living conditions and improve the quality of services related to human resources in the tourism industry. This research studies the employment status of women hotel housekeepers in ten hotels and other types of residential complexes in Mashhad city. The required data is obtained through in-depth interviews. Then texts of interviews have been analyzed by grounded theory method to present a paradigm model. The results indicate weakness in job performance and quality of life of the population under study. Also, respondents have faced with a series of physical and mental health problems in their personal life and workplace. The results suggest the need for synchronization job skills training and general life skills. Accordingly, it can be expected that individuals take less costly strategies to perform manual work in workplace. So a more long-term physical health and achieve material welfare is followed.
Sociology
Farhad Darvishi Setalani; Zohreh Hemmati
Abstract
Participation and political activity of women in political history of Iran has been appeared in different ways. The issue has played a significant role in the course of Iran's historical changes and certainly will also be influential in future of its political participation. This paper as an applied ...
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Participation and political activity of women in political history of Iran has been appeared in different ways. The issue has played a significant role in the course of Iran's historical changes and certainly will also be influential in future of its political participation. This paper as an applied research type, depending on a descriptive-survey method, attempts to explore the women's participation trend in Iran's politics in the next decade. In this research, using an open questionnaire, we asked the professors and experts about the indicators of Iranian women's activity in politics and analyzed the responses by the obtained items using inductive content analysis method. The results have been classified in seven categories including Individual-psychological, political, social, cultural, economic, and communication indicators and institutional features. Then, based on the Schwarz Steps for scenario, we have extracted triple dimensions from the seven categoriesincluding Quadruple Scenarios of the Future of Iranian Women in Politics, low impact of women's presence, institutional change and formation of a secular pattern of participation in Iran, leading women by creating equal political, economic opportunities, and removing social cultural failures, promoting the current status of women's participation.
Hassan Ghasemlou; hossein karimzadeh; Maryam Mohammad Beigi Salkhouri
Abstract
Achieving sustainable rural development is not possible without the targeted participation of various groups of people, including women. But the marginalization of women in society and their lack of use of facilities and opportunities compared to men intensifies their sense of insecurity in society. ...
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Achieving sustainable rural development is not possible without the targeted participation of various groups of people, including women. But the marginalization of women in society and their lack of use of facilities and opportunities compared to men intensifies their sense of insecurity in society. Providing the ground for the feeling of security of rural women to improve the quality of their social activities is essential and its realization depends on recognizing the state of women's sense of security and the factors affecting it. The present study is applied purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The method of data collection is the library and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the study is the households of West Kharqan District located in Avaj County, which was determined as the sample size using Cochran's formula of 182 people. Structural equation modeling (SEM) in the form of LISREL software was used to analyze the data. The results of the research show that most of the components of feeling safe in the study area are below the desired level (number 3) and in other words, women living in the area do not feel comfortable. Also, the most important factors influencing the sense of security of women in the study area are social factors with a coefficient of 0.99, cultural factors with a coefficient of 0.82, and economic factors with a coefficient of 0.81.
Reza Movahedi; Leila Zoleikhaie Sayyar; Masoomeh Baghery
Abstract
Given considerable investment on enhancing the knowledge and skills of university graduates, including women, the importance of their employment becomes increasingly apparent. Increase in the employment of university graduates, human resources of the country can be employed appropriately and desirably. ...
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Given considerable investment on enhancing the knowledge and skills of university graduates, including women, the importance of their employment becomes increasingly apparent. Increase in the employment of university graduates, human resources of the country can be employed appropriately and desirably. The main purpose of this research is to identify and assess the skills affected on university graduate women looking for a job and their relationship with their employability. The statistical population of the study is consisted of women looking for a job in Hamedan province. The sampling method was a proportional random sampling according to the statistical population of the women. By the way, (N=10431) a number of 350 women was selected for this research. After data collection, data were analyzed via descriptive and analytical statistical tests and application of software's SPSS and PLS. According to the results of the research, the relationship between the jobs in the labor market and the women’s education and skills was poorly assessed in Hamedan province and the educational content of the universities had a weak overlapping with the needs of the labor market. The results of correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables, women‘s compatibility, communication skills, IT skills, and willingness to work with the employability of the female graduates. The other independent variables did not show a significant relationship with the employability of the graduates. The results also showed that women in Hamedan province to acquire the current jobs need some skills including ICT skills, public and communication skills, individual skills such as critical thinking and problem solving, technical and specialized skills, and management and planning skills.
