Habib Allah Sadeghi; Fatemeh Torabi
Abstract
Over the past decade, various and heterogeneous types of households have emerged in Iran, resulting from economic, social, and demographic changes. One of the most significant demographic changes in the country is the increase in the frequency of female-headed households. Comparing the establishment ...
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Over the past decade, various and heterogeneous types of households have emerged in Iran, resulting from economic, social, and demographic changes. One of the most significant demographic changes in the country is the increase in the frequency of female-headed households. Comparing the establishment of female-headed families in developed and developing countries indicates that social, economic, and demographic factors have different effects on these types of households. Therefore, through a Critical study of all existing research, which has focused on central averages and disregards micro-level changes, it is possible to establish a clear foundation for policies affecting female-headed families. Focusing on female-headed families, as a distinct group, this study examined their similarities and differences in social, economic, and demographic aspects at the county level, and studied their distribution within the theoretical frameworks of second demographic transition and inequalities concerning drive and pressure mechanisms. Based on the current theoretical and experimental literature, this study classifies the existing components in terms of their role in the formation of female-headed families as "driver" and "pressure." Voluntary drivers of the feminization of household headship were analyzed using the second demographic transition theory and the forced pressures of feminization of household headship were investigated in the context of inequality theory.This paper examines the role of driver and pressure mechanisms on the distribution of female-headed households in 429 Iranian counties in 2016 using data from the Statistical Center of Iran and spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I and Getis index), K-mean clustering and ordinary least squares regression methods. The results of spatial autocorrelation revealed that southeast counties have the highest concentration of female-headed households, while the lowest concentration is observed in northwest counties extending in a line to the center. According to the spatial clustering model and the hierarchical exploratory analysis method on the variables of the percentage of female-headed households, economic, demographic, and social status, the counties are divided into five clusters with the smallest difference from the central average in each cluster and the greatest difference with the next cluster in the best case: cluster 1 includes only three counties and is considered an outlier; cluster 2 contains the north-west, south, and north-east counties and affected by economic drivers; cluster 3 contains central and northern counties and affected by social and demographic drivers; cluster 4 contains western and southwestern counties and affected by demographic and economic pressures; and cluster 5 contains southeastern and eastern counties and affected by social and economic pressures.Furthermore, the results of ordinary least squares regression revealed that the covariates explain 75% of fluctuations in the frequency of female-headed families. The three economic components of the percentage of jobless families, employment rate of urban women, and economic participation rate had a positive and significant impact (at an error level of less than 0.001) on the development of female-headed households. The socio-demographic components of the percentage of widowed women, early marriage, percentage of divorced women, and the literacy rate of women had a positive and significant effect, and the two components of the percentage of the ever-married population and the percentage of the urban population had a negative and significant effect (at an error level of 0.001) on the formation of female-headed households in counties of Iran.Generally, Social, economic, and demographic changes have a relatively strong impact on the formation of female-headed households via two driving and pressuring mechanisms. As a result, empowering women in the context of the second demographic transition can increase these households in districts (central and north counties) influenced by the driving mechanism. Continued social, economic, and demographic pressures can increase these households in districted (southeast counties) affected by the pressuring mechanisms. Thus, policymaking based on the role of these mechanisms may help the state to empower and support these families.
Women's Studies
Yahya Bouzarinejad; Abolfazl Eghbali
Abstract
In social studies, reference groups, models, and effective methods of living are among the most significant elements contributing to the introduction of ideal lifestyle types across different societies. reference groups, models, and effective methods of living are among the most significant elements ...