habib Allah Sadeghi; Ali Azizi; Rasoul Sadeghi
Abstract
Gender is recognized as an important factor in protecting the environment. Nevertheless, gender mainstreaming is still considered a secondary option and waste of funds. This study evaluates the impact of the gender gap on the environmental performance of selected countries in the world using the World ...
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Gender is recognized as an important factor in protecting the environment. Nevertheless, gender mainstreaming is still considered a secondary option and waste of funds. This study evaluates the impact of the gender gap on the environmental performance of selected countries in the world using the World Economic Forum data and the clustering k-mean and ordinary least squares regression methods in the framework of demographic metabolism theory during 2014-2020. The results of spatial clustering showed that countries of South and Central Africa and South Asia are in cluster 1 with the lowest values of economic participation and opportunity, health and survival, educational attainment, and political empowerment. Therefore, they must first consider the dimensions of educational attainment and health and survival. Cluster 2 with moderate values in South America, East Asia, Middle East, and Eastern Europe in order to achieve membership in Cluster 3 as well as Cluster 3 itself in Western Europe, North America, and Australia need to further protect the environment and hence, must emphasize the economic participation-opportunity and political empowerment of women. In addition, the results of multivariate ordinary least squares regression showed that the dimensions of the gender gap explain 41% of the fluctuations in environmental performance. Thus, it can be said that the instability of environmental performance in Asian, African and South American countries is due to the gender gap. In addition, the two dimensions of women's educational attainment and political empowerment are the most important components influencing environmental performance.
Qadir Siaami; Maliheh Sattarivand
Abstract
Today, the increase of female-headed households, especially in informal settlements, is considered as a social harm, and in order to solve it, the empowerment approach in the economic field has attracted a lot of attention. Therefore, in order to solve economic problems and job creation in informal settlements, ...
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Today, the increase of female-headed households, especially in informal settlements, is considered as a social harm, and in order to solve it, the empowerment approach in the economic field has attracted a lot of attention. Therefore, in order to solve economic problems and job creation in informal settlements, the entrepreneurial approach was proposed based on local capitals and potentials. Because using this approach can be very effective in organizing economic and employment conditions and promoting income generation in informal settlements and areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluation of empowerment strategies women heads of households in Arvand and Ansar neighborhoods of Shahid Rajaei town of Mashhad with emphasis on entrepreneurship in informal settlements. These neighborhoods are located in the third erea of the sixth district of Mashhad and the number of women heads of households in these neighborhoods reaches more than 2560 people. The method of the present research is a descriptive-analytical method which is done with a measurement and evaluation approach. Library and field methods and questionnaires have been used to collect information. Also, the analysis was performed based on the method of strategic analysis and using the tools of GIS and SPSS software. The results of this study indicate that factors such as expansion of women's business workshops (with a score of 6.65) in the field of economic dynamism, promoting neighborhood social cohesion (6.48) and creating women's social networks (6.11) in the field of social capital, attracting investment and providing facilities (6.29) and supporting the self-employment of women heads of households (6.17) in the field of urban management transformation; are effective in improving the economic and entrepreneurial status and empowerment of women heads of households in informal settlements.
Women's Studies
Fateme Modiri; Ali Rahimi
Abstract
This paper aims to study the effect of women's employment on family stability, and compares Dual-worker family with Single-worker family. Statistical population of cross-sectional survey consistes of married people in Tehran. 1736 samples were selected and analyzed. Multi-stage cluster sampling method ...
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This paper aims to study the effect of women's employment on family stability, and compares Dual-worker family with Single-worker family. Statistical population of cross-sectional survey consistes of married people in Tehran. 1736 samples were selected and analyzed. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used and due to the different economic and social classes of people, 50 domains were selected in Tehran. A questionnaire was employed using Pearson correlation, variance analysis, and mean difference. The results show that men's marital happiness in dual-worker families are more than single-worker families. In men single-worker families, high income and occupational status is associated with lower marital happiness, while in women single-worker families, high income is associated with higher marital happiness. Correlation between marital happiness and tendency to divorce in women dual-worker families is more than single-worker families and in men is less. Shared spending money in dual-worker families is more than single-worker families and conflict between work and family is less. In general, it can be said that there is no evidence showing women's employment is in conflict with family stability but women's employment provides resources that can be used in dealing with unhappy marriage. The implementation of appropriate employmen policies can help stability of the family. The findings confirm theories of exchange, economic opportunity and new home economics.
Ahmad Naderi; Ali Ghashami
Abstract
Women as half of human societies have different roles in different areas of social life. So content analysis of the media is necessary in the about of women. This study uses two methods: content analysis and semiotics. So content analyzed a statistical week from the first six months of 1393 Kayhan, Iran ...
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Women as half of human societies have different roles in different areas of social life. So content analysis of the media is necessary in the about of women. This study uses two methods: content analysis and semiotics. So content analyzed a statistical week from the first six months of 1393 Kayhan, Iran and Shargh Newspapers. Then by using semiotics, printed images of women in these newspapers were analyzed. Number of Iran Newspaper writings was about one and half. The newspaper press releases about one and a half equal Shargh Newspaper writings. The number of Shargh Newspaper writings was twice equal of the Keyhan Newspaper. Iran Newspaper in front-page headlines and photographs of the position of women is better than the two other daily newspapers. In semiotics of women, representation of Iranian women in comparison with foreign women is not suitable and in front page and internal pages images of Iran Newspaper, reflection of foreign women were better than Iranian women. Of course, we can be considered the approach of Shargh Newspaper in intermediate in which images of foreign and Iranian women have been reflected suitable. Anyway, images of Iranian womens in Shargh were better than other two daily newspapers.
Women's Studies
Hossein Bani Fatemeh; Sattar Mohammadi Talvar; Hamza Nozari
Abstract
This paper studies family businesses in the province of Tehran, by adopting a cultural approach in the context of economic sociology. It takes a qualitative approach. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 25 CEOs of family firms. In order to analyze the findings coding method ...
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This paper studies family businesses in the province of Tehran, by adopting a cultural approach in the context of economic sociology. It takes a qualitative approach. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 25 CEOs of family firms. In order to analyze the findings coding method was used. The current study aims to provide a review of the role and status of women in this type of business from the perspective of the respondents. The results show that the role and position of women in the eyes of managers who are all men can be classified under three categories: the role of women in enterprises (including formalism - immaterialness – controversy- invisibility- and lack of promotion); challenges for the presence of women in enterprises (including relationships- jealousy- and familial distrust); and consequences (including family collapse and enterprise collapse). In general, the attitude and management of patriarchy as the most important family value system and culture dominates the role of women in the family business to a large extent. In addition, the presence of women in family-owned businesses is fraught with challenges that ultimately lead to consequences (for example, the weakening of family ties and the collapse of business) for both the family and the family business.
economics
Zahra Mila Elmi; Shahyar Zaroki; Sayyedeh Mona Mahdavi Chabok
Abstract
Nowadays, the female participation rate is known as one of the reasons of societies' development. Hence, this study explores some of the effective factors such as education, marital status, age, and female-headed households on female participation probability in labor market. To achieve this goal, by ...
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Nowadays, the female participation rate is known as one of the reasons of societies' development. Hence, this study explores some of the effective factors such as education, marital status, age, and female-headed households on female participation probability in labor market. To achieve this goal, by using micro data of household survey in 2011, which is carried out by the Statistical Center of Iran, Panel Data with Limited Dependent Variable Models is estimated with maximum likelihood approach. Based on the obtained results, in the urban area of Iran, low levels of education (primary and secondary), could not cause the entry of women into the labor market, higher levels of education, however, especially university education, would cause the entry of women into the labor market. Divorced and single women have a positive effect on the probability of female participation rate, but widows have shown to have a negative effect. The relationship between age and the likelihood of participation of women is an inverted U; that is, at a young age, women are more likely to take part in the labor market than middle-age women. Being female-headed households also has a positive effect on the probability of female participation.