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In social studies, reference groups, models, and effective methods of living are among the most significant elements contributing to the introduction of ideal lifestyle types across different societies. reference groups, models, and effective methods of living are among the most significant elements contributing to the introduction of ideal lifestyle types across different societies. Iranian society considers religion and religious leaders among the most effective models and references for determining lifestyles. Accordingly, studies conducted on the level and quality of religiosity in Iranian society demonstrate religious patterns in personal relationships among Iranians. Accordingly, studies conducted on the level and quality of religiosity in Iranian society demonstrate religious patterns in personal relationships among Iranians. Iranian society considers religion and religious leaders among the most effective models and references for determining lifestyles. Accordingly, studies conducted on the level and quality of religiosity in Iranian society demonstrate religious patterns in personal relationships among Iranians. Consequently, it appears that explaining and introducing religious lifestyle patterns in relation to history and the practical behavior of religious elders and innocents (PBUH) may have a substantial impact on determining and directing Iranian lifestyles. Accordingly, studies conducted on the level and quality of religiosity in Iranian society demonstrate religious patterns in personal relationships among Iranians. Consequently, it appears that explaining and introducing religious lifestyle patterns in relation to history and the practical behavior of religious elders and innocents (PBUH) may have a substantial impact on determining and directing Iranian lifestyles. Considering Hazrat Zahra's (S.A.) practical behavior as a transhistorical model, the model of Muslim women can be derived in many aspects of their personal, family, and social lives. Thus, this article attempts to interpret their practical behavior from a gender identity and femininity perspective. This study uses a documentary methodology and authentic texts were used for data collection. This study uses a documentary methodology and authentic texts were used for data collection. On the basis of the ontological, anthropological, religious-cognitive, and Islamic epistemic values, the present study identifies the components of femininity in the context of hijab, modesty and immaculacy, wifehood, motherhood, housekeeping, and meaningful social and described a female narrative of her traits and personal, family and social life.. And each Some of them have been reviewed historically in the practical conduct of Hazrat Zahra (S.A.) and described a female narrative of her traits and personal, family and social life. practical conduct (SIRAH) is a reference for many questions and issues of today's era, and referring to them can be a guide for people of science and thought, as well as policy makers of the country in various fields. Therefore, it is suggested that the study of practical conduct (SIRAH) should be placed on the agenda of the research people and the scientific community of the country.
Sociology
Mahsa Tizchang; Sharareh Mehdizadeh
Abstract
The present study has described and analyzed the experiences of women domestic workers living in multiple and different worlds. This study aimed to understand the lived experiences of these women as a silent and marginalized group due to the lack of an official position in the legal structure and the ...
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The present study has described and analyzed the experiences of women domestic workers living in multiple and different worlds. This study aimed to understand the lived experiences of these women as a silent and marginalized group due to the lack of an official position in the legal structure and the weakness of research. First of all, the questions of this study are based on the description of the salient points of domestic worker women's experience of the work and life situation in a context of different worlds. In what situations and with which mechanisms do these women experience difference and inequality? How does the perception resulting from such an experience manifest itself in people's consciousness? How can the more structural implications of such situational perception be explained? The approach and method are based on the existential phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, which is focused on the experience of the embodied subject in the world, whose perception is determined based on her situation concerning others and the world. The statistical population included female domestic workers aged 25 to 55 in Tehran, who were selected through snowball and criterion-related sampling. The results of the study show that the outstanding levels of perception among these women are the result of situations of powerlessness, ambiguity and not being at ease which is the result of the predominance of informal relations, away from legal supervision and intermingled with cultural practices that reproduce a structure of power hierarchies at the everyday level. Such a context makes the intention or motivation and daily practices of both sides subject to the possibility of multiple readings; This is largely due to cultural contexts and social beliefs regarding moral systems, dignified principles, and the reasons for placing people in hierarchical social stratifications. We are constantly acting based on perception and awareness affected by such entanglements, and we enable the reproduction of epistemic systems that We are not necessarily aware of their consequences. In the theme of instrumentalization, the participants found themselves in situations of excessive accessibility, worthlessness, and identification with the work they do. Ambiguity implied a perceptual background that was, at the first level, affected by borderline relations between the worker and the employer in an informal atmosphere and based on non-standard conditions or lack of supervision and rules, mixed with empathic, authoritarian, pitiful, and