Women's Studies
Fatemeh Ghasempour; Zohreh Nosrat Kharazmi
Abstract
The departments of Women’s Studies were established in 1970s in the United States. The quantities of the departments and the subjects they cover have increasingly grown during these years by a significant co-relation with the reality of change in women’s status. Women’s Studies are ...
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The departments of Women’s Studies were established in 1970s in the United States. The quantities of the departments and the subjects they cover have increasingly grown during these years by a significant co-relation with the reality of change in women’s status. Women’s Studies are established as the academic wing of the women’s civil movements and it can be understood in terms of changing meanings of the women’s rights and empowerment. Despite its discursive dynamism, Women’s Studies subject is challenged by the paradigmatic shift of gender that has made it insufficient in the content and even in its name. The present study, then, employs the process tracing method based on the records of the Women’s Studies historians to indicate the reflection of women and gender paradigm shifts and their subsequent opportunities and challenges. The process tracing is conducted in three historical phases including binary sex paradigm: women against men (1970-early 1980s), paradigm change from woman to women- women to gender issues (1980s- Mid 1990s), and the dominance of the paradigm of sexual orientation and gender identity (Mid 1990s- Present). To trace this process within the United States is expected to reveal the gender discourse globally.
Psychology
Mahmood Jamali; Mojgan Sepah Mansor; masomeh fallahian
Abstract
This research compares the psychological well-being of female heads of household and woman in male-headed in city of Tehran. It was a descriptive\ cross-sectional study. Statistical population was consisted of female heads of family under coverage of Imam Khomeini aid committee and woman in male-headed ...
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This research compares the psychological well-being of female heads of household and woman in male-headed in city of Tehran. It was a descriptive\ cross-sectional study. Statistical population was consisted of female heads of family under coverage of Imam Khomeini aid committee and woman in male-headed households in city of Tehran in 2012. The sample consisted of 280 subjects including 140 female heads of household and 140 women in male-headed households, who were selected randomly among statistical population. The research instrument was Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scale (1995). Data were analyzed using multivariable analysis of variances (MANOVA), by SPSS-18 software. The results showed that average scores of psychological well-being, and subscales of self-acceptance, positive relations with other people، and purposeful life in male-headed households were higher than female heads of households and difference between two average scores was significant. Mean scores of female heads of households in scales of autonomy, control over environment and personal development, were higher than women in male-headed households, but difference between two groups was significant only in terms of autonomy. The results indicated that the female heads of family were more prone to risk taking behavior, then conducting workshops on communicational skills and problem solving can be efficient to improve the psychological well- being of them.
Zahra Azizi; Zahra Mir Hosseini; Fatemeh Homayouni
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social capital and economic factors on women's happiness. The statistical population of this research includes 18-65 years old women in Tehran. As sample of this study, 384 people were selected based on Cochran formula through multistage cluster ...
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social capital and economic factors on women's happiness. The statistical population of this research includes 18-65 years old women in Tehran. As sample of this study, 384 people were selected based on Cochran formula through multistage cluster sampling method from 22 regions of Tehran. The data gathering tool was a modified standard Oxford Happiness Inverntory (OHI) test. Estimating the effect of variables on women's happiness has been conducted by Eviews software to estimate the cross-sectional regression by the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimator. The results of regression analysis show that among economic variables, household income has a positive effect on women's happiness and is reliable at 90% confidence level. Research findings also show that social coherence, social participation, social trust as the variables studied in relation to social capital, has a meaningful positive relationship with the happiness. Hence, it can be concluded that with the rise of social capital in women, their happiness increases accordingly. In addition, studying the effect of education shows that this variable has a significant and inverse relationship with women's happiness. So, with the increase in the education level of the women, their happiness levels are reduced.
nastaran dadkhah; Asghar asgari; ali baseri; fariba mireskandari
Abstract
رحم اجارهای در حال تبدیل شدن به یکی از مهمترین راهکارهای موجود جهت مقابله با ناباروری در زوجهای نابارور است. هدف این تحقیق؛ تشریح تجربه زیسته زنان اجارهدهندۀ ...