exploitative behaviors that Their interference in people's experience, in addition to the fact that it had led to indirect indications of such relationships; A form of sensory confusion followed. In the third theme, continuous exposure to the symbols of inequality, the difference in social status, and levels of Prosperity under contradictory situations could be recognized in the entire narrative of the participants, which shows the state of not being at ease. The meaning of such a space of plurality and multiple/contradictory possibilities of action/reaction can be understood in the shadow of Merleau-Ponty's belief that perception is inevitably accompanied by action; Perception, which is an inevitable aspect of our existence in the world, and always affects us through direct or indirect contact with others, their beliefs, their history, and their stories. A common focus of the literature on paid domestic work in the world is that the gender and social class of domestic workers are central to explaining the structural oppression of domestic work. Such an approach is confirmed in the present study. They show that the inequalities reproduced in domestic service flows are largely maintained through emotional ambiguities amid such intersections. At the macro level, it can be said that the market model of care - of which rental home care is one of the main pillars - not only reproduces existing social inequalities but also reinforces the traditional gender division of labor and institutionalized servitude. Unlike the market care model, a public care model that is included in the public system of the country allows for consideration of gender, class, and cultural equality relations. The public model of care also considers the responsibility of care and the care needs of the lower social classes and marginalized groups. While such a commitment is specific to social biases, it is necessary to problematize gender bias in the public model of care and to revitalize the social struggle to recognize domestic work and its value. The approach and method is based on the existential phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, which is focused on the experience of the embodied subject in the world, whose perception is determined based on her situation in relation to others and the world. The statistical population included female domestic workers aged 25 to 55 in Tehran, who were selected through snowball and criterion-related sampling. The results of the study show that the outstanding levels of perception among these women are the result of situations of powerlessness, ambiguity and not being at ease that is clearly the result of the predominance of informal relations, away from legal supervision and intermingled with cultural practices that reproduce a structure of power hierarchies at the everyday level. Such a context makes the intention or motivation and daily practices of both sides subject to the possibility of multiple readings; This is largely due to cultural contexts and social beliefs regarding moral systems, dignified principles, and the reasons for placing people in hierarchical social stratifications. We are constantly acting on the basis of perception and awareness affected by such entanglements, and we enable the reproduction of epistemic systems that We are not necessarily aware of its consequences. In the theme of instrumentalization, the participants found themselves in situations of excessive accessibility, worthlessness and identification with the work they do. Ambiguity implied a perceptual background that was, at the first level, affected by borderline relations between the worker and the employer in an informal atmosphere and based on non-standard conditions or lack of supervision and rules, mixed with empathic, authoritarian, pitiful and exploitative behaviors that Their interference in people's experience, in addition to the fact that it had led to indirect indications of such relationships; A form of sensory confusion followed. In the third theme, continuous exposure to the symbols of inequality, difference in social status and levels of Prosperity under contradictory situations could be recognized in the entire narrative of the participants, which shows the state of not being at ease. The meaning of such a space of plurality and multiple/contradictory possibilities of action/reaction can be understood in the shadow of Merleau-Ponty's belief that perception is inevitably accompanied by action; Perception, which is an inevitable aspect of our existence in the world, and always affects us through direct or indirect contact with others, their beliefs, their history, and their stories. A common focus of the literature on paid domestic work in the world is that the gender and social class of domestic workers are central to explaining the structural oppression of domestic work. Such an approach is confirmed in the present study. They show that the inequalities reproduced in domestic service flows are largely maintained through emotional ambiguities in the midst of such intersections.At the macro level, it can be said that the market model of care - of which rental home care is one of the main pillars - not only reproduces existing social inequalities, but also reinforces the traditional gender division of labor and institutionalized servitude. Unlike the market care model, a public care model that is included in the public system of the country, allows to consider gender, class and cultural equality relations. The public model of care also considers the responsibility of care and the care needs of the lower social classes and marginalized groups. While such a commitment is specific to social biases, it is necessary to problematize gender bias in the public model of care and to revitalize the social struggle to recognize care (including domestic work) and its value.
Management
Majid Alavi Manesh; Zohre Sharei
Abstract
Understanding the characteristics probably related to an individual's exceptional role performance is important for creating a cohesive and successful workforce. Investigating the relationships between workaholism, organizational citizenship behaviors, and gender role beliefs are necessary and can benefit ...