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رحم اجارهای در حال تبدیل شدن به یکی از مهمترین راهکارهای موجود جهت مقابله با ناباروری در زوجهای نابارور است. هدف این تحقیق؛ تشریح تجربه زیسته زنان اجارهدهندۀ رحم_ که عموماً از اقشار ضعیف، مطرود و در حاشیه هستند-میباشد. این پژوهش به صورت کیفی با استفاده از روش پدیدارشناسی انجام گردیده است. مشارکتکنندگان در این تحقیق 33 نفر زن درگیر در پروسه رحم جایگزین در شهر تهراناند که از میان آنها 14 نفر اجارهدهنده رحم بودهاند. نمونه گیری در این پژوهش تا زمان حصول اشباع نظری ادامه یافته است و از سوژهها با استفاده از تکنیکهای مصاحبه پدیدارشناسانه، اطلاعات لازم به دست آمده است. همچنین برای تحلیل دادهها از تکنیک تحلیل سه مرحلهای گراندد تئوری استفاده شده است. زنان گیرنده جنین یا اجارهدهنده رحم، عموماً از ضعیفترین اقشار اجتماعی هستند و به طور کلی این زنان، سرپرست خانوار هستند. آنها عموماً در مناسبات حاکم بر تولید فرزند، یک نقش منفعلانه را ایفا میکنند و با آنان به مثابه یک کالا/شی یا ظرف حامل جنین برخورد میشود. تحقق امر، مستلزم انسانزدایی از آنها و سلطه همهجانبه بر کلیه ابعاد زیستیشان میباشد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان میدهد که مناسبات حاکم، مجموعه قوانین و کیفیت سلطه، زنان گیرنده جنین را در موقعیتی تحت نظارت و قرار داده است. همچنین با توجه به شمار بسیار بالای متقاضیان زنان اجارهدهنده رحم، در صورت عدم وضع قوانین حمایتی شاهد گسترش این روابط و شدت یافتن سطح بهرهکشی از زنان خواهیم بود.
Nematollah Shiri; Mojgan Khoshmaram; Azarmidokht Rezaei; Kiumars Zarafshani
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of psychological empowerment dimensions on entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County. Statistical population consisted of all active women (15 to 65 years) in rural area of Marvdasht County, that using Bartlett et al.’s ...
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The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of psychological empowerment dimensions on entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County. Statistical population consisted of all active women (15 to 65 years) in rural area of Marvdasht County, that using Bartlett et al.’s sampling table, 227 of them were selected as the sample using the multistage cluster sampling method (n=227). The main instrument in this study was standard questionnaire which its validity were confirmed by the panel of experts and its reliability was established by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed by SPSSwin26 and SmartPLSwin3 softwares in two parts of descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that the status of entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County was at the moderate (3) Level. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the sense of competence, Meaning and impact had a positive and significant effect on the entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County, while the effect of sense of self-determination on entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County was not confirmed. In addition, the results showed that the psychological empowerment dimensions were able to explain about 46% of the variance changes in entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of this study were discussed to help researchers and policy makers.
Volume 1, Issue 6 , June 2003
Abstract
A comprehensive social security and safety net along with the quality of benefits are indicative of social development. This article considers social security as a feminine phenomenon. Biological characteristics of women (longer life expectancy and greater longevity among women) and their special cultural ...
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A comprehensive social security and safety net along with the quality of benefits are indicative of social development. This article considers social security as a feminine phenomenon. Biological characteristics of women (longer life expectancy and greater longevity among women) and their special cultural and social conditions (higher risk for becoming divorced and having a broken family) put them in a greater need for social protection than men. While due to unequal conditions of the labor market, cultural restrictions and their social responsibilities, women are deprived from participation in formal economy and receive less social security benefits. The article reviews international approaches to engendering social security policies and presents three important issues: 1) Individualization of women’s rights, 2) Formalization of informal activities, and 3) Enhancing the concept of social security to cover other types of social protection systems as well.