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Understanding the characteristics probably related to an individual's exceptional role performance is important for creating a cohesive and successful workforce. Investigating the relationships between workaholism, organizational citizenship behaviors, and gender role beliefs are necessary and can benefit employers and employees. The effects of workaholism and gender role beliefs on the organizational citizenship behavior are examined in the employees of branches of Bank Mellat in Alborz Province.The research is a descriptive/analytical study conducted as a survey, which is an applied work in terms of its purpose. A questionnaire containing 33 questions was used to collect data (user addiction measurements following Spence and Robbins, 1992; gender role beliefs following Dicke et al., 2019; and organizational citizenship behavior following Williams and Anderson, 1991). The study population consisted of all the employees at the branches of Bank Mellat in Alborz Province (n=500). After confirming the content validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 220 questionnaires (according to Cochran's formula) were randomly distributed, and based on the analysis, the research model was implemented in SMART PLS3 twice (with moderator and without moderator).According to the frequency observed in the sample members, 56.8% of the respondents were men, 50% of the respondents had between 5 and 10 years of service experience in Bank Mellat, which contributed the most in answering the questions of this research. 61.4% of respondents were between 40 and 50 years old, 89.1% of respondents had bachelor's education, 10.9% had postgraduate education. According to the obtained results, the factor loadings of all the questions were greater than 0.7 and the reliability indices (Cronbach's alpha, composite alpha, RHO_A index, and AVE) were acceptable. Therefore, the construct reliability and convergent and divergent validity of the research were confirmed. The implemented model showed that Workaholism had a significant and positive relationship with organizational citizenship behavior (T: 2.095, β: 0.225). Gender role beliefs had a significant and positive relationship with organizational citizenship behavior (T: 359.16, β: 0.615). In addition, the positive effects of gender adjustment on the relationship between gender role beliefs and organizational citizenship behavior was confirmed (T: 159.2, β: 0.292). The GOF index was equal to 0.701, which is a strong value, and the SRMR index was equal to 0.04 <0.05; thus, the structural model of the study was confirmed. According to the obtained results, the GOF fit index is equal to 0.701, which is a strong value, and the SRMR index is equal to 0.04, which is lower than the value of 0.05, so the structural model of this research has a good fit.As society continues to change, gender role beliefs expand beyond the limits of biological gender. Understanding how these beliefs relate to work behavior (such as organizational citizenship behaviors) is essential for organizations. Considering that both genders have an equal share in organizational excellence in today's society, many suggested not to consider gender in assigning organizational roles and instead pay attention to employees' competencies. If employees are convinced that their gender has no impact on their promotion, they will certainly show positive behaviors toward better organizational performance and performing the assigned tasks. They will also have a greater tendency to adhere to the rules and regulations of the organization. At the same time, bank managers should take into account the existence of gender role beliefs, because women and men play different social roles in their personal lives. Different genders have different roles at home and when these differences are taken into account by the organization, employees will experience less stress and discomfort at work. Through this, employees will find enough time and energy for additional role behaviors at work, such as organizational citizenship behavior. Working in a bank is very stressful for bank employees due to the financial nature of the duties. In addition, workaholism leads to stress at work, which leads to a lack of energy to demonstrate different work behaviors such as organizational citizenship behavior. Specifically, workaholism damages mental health and disrupts relationships with colleagues. In the long term, it neutralizes the positive effects on citizenship behavior, if any. Finally, it leads to job frustration and reduction of job commitment and even job effectiveness in employees. Therefore, the managers should try to continue and improve work conditions to make sure that the employees always enjoy their work and have an inner desire to work (i.e. keeping the employees interested in their job).
Sociology
Osman Hedayat
Abstract
The current research aims to phenomenologically understand how the girls living in border lines face life after graduation. It uses girls' experiences as a basis for the situation analysis of graduates in border regions to analyze the multiple determinants of their marginal, gender, and educational status. ...
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The current research aims to phenomenologically understand how the girls living in border lines face life after graduation. It uses girls' experiences as a basis for the situation analysis of graduates in border regions to analyze the multiple determinants of their marginal, gender, and educational status. Becuse of their inferior status, which can be due to gender discrimination, or/and their being border residents, or/and being an ethnic and religious minority, they have considered graduation as the only way out of the multiple intersections of inequality they face in life. The current research has discussed this subject with the graduating border-living girls to discover whether higher education has led them to improve their status. Therefore, the lived experience of female graduates of public universities has been studied in four dimensions: lived body, lived time, lived space, and lived human relationships after graduation. It attempts to restore the voice and position of girls as subordinates in graduation status in a borderline, gender, and educational situation. For this, Max Van Manen's hermeneutic and methodological approach has been applied to interpret and analyze the experiences of 30 female graduates in various fields of public universities in rural and urban border areas of Marivan, Sarovabad, and Baneh. Considering that the narratives of university the border-living graduated girls are studies, a hermeneutic theoretical basis is adopted and mega-narratives, on the one hand, and rejecting pre-existing assumptions, are avoided. In this research, hermeneutic phenomenology (interpretation) with emphasis on Max Van Manen's perspective and technique is applied to acquire the lived experiences of female graduates. According to van Manen, harmonic phenomenology provides a systematic approach to studying and interpreting a phenomenon, and it also allows the phenomenon to be analyzed and discovered with an interpretative point of view so that the researcher can gain a deeper understanding during the interpretation process. The results showed that the interviewees' understanding of their bodies is indicative of a worn-out body, caused by the entry into higher education and the borderline situation. Girls experience time in the forms of stress and social suffering, and they perceive border space after graduation as an unsafe and unstable space. Themes indicate the idea of discerning time as understanding the suffering of exclusion and marginalization from development and politics. The subject-border situation has created an environment for female graduates that is insecure and unstable. A space born from the frontier position, the position of femininity, the position of graduation. This space has influenced and shaped both the body and time. The chain of dimensions was completed with the description and analysis of human relations lived in the border situation. In such a way that they put human relationships after graduation in a borderline position with contradictory relationships. Relationships that were formed by disconnecting from the previous position and entering the university, and then returning to the borderline position due to rejection in the work and job process, lack of re-creation of a better position and position. They also interpret human relationships in the form of contradictory relationships, which indicate a break from the relationships before and after the graduates, relationships that are unstable and experienced as interruptions. Therefore, although they have not been able to change their position by graduating, they have found a deep understanding of it, which indicates questioning the role of higher education in the change of women in border areas. The discussion of marginalized subjects due to being in a borderline position and being a woman has been this research's theoretical, experimental, and methodological position. The discussion of the life world of female graduates living in the border areas of Kurdistan province, who are in multiple intersections of subjugation, brings us to the multidimensionality and multifacetedness of their views, critiques, and situational pluralism. Discovering the multi-layered nature of their subordinate position - the layer of location (bordering), time position (graduate in the current state of the higher education system), ethnic position (being Kurdish), religious position (being Sunni), and more importantly, gender position (female) Being a girl) is one of the results of this research.
Maryam Ahmadinejad
Abstract
Among the crimes agonizing human communities in modern age were crimes that were perpetrated by ISIS groups in Syria and Iraq against women and children.During years of their ruling in those occupied lands Iran led by Martyr Soliemani, offered unique services to help safeguard the security of the citizens ...
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Among the crimes agonizing human communities in modern age were crimes that were perpetrated by ISIS groups in Syria and Iraq against women and children.During years of their ruling in those occupied lands Iran led by Martyr Soliemani, offered unique services to help safeguard the security of the citizens in those areas. In addition to the many violences that ISIS inflicted on civilians in the areas under its sovereignty, such as barbaric and mass killings, looting, enforced disappearance, mental and physical torture, food and drug sanctions, committed heinous and unprecedented crimes against women and children that the most important of which are: enslavement and trafficking of women and children, rape and sexual violence, ethnic and religious cleansing and compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed.This is while, ISIS crimes against women and children have been a part of this terrorist group's strategy, as a weapon and war tactic to create terror, humiliate and crush people's resistance, so that ISIS managed several media to spread these tragedies. ISIS leaders not only put crimes against women and children on their agenda for military purposes, but also used the trafficking of women and children as one of the financial sources. In addition, ISIS brought to the fore a new model of abuse of women under the name of Jihad Nikah. That in many cases, it was a clear example of human trafficking. Jihad Nikah was a title for the exploitation of women, which mainly through seduction and deception by abusing the religious feelings of women who had extremist thoughts, caused terrible tragedies. What intellectual and emotional degeneration has happened in these women that they suffer hardships to be part of a group that is responsible for crimes against women and children, and they willingly work to advance the crimes of ISIS.According to this, the current research, through a descriptive research, seeks to answer the question, what were the main crimes committed by ISIS against women and children, and what was the effect of Martyr Soleimani's efforts in warding off these dangers? In response to the research problem, the investigations showed that the fact is that terrorist acts and violent ideology of ISIS and its severe, systematic and widespread attacks on civilians, especially women and children, was a global threat to international peace and security. This terrorist group committed heinous crimes with gross violation of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law that many of which included war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide and it hurt and disturbed the minds of the international community. In between, Martyr Qassem Soleimani made a detailed plan to deal with the enemies, immediately after the official invitation of the governments of Syria and Iraq. His goal was to preserve the honor of the nations of the region and saving them from the rule of criminals and terrorist and violent extremist groups, especially ISIS. He freed many cities from the capture and occupation of ISIS, and freed many women from sexual slavery by using strong war tactics and activating political diplomacy and mobilization of popular forces. The efforts of the resistance forces under the leadership of General Soleimani in liberating the areas and freeing women and children from the, were so effective that many Western media announced: "Suleimani and the Iraqi militias he commands have played a key role in halting ISIS" and the US general Stanley McChrystal wrote:“Suleimani is arguably the most powerful and unconstrained actor in the Middle East today,”
Zahra Rezaeinasab; Ali Feizolahi; Maryam Keshavarz
Abstract
Marriage is one of the three milestones in human life, i.e. birth, marriage, and death. Marriage is related to changes in a person's view of himself, his wife, and the world. A person who gets married is affected by changes in personal and social fields. Therefore, if an important disturbance occurs ...