Volume 1, Issue 7 , November 2003
Abstract
Gender socialization process, as a basis for the reproduction of gender inequalities, has undergone major changes. As societies move from traditional to modern conditions and old structures and values are questioned, re-defined male and female identities require examination by social scientists. The ...
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Gender socialization process, as a basis for the reproduction of gender inequalities, has undergone major changes. As societies move from traditional to modern conditions and old structures and values are questioned, re-defined male and female identities require examination by social scientists. The study’s objective is to identify patterns of gender socialization and its changes over time. It relies on qualitative methods, using group discussions and participant observation. The research examines learned gender symbols and roles, shifts in the family structure, and changes in gender norms among women and men across three generational groups. The findings reveal broad and imbalanced changes in gender socialization among the new generation. The discrepancy between the aspirations and expectations of young women and existing realities has led to tensions between social forces.
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2005
Abstract
Using quantitative and qualitative methods, this article investigates an increase in number of women in higher education. The paper suggests that after the Iranian Revolution (1979), the number of women in
higher education has increased substantially. Then, the convergence! of women's social demand ...
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Using quantitative and qualitative methods, this article investigates an increase in number of women in higher education. The paper suggests that after the Iranian Revolution (1979), the number of women in
higher education has increased substantially. Then, the convergence! of women's social demand for higher education based on the generalized growing model of Solo-Swan and Pooling technique, is examined in various provinces of the country between "1984-2003".
In general, the appraisal of convergent model for women (1984-2003), indicates that the convergence, concerning women's social demand for higher education has not occurred among the various provinces of Iran.
Therefore, the hypothesis is considered for two periods of ten years, from 1984 to 1993 and 1994 to 2003. The analysis implies that women's social demand for higher education at two periods have converged in various provinces. The assessment reveals that women and men convergent pace2 are different, so that the convergent pace of women's demand for higher education has been more than men at two given periods of time, and it shows that the convergence in social demand for higher education varies between men and women.
Volume 3, Issue 2 , September 2005
Abstract
In this article, an effort has been made to discuss about three different approaches on the socio-political role of women in contemporary history of Iran. The first approach was made by those who do believe that throughout the history of Iran, the role of women has never been significant. Contrary to ...
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In this article, an effort has been made to discuss about three different approaches on the socio-political role of women in contemporary history of Iran. The first approach was made by those who do believe that throughout the history of Iran, the role of women has never been significant. Contrary to previous approach, some would argue that women have had some roles but it was rather destructive. Finally, others believe that Muslim women have had the most important role in socio-political development over the last decades. But despite the common belief, these women who played an active role in socio-political development were not related to royal families or intellectual communities. However, these approaches are scrutinized
based on the documents and finally it is possible to conclude that Iranian women have played a rather constructive role in the history of development but they were not able to publicize their thoughts due their lack of access to the publication facilities.
Volume 2, Issue 3 , September 2003
Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003
Abstract
The emergence of families with two income sources (employment of husband and wife) is one of the important social changes in Iran. This type of family, despite benefiting from a blending of roles, is faced with certain pressures, which stem from traditional division of labor within the family and new ...
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The emergence of families with two income sources (employment of husband and wife) is one of the important social changes in Iran. This type of family, despite benefiting from a blending of roles, is faced with certain pressures, which stem from traditional division of labor within the family and new responsibilities of its members. If the conflict is not properly managed, have a negative impact on the social unity and functions of the family as well as the emotional and social health of the members. This paper identifies the impact of social support as one of the resources for addressing the conflict of work/family and gender-based expectations in two income families. The findings of a surrey conducted in Tehran demonstrate that the strategies chosen for addressing the conflict of work and family tend to be influenced by traditional gender roles. Additionally, the study indicates; women prefer to receive family support in addressing the
pressures, while men choose professional support systems as a means of addressing the conflict.
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2003