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Marriage is one of the three milestones in human life, i.e. birth, marriage, and death. Marriage is related to changes in a person's view of himself, his wife, and the world. A person who gets married is affected by changes in personal and social fields. Therefore, if an important disturbance occurs in a person's marriage, all his personal, interpersonal, and social processes will be affected. The social developments of the past decades at the global level have faced the family system with new and diverse changes, challenges, issues, and needs. During this period, the family has been increasingly under threat due to multiple and complex factors. When the functions of the family, such as biological, social, cognitive, and emotional functions are damaged one after another, its members gradually lose their sense of satisfaction. The gradual decrease in the satisfaction of the family members first causes psychological dissociation, then social dissociation, and finally, a legal event, which is called divorce. Divorce is one of the factors of breaking up and disintegrating the family unit, which can have many consequences for people in society. Nowadays, virtual social networks play a role as one of the most important factors in many divorces and disturbances in couples' relationships. The purpose of this research is to study how marital life changes and breaks up through virtual social networks from the perspective of divorced women in Ilam City. The research paradigm is constructive and interpretive; The research approach is qualitative and the research strategy is phenomenology. Thematic analysis and Brown and Clark's framework have been used for data analysis. Of course, it should be mentioned that two types of methods in phenomenology, i.e. interpretation and explanation, have been used to analyze the results. The studied community includes all the divorced women of Ilam City who have had the experience of using virtual social networks. How to choose the subjects to be studied are based on purposeful sampling. The number of samples until the theoretical saturation stage was estimated to be 15 people. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. This research was done to answer three important questions. How do divorced women understand, define, and interpret family and marital relations? How do virtual networks become the basis for breaking up and transforming marital relations? What are the most important virtual social networks used by women that have been effective in breaking up relationships? In this research, the understanding, definition, and subjective meaning of divorced women from family and marital relationships in the form of 4 categories "family as a system", "unfavorable image of family", "difference between previous interpretations and existing reality" and "fatalistic attitude" became. The results of the research showed that the evolution and breakup of married life can be analyzed and investigated from the point of view of divorced women in the form of main themes including "creating cocoons of loneliness", "separation from kinship networks", "individual injuries", "destructive", "Instrument of family dysfunction", "consumption display", and "virtual networks as the transformation of value system".In this research, the most important social networks used by divorced women, which have been effective in creating coldness and eventually breaking the relationship in these families, are, respectively: Instagram, WhatsApp, Telegram, and YouTube. In the current research and based on the statements of divorced women, it can be concluded that virtual social networks have played a role in marital dissatisfaction. The Elamite society and culture and consequently the people in the family institution have been affected by these communication technologies. It seems that virtual social networks cannot be interpreted as inherently bad or good, but their impact on the private and social life of people depends on the amount and time of their use, because as the results and women's conversations show, extreme use and In a way, the addiction to these spaces has been effective in changing and breaking relationships between the members of these families. If a context is provided so that family members can find out how to use these spaces to strengthen their family cohesion and bonds, it will also have positive results, but non-interactive uses of this space will lead to rejection and social isolation of people in the family and Society has created. At the end of the research and according to the obtained results, research and practical suggestions have been presented.
Women's Studies
Nahid Salimi
Abstract
Policy-making is a tool in the hands of rulers to turn the objective challenges of society into scientific problems and solve them. Therefore, it is worthwhile to benefit from the transition policy from the point of view of the target community as a large and significant part of actors and stakeholders ...
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Policy-making is a tool in the hands of rulers to turn the objective challenges of society into scientific problems and solve them. Therefore, it is worthwhile to benefit from the transition policy from the point of view of the target community as a large and significant part of actors and stakeholders in the decision-making process. Meanwhile, women, as a vital part of the active body of society and direct involvement with the dynamic institution of the family, play a crucial role in recognizing and solving problems in all public spheres. The Islamic Republic, as a transcendent government, which is a system based on religious democracy, will need to pay attention to this part of the actors and facilitate their public participation in the processes of problem recognition, decision-making and monitoring. For this purpose, we need to enumerate the components of this participation from the perspective of religious discourse to achieve the Islamic requirements for women's public participation in the process of forming an Islamic governance. In this study, with the aim of extracting these components, the qualitative method and thematic analysis strategy have been used. To answer the main question of the research, 13 in-depth interviews were conducted with religious experts overlooking the women's activism space with a practical or theoretical background in policy-making. Data analysis in the coding process led to the emergence of 48 basic themes in the form of 10 organizing themes and 2 Global themes and presenting a network of themes. Findings showed that the Islamic conceptual pattern of women's social body participation in the policy-making process of women include two Global dimensions of participation components and participation mechanisms. components include: Purposefulness, problem-oriented, social body leveling, religiosity and divinity, and allocation of arenas and boundaries. Mechanisms include the following: legality and legitimacy, generalization and de-genderization, empowerment, intermediary institutions and specialized institutions.In prescribing the practical Islamic model of women's participation in this approach, it should be noted that being political in the objective component, with the issue of politicization in recognizing the issue despite the Proximity of word, have a clear conceptual difference and application, so that the explanation of the problem in the objective component is related to the political issue. It is for the purpose and goal of preserving the Islamic system, while the theme of politicization in the problem-oriented component looks at the form and manner of interaction of the policy maker with the social body. This damage appears in the bias of this process from the discourse of political parties and currents in the agenda setting and identifying important issues for attention and policy making.Prescribing the mechanism of generality and degendering of social body participation arrangements in the process of policy making and problem recognition in this area should also be done under the two components of purposefulness and allocation of arenas. In this sense, just doing righteous deeds in Islamic governance, which has strengthened the Islamic system, is recommended and prescribed in all fields regardless of gender in the religious approach, and the assigned boundaries in Islam only determine the way of participation in these public fields. Using the purely legal capacity and legitimacy of the prescriptive mechanisms also allows the creation of innovative legal structures such as intermediary circles with newer approaches to manage the fields of public activism and public satisfaction to claimants and experts along with the social body. In this approach, by looking at the successful structures in other governance models in interaction with the social body of women, it is possible to design and implement successful internal models within religious frameworks. In the end, what seems to be necessary in this matter is the creation of expert institutions and the need to add analytical and research attachments to the field of women and family policymaking at all stages and to achieve all components and mechanisms. This capacity, on the one hand, to create theoretical and practical coherence in Islamic governance, and on the other hand, in order to manage existing demands and make demands based on the present and future needs of the Islamic society, will be one of the advantages of expert actions.
Women's Studies
Elham Shirdel; Mehdi Moeini; Abdolhamid Dehani
Abstract
The transformation of society, the independence of the work environment from the family environment, changes in some other institutions, including the generalization of formal education, and the economic need of households increased society and families' demand for women's employment. In the industry ...
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The transformation of society, the independence of the work environment from the family environment, changes in some other institutions, including the generalization of formal education, and the economic need of households increased society and families' demand for women's employment. In the industry and service sectors, it led to the entry of women into the labor market, and as a result, the number of employed women increased. Therefore, the connection of life with employment or being a housewife is one of the most critical issues for the quality of life of women in society, which can play a fundamental and decisive role in managing the lives of employed and married women. Meanwhile, in recent decades the issue of quality of life has attracted the attention of many scientists. Although it is crucial to study the quality of life of all the strata of society, in the meantime, paying attention to the way of women life and their quality of life can be very effective in improving the health of families, today's and tomorrow's generations, and ultimately the entire society. Considering the change in the lifestyle and traditional roles of women in today's society, as well as their extensive participation in various fields, the present research aims to rank the factors affecting the quality of life of employed and married women. The current research is a type of applied study with the nature of a descriptive-survey research method. The target statistical population in Mehrestan city consists of 16 married women (employed or not) with at least five years of marriage history and a master's degree in sociology, who, due to the unwillingness of some of them to cooperate in research or the impossibility of accessing them, finally 13 (including seven employed-housewives and six unemployeds) experts cooperated in completing the questionnaires and were studied as the statistical sample of the research. It is worth mentioning that due to the limitation of the studied society, an enumeration method was used for sampling. The information in this research is collected from library materials(books, articles, reliable scientific databases), standard questionnaires, and paired matrix questionnaires (experts). To measure the validity of the questionnaire, identifying the factors based on the Likert scale, considering the standard questionnaire, face validity was used, and measuring its reliability based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient shows good reliability. Also, according to the calculated inconsistency rate (less than 0.1), the expert questionnaire has good reliability. Data analysis concluded using AHP hierarchical analysis model and Expert choice software. The findings of this research indicate that among the sixaffecting factors on the quality of life of employed and unemployed married women in Mehrestan city, the social relationship was identified as the main factor. In the following, the social security factor was second, the social support factor was third, the social status factor was fourth, the cultural capital factor was fifth, and the public health factor was ranked sixth. This research showed that women's social ties in their quality of life stands higher than other factors, and social security, support, and status are in the next level. In other words, the most paramount factor in women's quality of life is having a network of healthy social relationships with favorable social security, support, and status compared to others. Cultural capital is also effective in women's access to resources and improving their quality of life. Also, with the increase in women's general health, their quality of life increases. Therefore, it can be accepted that employed married women are attracted to the social framework due to their participation in social activities, and as a result, they do not see a difference between individual and social values, and they have a sense of responsibility and trust towards social values and norms that increase social integration. Therefore, they feel that the community's fate is related to its components, and thet they see the community as a suitable place for their evolution. This positive attitude towards the community and people brings social acceptance and increases the social health of the individual, which, as a result, improves the quality of life of employed married women and increases their psychological security.
Sociology
Sedigheh Piri; Zahra Asadhaydari
Abstract
The primary goal of this study is to observe conceptual changes in loyalty. The research questions are as follows: What is the difference between girls' and their mothers' understanding of loyalty? And what is their reaction to the disloyalty of their spouses? Through reviewing related studies, the most ...
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The primary goal of this study is to observe conceptual changes in loyalty. The research questions are as follows: What is the difference between girls' and their mothers' understanding of loyalty? And what is their reaction to the disloyalty of their spouses? Through reviewing related studies, the most important innovative aspect of this study is that it attempts to analyze the experience of two generations of daughters and mothers in the field of loyalty understanding. Also, another innovative aspect of this study is that it intends to deal with their strategies for achieving loyalty and confronting disloyalty. Theoretical concepts such as Bowman's "Liquid Love," Giddens' "Pure Relationship Theory," Illouz's "Emotional Capitalism," Badiou's "In Praise of Love," and "Ideal Types of social actions" were used to raise theoretical sensitivities. The research method is thematic analysis. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview technique. The samples were Tehranin married daughters aged 23-33 and their mothers (13 mothers and 13 daughters). Based on the primary and the secondary objectives, we grouped 15 main categories into three demeans.The first dimension is the semantic conception of loyalty, including multiple elements of loyalty meaning, intergenerational interpretation of loyalty concept, liberating loyalty, loyalty as the commitment to housekeeping roles, and commodified love and loyalty; the second dimension contains strategies which include: the restorative insight of mothers, daughters' eliminative reaction, effective persuasion, legitimation strategy, a ternary mixture of "conversation, counseling, friendship-basis," and reconsideration in the relationship; We named the final dimension as intervenors, which includes: the shadow of the paternal family and mothers being as referent, religious-moral beliefs and guarantees of loyalty, fear of disputes escalation in case of family intervention, and the importance of the chosen strategies in crucial situations.The findings show a diversity of meanings related to loyalty among participants.A) The dominant concept of loyalty in both generations is sexual and emotional betrayal.b) Another common meaning is that loyalty is a kind of relationship based on adherence to commitment, roles, and responsibilities. c) Another meaning of generally emphasized loyalty, is loyalty as a kind of inner emotional bond, a high level of intimacy, love, and the expression of love.d) Loyalty is one of the most important moral and religious principles emphasized by mothers.e) Loyalty is meaningful as long as it does not hinder their freedom as seen in daughters.The results show that the meaning of loyalty largely depends on the age of participants, mothers commonly percept disloyalty as betrayal, and daughters who are closer to their mothers in terms of age have a similar definition, but in younger daughters, the definition of loyalty is more biased to concepts such as love, intimacy, and liberation. Religious beliefs influence the choice of strategies, especially in mothers; The academic capital of mothers and daughters affects the way they interpret loyalty, and those with higher academic capital, even in more socially prestigious areas, have newer and more modern perceptions of loyalty, which has been mentioned in the previous chapters; The cultural capital, primarily academic capital, in the family, especially in mother, play a very important role helping daughter in choosing strategies while facing challenges, when cultural capital is high, her experience and guidance, make solving daughter's marital issues easier, directing daughters to the efficient family consultations, sticking to conversations instead of spreading issues to the families, are some of such strategies. On the other hand, when the cultural capital is low, facing issues incorrectly by both parties, disloyalty, or even a sense of it, lead to divorce; age also has an impact on choosing strategies. The restorative strategies are more common to mothers, while eliminative one, commodified emotional relationships, and consultation are more common among daughters. Mothers rarely use consultation, sometimes with an incorrect imagination of it because of encouraging youth to divorce; Low economic capital affects chosen strategies in both daughters and mothers. Those from weaker economic backgrounds often opt for restorative and legitimation strategies over eliminative ones. An eliminative strategy is more common among economically independent people
